西安新城市贫困空间固化及其治理研究——基于空间正义视角
|
摘要
新城市贫困空间固化及其治理研究,对破解城市发展不平衡不充分,促进城市社会公平公正具有重要理论和现实意义。基于西安市街道尺度问卷调查数据,采用贫困综合指数和构建空间固贫指数,在GIS技术支持下,对西安新城市贫困空间时空演化和固化趋势进行研究,并以空间正义为视角,提出西安新城市贫困空间固化治理方案。结果表明:(1)研究期内,西安新城市贫困程度不断减轻,贫困空间分布异质性明显,贫困空间演化整体上由放射状嵌套分布向圈层分布转变;(2)西安新城市贫困空间固化正在形成,空间固贫指数较高街道集中在内城衰退区,城市边缘失地农民聚居区、流动人口聚居区和遗址保护区;(3)西安新城市贫困空间固化治理要以空间正义思想为指引,在弘扬价值正义、制度正义和政策正义基础上,构建空间正义"起点—过程—结果"三位一体保障体系,确保城市空间生产公平公正。
Drawing on the ideas of class solidification, this paper attempts to define and construct the poverty stabilization index(PSI) to measure the spatial stabilization of urban poverty of Xi'an. Based on the questionnaire data of Xi'an on the scale of sub-districts in 1990, 2000, and 2013, adopting the poverty comprehensive index and applying the above constructed PSI, with the support of GIS spatial analysis, this paper explores the spatial-temporal evolution and stabilization trend of poverty space of Xi'an. And, from the perspective of spatial justice, the governance schemes on spatial stabilization of Xi'an new urban poverty is proposed. The results show that: 1) Over the 1990—2013 period, the new urban poverty level of Xi'an has been continuously reduced, the spatial distribution of poverty is obviously heterogeneous. 2) The spatial stabilization of new urban poverty in Xi'an is taking shape and the streets with high poverty stabilization index are concentrated at recession zones in inner city(e.g., Jiefangmen sub-district). 3) The governance on spatial stabilization of Xi'an new urban poverty, under the guidance of urban spatial production value justice, urban spatial production institution justice, and urban spatial distribution policy justice, should establish a starting point-process-result trinity guarantee system of spatial justice to ensure the fairness and justness in urban space production.
Drawing on the ideas of class solidification, this paper attempts to define and construct the poverty stabilization index(PSI) to measure the spatial stabilization of urban poverty of Xi'an. Based on the questionnaire data of Xi'an on the scale of sub-districts in 1990, 2000, and 2013, adopting the poverty comprehensive index and applying the above constructed PSI, with the support of GIS spatial analysis, this paper explores the spatial-temporal evolution and stabilization trend of poverty space of Xi'an. And, from the perspective of spatial justice, the governance schemes on spatial stabilization of Xi'an new urban poverty is proposed. The results show that: 1) Over the 1990—2013 period, the new urban poverty level of Xi'an has been continuously reduced, the spatial distribution of poverty is obviously heterogeneous. 2) The spatial stabilization of new urban poverty in Xi'an is taking shape and the streets with high poverty stabilization index are concentrated at recession zones in inner city(e.g., Jiefangmen sub-district). 3) The governance on spatial stabilization of Xi'an new urban poverty, under the guidance of urban spatial production value justice, urban spatial production institution justice, and urban spatial distribution policy justice, should establish a starting point-process-result trinity guarantee system of spatial justice to ensure the fairness and justness in urban space production.
引文
[1]Kessler G,Virgilio M M D.The new urban poverty:Global,regional and Argentine dynamics during the last two decades[J].Cepal Review,2008,95:31-50.
[2]Mingione E.The new urban poverty and the underclass:Introduction[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1993,17(3):324-326.
[3]Badcock B.Restructuring and spatial polarization in cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,1997,21(2):251-262.
[4]O'Higgins M,Jenkins S.Poverty in Europe:Estimates for the Numbers in Poverty in 1975,1980,1985[M].Bath:University of Bath Press,1989:12-36.
[5]Madden J F.Changes in the distribution of poverty across and within the US metropolitan areas,1979-1989[J].Urban Studies,1996,33(9):1581-1600.
[6]Wilson W J.The Truly Disadvantaged:The Inner City,the Underclass,and Public Policy[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990:20-62.
[7]Gans H J.From'Underclass'to'Undercaste':Some observations about the future of the postindustrial economy and its major victims[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1993,17(3):327-335.
[8]Cooke T J,Denton C.The suburbanization of poverty?An alternative perspective[J].Urban Geography,2015,36(2):300-313.
[9]Hulchanski J D,Bourne L S,Egan R,et al.The Three Cities within Toronto:Income Polarization among Toronto's Neighbourhoods,1970-2005[R].Toronto:Cities Centre,2007:1-28.
[10]Kavanagh L,Lee D,Pryce G.Poverty in suburbia:Has Glasgow gone the way of American cities?[J].AQMeN Research Briefings,2014(5):1-5.
[11]Randolph B,Tice A.Relocating disadvantage in five Australian cities:Socio-spatial polarisation under neo-liberalism[J].Urban Policy&Research,2017,35(2):1-19.
[12]Harvey D.Social Justice and the City[M].London:Edward Arnold,1973:96-118.
[13]Mitchell D.The Right to the City:Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space[M].New York:Guildford Press,2003:81-160.
[14]Dike?M.Justice and the spatial imagination[J].Environment&Planning A,2001,33(10):1785-1805.
[15]Soja E W.Seeking Spatial Justice[M].Minnesota:The University of Minnesota Press,2010.
[16]马清裕,陈田,牛亚菲,等.北京城市贫困人口特征、成因及其解困对策[J].地理研究,1999,18(4):400-406.[Ma Qingyu,Chen Tian,Niu Yafei,et al.The characteristics and dynamics of the urban poor population and its counter-measures in Beijing[J].Geographical Research,1999,18(4):400-406.]
[17]苏勤,林炳耀.我国新城市贫困问题研究进展[J].中国软科学,2003(7):19-25.[Su Qin,Lin Bingyao.The progress in the research on problems of new urban poverty in China[J].China Soft Science,2003(7):19-25.]
[18]黄晶,薛东前,马蓓蓓.西安市微区域收入及贫困空间格局研究[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):31-36.[Huang Jing,Xue Dongqian,Ma Beibei.Spatial distribution characteristics of income and poverty in Xi'an based on micro-regional perspective[J].Human Geography,2015,30(2):31-36.]
[19]袁媛,伍彬,古叶恒.重庆市城市贫困空间特征和影响因素研究--兼论东西部城市的异同[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):70-77.[Yuan Yuan,Wu Bin,Gu Yeheng.Spatial pattern and driving forces of urban poverty of Chongqing city:Discussion on similarities and differences between eastern and western cities in China[J].Human Geography,2015,30(1):70-77.]
[20]张志斌,张应亚.西北内陆中心城市低收入人口居住空间及其社会效应--以兰州市为例[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):78-84.[Zhang Zhibin,Zhang Yingya.Northwest inland city low-income people living space and social effect:A case study of Lanzhou[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(5):78-84.]
[21]刘玉亭,吴缚龙,何深静,等.转型期城市低收入邻里的类型、特征和产生机制--以南京市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(6):1073-1082.[Liu Yuting,Wu Fulong,He Shenjing,et al.Typology,features and mechanism of urban low-income neighborhoods under market transition:A case study of Nanjing[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(6):1073-1082.]
[22]范晨辉,薛东前,罗正文.转型期城市贫困演化空间模式研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(8):8-14.[Fan Chenhui,Xue Dongqian,Luo Zhengwen.The evolution of spatial structure of urban poverty pattern during the period of transition:A case of Xi'an city[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(8):8-14.]
[23]宋伟轩,陈培阳,徐旳.内城区户籍贫困空间剥夺式重构研究--基于南京10843份拆迁安置数据[J].地理研究,2013,32(8):1467-1476.[Song Weixuan,Chen Peiyang,Xu Di.Research on the deprivation-type reconstruction of inner-city registered poverty space based on resettlement data of Nanjing[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(8):1467-1476.]
[24]何深静,刘玉亭,吴缚龙,等.中国大城市低收入邻里及其居民的贫困集聚度和贫困决定因素[J].地理学报,2010,65(12):1464-1475.[He Shenjing,Liu Yuting,Wu Fulong,et al.Poverty concentration and determinants in low-income neighbourhoods and social groups in Chinese large cities[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(12):1464-1475.]
[25]李姗姗,孙久文.中国城市贫困空间分异与反贫困政策体系研究[J].现代经济探讨,2015(1):78-82.[Li Shanshan,Sun Jiuwen.Research on spatial differentiation of urban poverty and anti-poverty policy system in China[J].Modern Economic Research,2015(1):78-82.]
[26]刘玉亭.转型期中国城市贫困的社会空间[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.[Liu Yuting.Social Space for Urban Poverty in China During the Transition Period[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005.]
[27]李倩,张文忠,余建辉,等.北京不同收入家庭的居住隔离状态研究[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(6):693-700.[Li Qian,Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,et al.Research on the residential segregation in Beijing[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(6):693-700.]
[28]张高攀.城市“贫困聚居”现象分析及其对策探讨--以北京市为例[J].城市规划,2006,30(1):40-46.[Zhang Gaopan.Poor population settlement and its countermeasures:A case study of Beijing[J].City Planning Review,2006,30(1):40-46.]
[29]孙瑜康,袁媛.城市居住空间分异背景下青少年成长的邻里影响--以广州市鹭江村与逸景翠园为例[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(6):756-764.[Sun Yukang,Yuan Yuan.Neighborhood influences on adolescent development under the background of urban residential space differentiation:A case study of Lujiang village and Yijing community[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(6):756-764.]
[30]慈勤英,张芳.城市贫困空间固化的社会治理研究[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2017(3):1-5.[Ci Qinying,Zhang Fang.Research on the social governance on spatial stabilization of urban poverty[J].Journal of Southwest Minzu University(Humanities&Social Sciences Edition),2017(3):1-5.]
[31]袁媛.社会空间重构背景下的贫困空间固化研究[J].现代城市研究,2011(3):14-18.[Yuan Yuan.Research on stabilization of spatiality of urban poverty against the background of social-spatial reconstruction[J].Modern Urban Research,2011(3):14-18.]
[32]袁媛.中国城市贫困的空间分异研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.[Yuan Yuan.Study on the Spatial Differentiation of Urban Poverty in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[33]任平.空间的正义--当代中国可持续城市化的基本走向[J].城市发展研究,2006,13(5):1-4.[Ren Ping.Space justice:The basic trend of sustainable urbanization in contemporary China[J].Urban Studies,2006,13(5):1-4.]
[34]曹现强,张福磊.我国城市空间正义缺失的逻辑及其矫治[J].城市发展研究,2012,19(3):135-139.[Cao Xianqiang,Zhang Fulei.The logic of the lack of justice in China's urban space and the correction of spatial injustice[J].Urban Studies,2012,19(3):135-139.]
[35]胡毅,张京祥.中国城市住区更新的解读与重构:走向空间正义的空间生产[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.[Hu Yi,Zhang Jingxiang.Interpretation and Reconstruction of Housing Redevelopment in China:Towards a Just Space Production[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2015.]
[36]姚华松.贫困区的生产:广州同德围地区的空间演化逻辑[J].广东社会科学,2016(2):185-193.[Yao Huasong.The production of poor area:The spatial evolution logic of Tongdewei district in Guangzhou[J].Social Sciences in Guangdong,2016(2):185-193.]
[37]暴向平,薛东前,马蓓蓓,等.1990-2013年西安市新城市贫困人口格局演变[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(1):98-102.[Bao Xiangping,Xue Dongqian,Ma Beibei,et al.Pattern evolution of new urban poverty in Xi'an city from 1990 to 2013[J].Journal of Shannxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(1):98-102.]
[38]湛东升,张文忠,余建辉,等.问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):899-913.[Zhan Dongsheng,Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,et al.Application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):899-913.]
[39]R.基卿,N.J.泰特.人文地理学研究方法[M].蔡建辉,译.北京:商务印书馆,2006:70.[Kitchin R,Tate N J.Conducting Research into Human Geography:Theory,Methodology and Practice[M].Cai Jianhui,trans.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2006:70.]
[40]冯星光,张晓静.贫困测度指标及其评价[J].统计与信息论坛,2006,21(3):22-26.[Feng Xingguang,Zhang Xiaojing.Poverty measures and appraisement[J].Statistics&Information Forum,2006,21(3):22-26.]
[41]杨文伟.阶层固化的负面效应及其出路[J].中共中央党校学报,2015,19(1):101-106.[Yang Wenwei.The negative effect of class solidification and its outlet[J].Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C.P.C.,2015,19(1):101-106.]
[42]薛东前,赵奂,罗正文.西安城市贫困与城市环境质量的时空耦合分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(6):94-99.[Xue Dongqian,Zhao Huan,Luo Zhengwen.The spatio-temporal coupling analysis on the urban poverty and the urban environment of Xi'an city[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(6):94-99.]
[43]张京祥,赵丹,陈浩.增长主义的终结与中国城市规划的转型[J].城市规划,2013(1):45-50.[Zhang Jingxiang,Zhao Dan,Chen Hao.Termination of growth supremacism and transformation of China's urban planning[J].City Planning Review,2013(1):45-50.]
[44]王慧.开发区发展与西安城市经济社会空间极化分异[J].地理学报,2006,61(10):1011-1024.[Wang Hui.Rise of new special development zones and polarization of socio-economic space in Xi'an[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(10):1011-1024.]
[45]薛东前,贾金慧,罗正文,等.西安城市贫困阶层的空间聚居研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(10):45-50.[Xue Dongqian,Jia Jinhui,Luo Zhengwen,et al.The spatial settlements of urban poverty in Xi'an[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(10):45-50.]
[46]何艳冰,黄晓军,杨新军.快速城市化背景下城市边缘区失地农民适应性研究--以西安市为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):226-240.[He Yanbing,Huang Xiaojun,Yang Xinjun.Adaptation of land-lost farmers to rapid urbanization in urban fringe:A case study of Xi'an[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(2):226-240.]
[47]袁媛,古叶恒,肖扬.中国城市的“中心-外围”贫困格局及影响因素[J].人文地理,2017,32(5):40-47.[YuanYuan,Gu Yeheng,Xiao Yang.The spatial pattern and driving forces of poverty between central-city and outer-suburb in China[J].Human Geography,2017,32(5):40-47.]
(1)“五区一港两基地”是“十一五”时期以来西安市相继开发建设的8个城市发展新区,包括高新技术产业开发区(1991)、经济技术开发区(1993)、曲江新区(成立于1993年,原名为曲江旅游度假区,2003年更名为曲江新区)、浐灞生态区(2004)、西咸新区沣东新城(2009),国际港务区(2008),国家航空高技术产业基地(2004)、国家民用航天产业基地(2006),被誉为西安经济发展的增长极。
[2]Mingione E.The new urban poverty and the underclass:Introduction[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1993,17(3):324-326.
[3]Badcock B.Restructuring and spatial polarization in cities[J].Progress in Human Geography,1997,21(2):251-262.
[4]O'Higgins M,Jenkins S.Poverty in Europe:Estimates for the Numbers in Poverty in 1975,1980,1985[M].Bath:University of Bath Press,1989:12-36.
[5]Madden J F.Changes in the distribution of poverty across and within the US metropolitan areas,1979-1989[J].Urban Studies,1996,33(9):1581-1600.
[6]Wilson W J.The Truly Disadvantaged:The Inner City,the Underclass,and Public Policy[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990:20-62.
[7]Gans H J.From'Underclass'to'Undercaste':Some observations about the future of the postindustrial economy and its major victims[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1993,17(3):327-335.
[8]Cooke T J,Denton C.The suburbanization of poverty?An alternative perspective[J].Urban Geography,2015,36(2):300-313.
[9]Hulchanski J D,Bourne L S,Egan R,et al.The Three Cities within Toronto:Income Polarization among Toronto's Neighbourhoods,1970-2005[R].Toronto:Cities Centre,2007:1-28.
[10]Kavanagh L,Lee D,Pryce G.Poverty in suburbia:Has Glasgow gone the way of American cities?[J].AQMeN Research Briefings,2014(5):1-5.
[11]Randolph B,Tice A.Relocating disadvantage in five Australian cities:Socio-spatial polarisation under neo-liberalism[J].Urban Policy&Research,2017,35(2):1-19.
[12]Harvey D.Social Justice and the City[M].London:Edward Arnold,1973:96-118.
[13]Mitchell D.The Right to the City:Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space[M].New York:Guildford Press,2003:81-160.
[14]Dike?M.Justice and the spatial imagination[J].Environment&Planning A,2001,33(10):1785-1805.
[15]Soja E W.Seeking Spatial Justice[M].Minnesota:The University of Minnesota Press,2010.
[16]马清裕,陈田,牛亚菲,等.北京城市贫困人口特征、成因及其解困对策[J].地理研究,1999,18(4):400-406.[Ma Qingyu,Chen Tian,Niu Yafei,et al.The characteristics and dynamics of the urban poor population and its counter-measures in Beijing[J].Geographical Research,1999,18(4):400-406.]
[17]苏勤,林炳耀.我国新城市贫困问题研究进展[J].中国软科学,2003(7):19-25.[Su Qin,Lin Bingyao.The progress in the research on problems of new urban poverty in China[J].China Soft Science,2003(7):19-25.]
[18]黄晶,薛东前,马蓓蓓.西安市微区域收入及贫困空间格局研究[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):31-36.[Huang Jing,Xue Dongqian,Ma Beibei.Spatial distribution characteristics of income and poverty in Xi'an based on micro-regional perspective[J].Human Geography,2015,30(2):31-36.]
[19]袁媛,伍彬,古叶恒.重庆市城市贫困空间特征和影响因素研究--兼论东西部城市的异同[J].人文地理,2015,30(1):70-77.[Yuan Yuan,Wu Bin,Gu Yeheng.Spatial pattern and driving forces of urban poverty of Chongqing city:Discussion on similarities and differences between eastern and western cities in China[J].Human Geography,2015,30(1):70-77.]
[20]张志斌,张应亚.西北内陆中心城市低收入人口居住空间及其社会效应--以兰州市为例[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):78-84.[Zhang Zhibin,Zhang Yingya.Northwest inland city low-income people living space and social effect:A case study of Lanzhou[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(5):78-84.]
[21]刘玉亭,吴缚龙,何深静,等.转型期城市低收入邻里的类型、特征和产生机制--以南京市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(6):1073-1082.[Liu Yuting,Wu Fulong,He Shenjing,et al.Typology,features and mechanism of urban low-income neighborhoods under market transition:A case study of Nanjing[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(6):1073-1082.]
[22]范晨辉,薛东前,罗正文.转型期城市贫困演化空间模式研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(8):8-14.[Fan Chenhui,Xue Dongqian,Luo Zhengwen.The evolution of spatial structure of urban poverty pattern during the period of transition:A case of Xi'an city[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(8):8-14.]
[23]宋伟轩,陈培阳,徐旳.内城区户籍贫困空间剥夺式重构研究--基于南京10843份拆迁安置数据[J].地理研究,2013,32(8):1467-1476.[Song Weixuan,Chen Peiyang,Xu Di.Research on the deprivation-type reconstruction of inner-city registered poverty space based on resettlement data of Nanjing[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(8):1467-1476.]
[24]何深静,刘玉亭,吴缚龙,等.中国大城市低收入邻里及其居民的贫困集聚度和贫困决定因素[J].地理学报,2010,65(12):1464-1475.[He Shenjing,Liu Yuting,Wu Fulong,et al.Poverty concentration and determinants in low-income neighbourhoods and social groups in Chinese large cities[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(12):1464-1475.]
[25]李姗姗,孙久文.中国城市贫困空间分异与反贫困政策体系研究[J].现代经济探讨,2015(1):78-82.[Li Shanshan,Sun Jiuwen.Research on spatial differentiation of urban poverty and anti-poverty policy system in China[J].Modern Economic Research,2015(1):78-82.]
[26]刘玉亭.转型期中国城市贫困的社会空间[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.[Liu Yuting.Social Space for Urban Poverty in China During the Transition Period[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005.]
[27]李倩,张文忠,余建辉,等.北京不同收入家庭的居住隔离状态研究[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(6):693-700.[Li Qian,Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,et al.Research on the residential segregation in Beijing[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(6):693-700.]
[28]张高攀.城市“贫困聚居”现象分析及其对策探讨--以北京市为例[J].城市规划,2006,30(1):40-46.[Zhang Gaopan.Poor population settlement and its countermeasures:A case study of Beijing[J].City Planning Review,2006,30(1):40-46.]
[29]孙瑜康,袁媛.城市居住空间分异背景下青少年成长的邻里影响--以广州市鹭江村与逸景翠园为例[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(6):756-764.[Sun Yukang,Yuan Yuan.Neighborhood influences on adolescent development under the background of urban residential space differentiation:A case study of Lujiang village and Yijing community[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(6):756-764.]
[30]慈勤英,张芳.城市贫困空间固化的社会治理研究[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2017(3):1-5.[Ci Qinying,Zhang Fang.Research on the social governance on spatial stabilization of urban poverty[J].Journal of Southwest Minzu University(Humanities&Social Sciences Edition),2017(3):1-5.]
[31]袁媛.社会空间重构背景下的贫困空间固化研究[J].现代城市研究,2011(3):14-18.[Yuan Yuan.Research on stabilization of spatiality of urban poverty against the background of social-spatial reconstruction[J].Modern Urban Research,2011(3):14-18.]
[32]袁媛.中国城市贫困的空间分异研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.[Yuan Yuan.Study on the Spatial Differentiation of Urban Poverty in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[33]任平.空间的正义--当代中国可持续城市化的基本走向[J].城市发展研究,2006,13(5):1-4.[Ren Ping.Space justice:The basic trend of sustainable urbanization in contemporary China[J].Urban Studies,2006,13(5):1-4.]
[34]曹现强,张福磊.我国城市空间正义缺失的逻辑及其矫治[J].城市发展研究,2012,19(3):135-139.[Cao Xianqiang,Zhang Fulei.The logic of the lack of justice in China's urban space and the correction of spatial injustice[J].Urban Studies,2012,19(3):135-139.]
[35]胡毅,张京祥.中国城市住区更新的解读与重构:走向空间正义的空间生产[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.[Hu Yi,Zhang Jingxiang.Interpretation and Reconstruction of Housing Redevelopment in China:Towards a Just Space Production[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2015.]
[36]姚华松.贫困区的生产:广州同德围地区的空间演化逻辑[J].广东社会科学,2016(2):185-193.[Yao Huasong.The production of poor area:The spatial evolution logic of Tongdewei district in Guangzhou[J].Social Sciences in Guangdong,2016(2):185-193.]
[37]暴向平,薛东前,马蓓蓓,等.1990-2013年西安市新城市贫困人口格局演变[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(1):98-102.[Bao Xiangping,Xue Dongqian,Ma Beibei,et al.Pattern evolution of new urban poverty in Xi'an city from 1990 to 2013[J].Journal of Shannxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(1):98-102.]
[38]湛东升,张文忠,余建辉,等.问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):899-913.[Zhan Dongsheng,Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,et al.Application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):899-913.]
[39]R.基卿,N.J.泰特.人文地理学研究方法[M].蔡建辉,译.北京:商务印书馆,2006:70.[Kitchin R,Tate N J.Conducting Research into Human Geography:Theory,Methodology and Practice[M].Cai Jianhui,trans.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2006:70.]
[40]冯星光,张晓静.贫困测度指标及其评价[J].统计与信息论坛,2006,21(3):22-26.[Feng Xingguang,Zhang Xiaojing.Poverty measures and appraisement[J].Statistics&Information Forum,2006,21(3):22-26.]
[41]杨文伟.阶层固化的负面效应及其出路[J].中共中央党校学报,2015,19(1):101-106.[Yang Wenwei.The negative effect of class solidification and its outlet[J].Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C.P.C.,2015,19(1):101-106.]
[42]薛东前,赵奂,罗正文.西安城市贫困与城市环境质量的时空耦合分析[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(6):94-99.[Xue Dongqian,Zhao Huan,Luo Zhengwen.The spatio-temporal coupling analysis on the urban poverty and the urban environment of Xi'an city[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,42(6):94-99.]
[43]张京祥,赵丹,陈浩.增长主义的终结与中国城市规划的转型[J].城市规划,2013(1):45-50.[Zhang Jingxiang,Zhao Dan,Chen Hao.Termination of growth supremacism and transformation of China's urban planning[J].City Planning Review,2013(1):45-50.]
[44]王慧.开发区发展与西安城市经济社会空间极化分异[J].地理学报,2006,61(10):1011-1024.[Wang Hui.Rise of new special development zones and polarization of socio-economic space in Xi'an[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(10):1011-1024.]
[45]薛东前,贾金慧,罗正文,等.西安城市贫困阶层的空间聚居研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(10):45-50.[Xue Dongqian,Jia Jinhui,Luo Zhengwen,et al.The spatial settlements of urban poverty in Xi'an[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(10):45-50.]
[46]何艳冰,黄晓军,杨新军.快速城市化背景下城市边缘区失地农民适应性研究--以西安市为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):226-240.[He Yanbing,Huang Xiaojun,Yang Xinjun.Adaptation of land-lost farmers to rapid urbanization in urban fringe:A case study of Xi'an[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(2):226-240.]
[47]袁媛,古叶恒,肖扬.中国城市的“中心-外围”贫困格局及影响因素[J].人文地理,2017,32(5):40-47.[YuanYuan,Gu Yeheng,Xiao Yang.The spatial pattern and driving forces of poverty between central-city and outer-suburb in China[J].Human Geography,2017,32(5):40-47.]
(1)“五区一港两基地”是“十一五”时期以来西安市相继开发建设的8个城市发展新区,包括高新技术产业开发区(1991)、经济技术开发区(1993)、曲江新区(成立于1993年,原名为曲江旅游度假区,2003年更名为曲江新区)、浐灞生态区(2004)、西咸新区沣东新城(2009),国际港务区(2008),国家航空高技术产业基地(2004)、国家民用航天产业基地(2006),被誉为西安经济发展的增长极。