中国农村扶贫政策范式的变迁与未来趋势——基于305份国家层面政策文本的分析
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摘要
当前中国农村扶贫已取得显著成效,但其政策体系的变迁仍是一个需要探讨的理论问题。基于政策范式的理论框架,借助NVivo11软件,整理并筛选了1978—2018年农村扶贫领域国家层面的305份政策文件,分析了农村扶贫政策的话语体系和范式变迁。研究发现,中国农村扶贫政策范式已经历救济型、开发型、攻坚型、联动型四个阶段,当前正值"精准扶贫"新阶段;并呈现了从温饱难求到扶贫瞄准、从解决温饱到自我发展、从单一主体到多方联动、从强制主导到多轮驱动等变化态势。中国农村扶贫政策的未来发展将聚焦相对贫困人口及其能力发展,积极构建多方合力的大扶贫格局,通过多样化的政策工具综合施策,实现可持续的高效扶贫,进而促推协作性公共管理在反贫困领域的智识努力。
At present,China's rural poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable results,but the change of its policy system is still a theoretical problem that needs to be discussed.The research sorts and filters 305 national policy documents,ranging from 1978 to 2019,in the rural poverty alleviation fields,analyzing the change of discourse system and paradigm of the rural poverty reduction policy.It is found that the paradigm of China's rural poverty alleviation policy has gone through four stages of relief,development,key phase and linkage.It also presents the changing trend from the difficulty of getting adequate food and clothing to the aim of poverty alleviation,from adequate supply of food and clothing to the self-development,from single subject to multi-linkage,and also from the mandatory leading to the multi-wheel drive.The future development of China's rural poverty alleviation policy will focus on relative poverty population and their abilities of self-developing,and actively build a multi-force poverty alleviation pattern,realizing efficient and sustainable poverty alleviation through a variety of policy tools,and promote the intellectual efforts of collaborative public management in the anti-poverty field.
At present,China's rural poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable results,but the change of its policy system is still a theoretical problem that needs to be discussed.The research sorts and filters 305 national policy documents,ranging from 1978 to 2019,in the rural poverty alleviation fields,analyzing the change of discourse system and paradigm of the rural poverty reduction policy.It is found that the paradigm of China's rural poverty alleviation policy has gone through four stages of relief,development,key phase and linkage.It also presents the changing trend from the difficulty of getting adequate food and clothing to the aim of poverty alleviation,from adequate supply of food and clothing to the self-development,from single subject to multi-linkage,and also from the mandatory leading to the multi-wheel drive.The future development of China's rural poverty alleviation policy will focus on relative poverty population and their abilities of self-developing,and actively build a multi-force poverty alleviation pattern,realizing efficient and sustainable poverty alleviation through a variety of policy tools,and promote the intellectual efforts of collaborative public management in the anti-poverty field.
引文
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[17]Meng Lingsheng.Evaluating China's Poverty Alleviation Program:A Regression Discontinuity Approach[J].Journal of Public Economics,2013,(101).
[18]Liu Yansui.Spatio-temporal Patterns of Rural Poverty in China and Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategies[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2017,(52).
[19][美]赫伯特·西蒙.管理行为[M].詹正茂.北京:机械工业出版社,2013.
[20]鲜祖德,王萍萍,吴伟.中国农村贫困标准与贫困监测[J].统计研究,2016,(9).
[21]国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室.全球减贫的中国方案[DB/OL].http.//www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2018/10/17/art/_82_90302.html,2018-10-17.
[22]孔繁金.改革开放以来扶贫政策的历史演进及其创新[J].当代中国史研究,2018,(2).
[23]王春城.政策精准性与精准性政策---“精准时代”的一个重要公共政策走向[J].中国行政管理,2018,(1).
[24]Giliberto Capano.Causal Logics and Mechanisms in Policy Design:How and Why Adopting a Mechanistic Perspective can Improve Policy Design[J/OL].Public Policy and Administration,https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076719827068,2019-02-05.
[2]Peter Hull.Policy Paradigms,Social Learning,and the State:the Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain[J].Comparative Politics,1993,(3).
[3]严强.社会转型历程与政策范式演变[J].南京社会科学,2007,(5).
[4]曹琦,崔兆涵.中国卫生政策范式演变和新趋势:基于政策文本的分析[J].中国行政管理,2018,(9).
[5]孟繁华,张爽,王天晓.我国教育政策的范式转换[J].教育研究,2019,(3).
[6][美]约翰·金登.议程、备选方案与公共政策[M].丁煌,方兴.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[7]黄俊辉,徐自强.校车安全条例(草案)的政策议程分析---基于多源流模型的视角[J].公共管理学报,2012,(3).
[8]陈庆云.公共政策分析(第二版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[9]Huang Cui,Yang Chao,Su Jun.Policy Change Analysis Based on“Policy Target-policy Instrument”Patterns[J].Scientometrics,2018,(2).
[10]严强.公共政策活动中的子系统[J].江海学刊,2007,(2).
[11]顾建光.公共政策工具研究的意义、基础与层面[J].公共管理学报,2006,(4).
[12]汪三贵,曾小溪.从区域扶贫开发到精准扶贫---改革开放40年中国扶贫政策的演进及脱贫攻坚的难点和对策[J].农业经济问题,2018,(8).
[13]都阳,蔡昉.中国农村贫困性质的变化与扶贫战略调整[J].中国农村观察,2005,(5).
[14]Yu Lerong,Luo Renfu,Zhang Linxiu.Decomposing Income Inequality and Policy Implications in Rural China[J].China&World Economy,2007,(2).
[15]Xue Eryong,Zhou Xiuping.Education and Anti-poverty:Policy Theory and Strategy of Poverty A-leviation through Education in China[J].Educational Philosophy and Theory,2018,(12).
[16]国务院发展研究中心课题组.中国经济的阶段性变化和面临的问题[J]管理世界,2002,(9).
[17]Meng Lingsheng.Evaluating China's Poverty Alleviation Program:A Regression Discontinuity Approach[J].Journal of Public Economics,2013,(101).
[18]Liu Yansui.Spatio-temporal Patterns of Rural Poverty in China and Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategies[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2017,(52).
[19][美]赫伯特·西蒙.管理行为[M].詹正茂.北京:机械工业出版社,2013.
[20]鲜祖德,王萍萍,吴伟.中国农村贫困标准与贫困监测[J].统计研究,2016,(9).
[21]国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室.全球减贫的中国方案[DB/OL].http.//www.cpad.gov.cn/art/2018/10/17/art/_82_90302.html,2018-10-17.
[22]孔繁金.改革开放以来扶贫政策的历史演进及其创新[J].当代中国史研究,2018,(2).
[23]王春城.政策精准性与精准性政策---“精准时代”的一个重要公共政策走向[J].中国行政管理,2018,(1).
[24]Giliberto Capano.Causal Logics and Mechanisms in Policy Design:How and Why Adopting a Mechanistic Perspective can Improve Policy Design[J/OL].Public Policy and Administration,https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076719827068,2019-02-05.