生物质炭及过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
采用室内培养实验,在旱地红壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙,探究生物质炭和过氧化钙对旱地红壤CH_4、CO_2和N_2O排放及微生物活性的影响。本试验共设置4个处理,即CK(对照)、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))、C(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1))、C+Ca(生物质炭,21.46 g·kg~(-1);过氧化钙,1.72 g·kg~(-1))。结果表明:生物质炭和过氧化钙单施能够减少CO_2和N_2O通量,配施(C+Ca)对CH_4、CO_2和N_2O气体减排的效果更显著;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出改良剂对温室效应具有明显的减轻作用。生物质炭和过氧化钙在一定程度上增加土壤pH、土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量。土壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙均可以提高蔗糖酶、淀粉酶以及脲酶活性,其中配施(C+Ca)效果最好。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙配施能够有效降低旱地红壤温室气体的排放量,对旱地红壤的减排可以起到一定作用。
A laboratory experiment was set up to explore the effects of biochar and calcium peroxide on the emissions of CH_4, CO_2, N_2O and microbial activity in upland red soil. Four treatments were tested in the experiment, which included CK(control), Ca(calcium peroxide, 1.72 g·kg~(-1)), C(biochar, 21.46 g·kg~(-1)), C+Ca(biochar, 21.46 g·kg~(-1) and calcium peroxide, 1.72 g·kg~(-1)). The results showed that single application of biochar and calcium peroxide could reduce CO_2 and N_2O fluxes, and combined application(C+Ca) has the most significant effect on emission reduction of CH_4, CO_2 and N_2O. Soil amendments has seriously alleviated the greenhouse effect based on the judgement obtained through the dynamic of global warming potential(GWP). Biochar and calcium peroxide increased soil pH, soil microbial biomass carbon and soluble organic carbon content to a certain extent. Soil amendments(biochar and calcium peroxide) can improve soil invertase, amylase and urease activity, and especially combined application(C+Ca) had the best effect. Therefore, the combined application(C+Ca) can effectively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in upland red soil, and the application of amendments, such as biochar, played a certain role on emission reduction of upland red soil.
A laboratory experiment was set up to explore the effects of biochar and calcium peroxide on the emissions of CH_4, CO_2, N_2O and microbial activity in upland red soil. Four treatments were tested in the experiment, which included CK(control), Ca(calcium peroxide, 1.72 g·kg~(-1)), C(biochar, 21.46 g·kg~(-1)), C+Ca(biochar, 21.46 g·kg~(-1) and calcium peroxide, 1.72 g·kg~(-1)). The results showed that single application of biochar and calcium peroxide could reduce CO_2 and N_2O fluxes, and combined application(C+Ca) has the most significant effect on emission reduction of CH_4, CO_2 and N_2O. Soil amendments has seriously alleviated the greenhouse effect based on the judgement obtained through the dynamic of global warming potential(GWP). Biochar and calcium peroxide increased soil pH, soil microbial biomass carbon and soluble organic carbon content to a certain extent. Soil amendments(biochar and calcium peroxide) can improve soil invertase, amylase and urease activity, and especially combined application(C+Ca) had the best effect. Therefore, the combined application(C+Ca) can effectively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in upland red soil, and the application of amendments, such as biochar, played a certain role on emission reduction of upland red soil.
引文
[1] 张玉铭, 胡春胜, 张佳宝, 等. 农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(4): 966-975.ZHANG Y M, HU C B, ZHANG J B, et al. Research advances on source/sink intensities and greenhouse effects of CO2, CH4 and N2O in agricultural soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(4): 966-975.
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[3] 袁颖红, 黄静, 周际海,等. 改良剂对旱地红壤水分特征和作物产量的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2016, 30(1): 171-177.YUAN Y H, HUANG J, ZHOU J H et al. Effects of soil amendments on water characteristics and crop yields in upland red soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 30(1): 171-177.
[4] AHAMD M, RAJAPAKSHA A U, LIM J E, et al. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review[J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 99(3): 19-33.
[5] RONDON M A, LEHMANN J, RAMíREZ J, et al. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions[J]. Biology & Fertility of Soils, 2007, 43(6): 699-708.
[6] SPOKAS, K.A., KOSKINEN, W.C, BAKER, J.M., et al. Impacts of woodchip biochar additions on greenhouse gas production and sorption/degradation of two herbicides in a Minnesota soil[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(4): 574-581.
[7] 方芳, 孙志伟, 高红涛, 等. 三峡库区消落带土壤N2O排放及反硝化研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2014, 23(2): 287-293.FANG F L, SUN Z W, GAO H T, et al. N2O emission and denitrification in the soils of water-level fluctuation zone in the three gorges. Resources and environment in the Yangtze basin, 2014, 23(2): 287-293.
[8] HOU A X, CHEN G X, WANG Z P, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes[J]. Soilence Society of America Journal, 2000, 64(6): 2180-2186.
[9] 马秀枝, 李长生, 任乐, 等. 生物质炭对土壤性质及温室气体排放的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(5): 1395-1403.MA X Z, LI C S, REN L, et al. Effects of biochar application on soil properties and greenhouse gas emission[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014, 33(5): 1395-1403.
[10] 李松, 李海丽, 方晓波, 等. 生物质炭输入减少稻田痕量温室气体排放[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(21): 234-240.LI S , LI H L, FANG X B, et al. Biochar input to reduce trace greenhouse gas emission in paddy field[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering , 2014, 30(21): 234-240.
[11] 袁颖红, 张文锋, 周际海, 等. 改良剂对旱地红壤活性有机碳及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 土壤, 2017, 49(5): 909-918.YUAN Y H, ZHANG W F, ZHOU J H et al. Effects of amendments on labile organic carbon and soil enzymes activities in upland red soil[J]. Soils, 2017, 49(5): 909-918.
[12] CHEN H, WANG M, WU N, et al. Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2011, 182(1-4): 545.
[13] 陈哲, 韩瑞芸, 杨世琦, 等. 东北季节性冻融农田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量特征研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(2): 387-395.CHEN J, HAN R Y, YANG S Q, et al. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from seasonal freeze-thaw arable soils in Northeast China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science[J]. 2016, 35(2): 387-395.
[14] 张华, 张若玉, 何金海, 等. CH4和N2O的辐射强迫与全球增温潜能[J]. 大气科学, 2013, 37(3): 745-754.ZHANG H, ZHANG R Y, HE J H, et al. Radiative forcing and global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2013, 37 (3): 745-754.
[15] AMELOOT N, FUNKUIN N Y, SLEUTEL S, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from biochar amended loamy soils: A lab CO2, CH4 and N2O emission experiment[C]Wageningen Conference on Applied Soil Science: Soil science in a changing world. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011: 177-177.
[16] 邱虎森, 王翠红, 盛浩. 生物质炭对土壤温室气体排放影响机制探讨[J]. 湖南农业科学, 2012(11): 49-52.QIU H S, WANG C H, SHENG H. Influencing mechanisms of biochar on emission of greenhouse gas from soils[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2012(11): 49-52.
[17] LEHMANN J, JOSEPH S D. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology[J]. Science and Technology; Earthscan, 2009, 25(1): 15801-15811.
[18] 刘玉学. 生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2011. 39-63.LIU Y X. Effect of biochar on the characteristic of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission from soil[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang university, 2011. 39-63.
[19] SPOKAS K A, REICOSKY D C. Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production[J]. Annals of Environmental Science, 2009, 3(1): 179-193
[20] TROY S M, LAWLOR P G, FLYNN C J O, et al. Impact of biochar addition to soil on greenhouse gas emissions following pig manure application[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2013, 60(1):73-181.
[21] 花莉, 唐志刚, 解井坤, 等. 生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用效应及其影响因素探讨[J]. 生态环境学报, 2013, 22(6): 1068-1073.HUA L, TANG Z G, XIE J K, et al. Effect and its influencing factors of biochar on agricultural greenhouse gases emissions[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2013, 22(6): 1068-1073.
[22] 范分良, 黄平容, 唐勇军, 等. 微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(3): 932-937.FAN F L, HUANG P R, TANG Y J, et al. Altered microbial communities change soil respiration rates and their temperature sensitivity[J]. Envirmonental Science, 2012, 33(3): 932-937.
[23] ZHANG A, LIU Y, PAN G, et al. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain[J]. Plant & Soil, 2012, 351(1-2): 263-275.
[24] CASE S D C, WHITAKER J, MCNAMARA N P, et al. Biochar suppression of N2O emissions from an agricultural soil: Effects and potential mechanisms[C]. EGU General Assembly Conference. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012: 994.
[25] KREMEN A, BEAR J, SHAVIT U, et al. Model demonstrating the potential for coupled nitrification denitrification in soil aggregates[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(11): 4180-4188.
[26] SINGH B P, HATTON B J, BALWANT S, et al. Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39(4): 1224-1235.
[27] 章明奎, BAYOU W D, 唐红娟. 生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2): 127-131.ZHANG M K, BAYOU W D, TANG H J. Effects of biochar’s application active organic carbon fractions in soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(2): 127-131.
[28] 谭立敏, 彭佩钦, 李科林, 等.水稻光合同化碳在土壤中的矿化和转化动态[J].环境科学, 2014, 35(1): 233-239.TAN L M, PENG P Q, LI K L, et al. Dynamics of the mineralization and transformation of rice photosynthesized carbon in paddy soils-a batch incubation experiment[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(1): 233-239.
[29] LAIRD D A, FLEMING P, DAVIS D D, et al. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil[J]. Geoderma, 2010, 158(3-4): 443-449.
[30] SMEBY A, ALLING V, VOGT R D, et al. Biochar amendment to soil changes dissolved organic matter content and composition[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 142: 100-105.
[31] 邱莉萍, 刘军, 王益权. 土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2004, 10(3): 277-280.QIU L P, LIU J, WANG Y Q. Research on relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil fertility[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2004, 10(3): 277-280.
[32] 杨志新, 刘树庆. 重金属Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2001, 21(1): 60-63.YANG Z X, LIU S Q. Effect of compound pollution of heavy metals on soil enzymic activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstan Tiae, 2001, 21(1): 60-63.
[33] 周震峰, 王建超, 饶潇潇. 添加生物炭对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 江西农业学报, 2015, 27(6): 110-112.ZHOU Z F, WANG J C, RAO X X. Impact of adding biochar on enzyme activity in soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2015, 27(6): 110-112.
[2] 王长科, 罗新正, 张华. 全球增温潜势和全球温变潜势对主要国家温室气体排放贡献估算的差异[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2013, 9(1): 49-54.WANG C K, LUO X Z, ZHANG H, et al. Differences between the shares of greenhouse gas emissions calculated with GTP and GWP for major countries[J]. Progressus Inquisitiones De Mutatione Climatis, 2013, 9(1): 49-54.
[3] 袁颖红, 黄静, 周际海,等. 改良剂对旱地红壤水分特征和作物产量的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2016, 30(1): 171-177.YUAN Y H, HUANG J, ZHOU J H et al. Effects of soil amendments on water characteristics and crop yields in upland red soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 30(1): 171-177.
[4] AHAMD M, RAJAPAKSHA A U, LIM J E, et al. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review[J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 99(3): 19-33.
[5] RONDON M A, LEHMANN J, RAMíREZ J, et al. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions[J]. Biology & Fertility of Soils, 2007, 43(6): 699-708.
[6] SPOKAS, K.A., KOSKINEN, W.C, BAKER, J.M., et al. Impacts of woodchip biochar additions on greenhouse gas production and sorption/degradation of two herbicides in a Minnesota soil[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(4): 574-581.
[7] 方芳, 孙志伟, 高红涛, 等. 三峡库区消落带土壤N2O排放及反硝化研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2014, 23(2): 287-293.FANG F L, SUN Z W, GAO H T, et al. N2O emission and denitrification in the soils of water-level fluctuation zone in the three gorges. Resources and environment in the Yangtze basin, 2014, 23(2): 287-293.
[8] HOU A X, CHEN G X, WANG Z P, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes[J]. Soilence Society of America Journal, 2000, 64(6): 2180-2186.
[9] 马秀枝, 李长生, 任乐, 等. 生物质炭对土壤性质及温室气体排放的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(5): 1395-1403.MA X Z, LI C S, REN L, et al. Effects of biochar application on soil properties and greenhouse gas emission[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014, 33(5): 1395-1403.
[10] 李松, 李海丽, 方晓波, 等. 生物质炭输入减少稻田痕量温室气体排放[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(21): 234-240.LI S , LI H L, FANG X B, et al. Biochar input to reduce trace greenhouse gas emission in paddy field[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering , 2014, 30(21): 234-240.
[11] 袁颖红, 张文锋, 周际海, 等. 改良剂对旱地红壤活性有机碳及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 土壤, 2017, 49(5): 909-918.YUAN Y H, ZHANG W F, ZHOU J H et al. Effects of amendments on labile organic carbon and soil enzymes activities in upland red soil[J]. Soils, 2017, 49(5): 909-918.
[12] CHEN H, WANG M, WU N, et al. Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2011, 182(1-4): 545.
[13] 陈哲, 韩瑞芸, 杨世琦, 等. 东北季节性冻融农田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量特征研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2016, 35(2): 387-395.CHEN J, HAN R Y, YANG S Q, et al. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from seasonal freeze-thaw arable soils in Northeast China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science[J]. 2016, 35(2): 387-395.
[14] 张华, 张若玉, 何金海, 等. CH4和N2O的辐射强迫与全球增温潜能[J]. 大气科学, 2013, 37(3): 745-754.ZHANG H, ZHANG R Y, HE J H, et al. Radiative forcing and global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2013, 37 (3): 745-754.
[15] AMELOOT N, FUNKUIN N Y, SLEUTEL S, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from biochar amended loamy soils: A lab CO2, CH4 and N2O emission experiment[C]Wageningen Conference on Applied Soil Science: Soil science in a changing world. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011: 177-177.
[16] 邱虎森, 王翠红, 盛浩. 生物质炭对土壤温室气体排放影响机制探讨[J]. 湖南农业科学, 2012(11): 49-52.QIU H S, WANG C H, SHENG H. Influencing mechanisms of biochar on emission of greenhouse gas from soils[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2012(11): 49-52.
[17] LEHMANN J, JOSEPH S D. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology[J]. Science and Technology; Earthscan, 2009, 25(1): 15801-15811.
[18] 刘玉学. 生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2011. 39-63.LIU Y X. Effect of biochar on the characteristic of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission from soil[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang university, 2011. 39-63.
[19] SPOKAS K A, REICOSKY D C. Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production[J]. Annals of Environmental Science, 2009, 3(1): 179-193
[20] TROY S M, LAWLOR P G, FLYNN C J O, et al. Impact of biochar addition to soil on greenhouse gas emissions following pig manure application[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2013, 60(1):73-181.
[21] 花莉, 唐志刚, 解井坤, 等. 生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用效应及其影响因素探讨[J]. 生态环境学报, 2013, 22(6): 1068-1073.HUA L, TANG Z G, XIE J K, et al. Effect and its influencing factors of biochar on agricultural greenhouse gases emissions[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2013, 22(6): 1068-1073.
[22] 范分良, 黄平容, 唐勇军, 等. 微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(3): 932-937.FAN F L, HUANG P R, TANG Y J, et al. Altered microbial communities change soil respiration rates and their temperature sensitivity[J]. Envirmonental Science, 2012, 33(3): 932-937.
[23] ZHANG A, LIU Y, PAN G, et al. Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain[J]. Plant & Soil, 2012, 351(1-2): 263-275.
[24] CASE S D C, WHITAKER J, MCNAMARA N P, et al. Biochar suppression of N2O emissions from an agricultural soil: Effects and potential mechanisms[C]. EGU General Assembly Conference. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012: 994.
[25] KREMEN A, BEAR J, SHAVIT U, et al. Model demonstrating the potential for coupled nitrification denitrification in soil aggregates[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(11): 4180-4188.
[26] SINGH B P, HATTON B J, BALWANT S, et al. Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39(4): 1224-1235.
[27] 章明奎, BAYOU W D, 唐红娟. 生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2): 127-131.ZHANG M K, BAYOU W D, TANG H J. Effects of biochar’s application active organic carbon fractions in soil[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(2): 127-131.
[28] 谭立敏, 彭佩钦, 李科林, 等.水稻光合同化碳在土壤中的矿化和转化动态[J].环境科学, 2014, 35(1): 233-239.TAN L M, PENG P Q, LI K L, et al. Dynamics of the mineralization and transformation of rice photosynthesized carbon in paddy soils-a batch incubation experiment[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(1): 233-239.
[29] LAIRD D A, FLEMING P, DAVIS D D, et al. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil[J]. Geoderma, 2010, 158(3-4): 443-449.
[30] SMEBY A, ALLING V, VOGT R D, et al. Biochar amendment to soil changes dissolved organic matter content and composition[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 142: 100-105.
[31] 邱莉萍, 刘军, 王益权. 土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2004, 10(3): 277-280.QIU L P, LIU J, WANG Y Q. Research on relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil fertility[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2004, 10(3): 277-280.
[32] 杨志新, 刘树庆. 重金属Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2001, 21(1): 60-63.YANG Z X, LIU S Q. Effect of compound pollution of heavy metals on soil enzymic activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstan Tiae, 2001, 21(1): 60-63.
[33] 周震峰, 王建超, 饶潇潇. 添加生物炭对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 江西农业学报, 2015, 27(6): 110-112.ZHOU Z F, WANG J C, RAO X X. Impact of adding biochar on enzyme activity in soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2015, 27(6): 110-112.