赤桉幼龄材物理力学性质研究
|
摘要
【目的】研究20个不同赤桉家系及其不同部位物理力学性质的差异,为赤桉材性选育及木材的合理利用提供参考。【方法】以采自广东湛江南方国家级林木种苗示范基地大田区的20个45月生赤桉家系为研究对象,分别于树干梢部、中部、底部取木材试样,按照国家标准测量木材基本密度、气干(径向、弦向、体积)干缩率、全干(径向、弦向、体积)干缩率、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、顺纹抗剪强度、顺纹抗压强度等11个指标,并计算气干和全干差异干缩值(弦向干缩率/径向干缩率),运用SPSS、Excel、DPS等软件对数据进行统计和分析,并采用隶属函数法综合比较20个赤桉家系木材的材性优劣状况。【结果】20个赤桉家系木材的基本密度为0.344～0.558 g/cm~3,木材基本密度在家系间以及家系与部位交互间差异性极显著,不同家系立木部位间差异不显著。赤桉气干差异干缩值、全干差异干缩值分别为1.60和1.51;不同家系间气干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积)及全干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积)差异极显著;不同部位间气干体积干缩率和全干体积干缩率差异不显著,而全干(径向、弦向)和气干(径向、弦向)干缩率差异均极显著。赤桉不同家系间抗弯强度(26.79～103.11 MPa)、抗弯弹性模量(3 987～10 498 MPa)、顺纹抗剪强度(11.31～39.32 MPa)、顺纹抗压强度(32.46～59.33 MPa)差异极显著;不同部位间除抗弯弹性模量差异极显著外,其余性状差异均不显著;赤桉不同家系间4个力学性质的变异系数范围为12.05%～20.25%。幼龄期赤桉木材4个力学性质间两两相关性极显著。利用隶属函数法对20个赤桉家系进行综合材性评价,隶属值均值排名前5位的家系依次为2007、20016、20021、10014、10079,其木材材性较优,其中10079、20016、2007生长情况较好,可作为赤桉用材林定向培育。【结论】45月生的赤桉木材属轻材,容易开裂,树干底部的差异干缩值比中部、梢部大,即底部木材更容易开裂和变形。
【Objective】 To provide reference for the selection and rational utilization of Eucalyptus.camaldulensis wood,the physical and mechanical properties of E.camaldulensis from 20 families were compared.【Method】 The 45-month-old E.camaldulensis from 20 families were collected from the South China Experimental Nursery in Zhanjiang,Guangdong.Wood samples were taken at the top,middle and bottom of trunk.Comparative analyses were carried out with SPSS Statistics,Excel and DPS Statistics on wood basic density,air-dried shrinkage ratio(radial,tangential and volume),over-dried shrinkage ratio(radial,tangential and volume),static bending, modulus of elasticity of bending,shear strength,compression strength,and calculate dry shrinkage value(dry shrinkage/radial dry shrinkage) of air dried and total dry.The wood properties of the 20 families were then comprehensively evaluated by subordinate function method.【Result】 The basic density of 20 E.camaldulensis wood was 0.344-0.558 g/cm~3.The difference of wood density between families and between family and part was very significant,while the difference between different parts was not significant.The differences between air-dry and absolute-dry shrinkage were 1.60 and 1.51.Volume air dried shrinkage and volume over dried shrinkage ratio of different parts were not significant,but their air dried(tangential and radial) and over dried(radial and tangential) shrinkage were significant.The dry shrinkage value of trunk base was higher than that of the middle and top parts,more prone to cracking and deformation. The differences of mechanical properties of static bending(26.79-103.11 MPa),modulus of elasticity of bending(3 987-10 498 MPa),shear strength(11.31-39.32 MPa) and compression strength parallel to grain(32.46-59.33 MPa) between different families were very significant.Modulus of elasticity of bending between different parts was also very significant,while other indexes were not significant.The coefficient of variation of mechanical properties between different families was 12.05%-20.25%.The correlation between mechanical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis juvenile wood was very significant.Using subordinate function of 20 families for comprehensive evaluation,the top five families were 2007,20016,20021,10014 and 10079.The 10079,20016 and 2007 families had better growth than others and can be selected for directional cultivation for timber.【Conclusion】 The wood density of 45-month-old E.camaldulensis was light,which was easy to crack,and the bottom of trunk was more likely to crack than the middle and top parts.
【Objective】 To provide reference for the selection and rational utilization of Eucalyptus.camaldulensis wood,the physical and mechanical properties of E.camaldulensis from 20 families were compared.【Method】 The 45-month-old E.camaldulensis from 20 families were collected from the South China Experimental Nursery in Zhanjiang,Guangdong.Wood samples were taken at the top,middle and bottom of trunk.Comparative analyses were carried out with SPSS Statistics,Excel and DPS Statistics on wood basic density,air-dried shrinkage ratio(radial,tangential and volume),over-dried shrinkage ratio(radial,tangential and volume),static bending, modulus of elasticity of bending,shear strength,compression strength,and calculate dry shrinkage value(dry shrinkage/radial dry shrinkage) of air dried and total dry.The wood properties of the 20 families were then comprehensively evaluated by subordinate function method.【Result】 The basic density of 20 E.camaldulensis wood was 0.344-0.558 g/cm~3.The difference of wood density between families and between family and part was very significant,while the difference between different parts was not significant.The differences between air-dry and absolute-dry shrinkage were 1.60 and 1.51.Volume air dried shrinkage and volume over dried shrinkage ratio of different parts were not significant,but their air dried(tangential and radial) and over dried(radial and tangential) shrinkage were significant.The dry shrinkage value of trunk base was higher than that of the middle and top parts,more prone to cracking and deformation. The differences of mechanical properties of static bending(26.79-103.11 MPa),modulus of elasticity of bending(3 987-10 498 MPa),shear strength(11.31-39.32 MPa) and compression strength parallel to grain(32.46-59.33 MPa) between different families were very significant.Modulus of elasticity of bending between different parts was also very significant,while other indexes were not significant.The coefficient of variation of mechanical properties between different families was 12.05%-20.25%.The correlation between mechanical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis juvenile wood was very significant.Using subordinate function of 20 families for comprehensive evaluation,the top five families were 2007,20016,20021,10014 and 10079.The 10079,20016 and 2007 families had better growth than others and can be selected for directional cultivation for timber.【Conclusion】 The wood density of 45-month-old E.camaldulensis was light,which was easy to crack,and the bottom of trunk was more likely to crack than the middle and top parts.
引文
[1] 曾龄英.赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) [J].云南林业科技,1996,75(2):57-61. Zeng L Y.Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology,1996,75(2):57-61.
[2] 徐建民,白嘉雨,陆钊华.华南地区桉树可持续遗传改良与育种策略 [J].林业科学研究,2001,14(6):587-594. Xu J M,Bai J Y,Lu Z H.Some sustainable strategies of improvement and breeding for Eucalyptus tree species in southern China [J].Forest Research,2001,14(6):587-594.
[3] 罗建中,谢耀坚,曹加光,等.2年生桉树杂交种生长与抗风的遗传变异研究 [J].草业学报,2009,18(6):91-97. Luo J Z,Xie Y J,Cao J G,et al.Genetic variation in 2-year Eucalypt hybrids' growth and typhoon resistance [J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(6):91-97.
[4] 胡天宇.赤桉的薪材特性及适生环境研究 [J].四川林业科技,1992,13(1):38-41. Hu T Y.A study of euelwood features of longbeak Eucalyptus and the environment suitable for its growth [J].Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,1992,13(1):38-41.
[5] 陈太安.赤桉干燥预热处理与干燥流变特性的研究 [D].南京:南京林业大学,2004. Chen T A.Study on preheating and rheological behavior of Eucalyptus camaldulensis lumber drying [D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2004.
[6] Midgley S J,Eidridge K G,Doran J C.Genetic resources of Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].The Commonwealth Forestry Review,1989,68,4(217):295-908.
[7] 陈鸿鹏,朱凤云,吴志华,等.赤桉GAPDH家族基因的克隆及其序列分析 [J].林业科学研究,2014,27(1):120-127. Chen H P,Zhu F Y,Wu Z H,et al.Cloning and sequence analysis of GAPDH family genes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].Forest Research,2014,27(1):120-127.
[8] 谷振军,章怀云,张党权,等.赤桉 CCoAOMT 亚家族的基因克隆及可变剪接分析 [J].林业科学,2014,50(5):62-68. Gu Z J,Zhang H Y,Zhang D Q,et al.Gene cloning and alternative splicing of CCoAOMT subfamily genes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(5):62-68.
[9] 成俊卿.中国木材志 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,1985:86-92. Chen J Q.Chinese wood [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1985:86-92.
[10] 罗浩,齐锦秋,谢九龙,等.四川蓝桉幼龄材物理力学性质研究 [J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(2):90-96. Luo H,Qi J Q,Xie J L,et al.Physical-mechanical properties of Eucalyptus globulus juvenile wood from Sichuan [J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2016,44(2):90-96.
[11] 廖立,涂登云,李重根,等.热处理对尾赤桉木材物理力学性能的影响 [J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,33(5):128-131. Liao L,Tu D Y,Li C G,et,al.Effects of heat treatment on physical-mechanical properties of E.urophylla×E.camaldulensis [J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology,2015,33(5):128-131.
[12] 刘君良,阳财喜,王雪花.增强-热处理桉树木材物理力学性能分析 [J].木材加工机械,2010(3):1-4. Liu J L,Yang C X,Wang X H.Physical and mechanical property analysis about Eucalyptus pellita after impregnation-strengthen and high-heat treatment [J].Wood Processing Machinery,2010(3):1-4.
[13] 苌姗姗,胡俊波,刘元.尾巨桉木材物理力学性质的主成分分析 [J].林业科技开发,2006,20(2):39-41. Chang S S,Hu J B,Liu Y.The principal component analysis on the physic-mechanical properties of E.urophylla×E.grandis [J].China Forestry Science and Technology,2006,20(2):39-41.
[14] 高伟,罗建举,李曲恩.速生桉木材高温热处理的物理力学性能研究 [J].南方农业学报,2013,44(1):116-120. Gao W,Luo J J,Li Q E.Physical and mechanical properties of fast-growing eucalypt wood under high temperature heat treatment [J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2013,44(1):116-120.
[15] 张松琴.四川主要桉树木材物理力学性质及利用的研究 [J].桉树科技协作动态,1980(1):46-57. Zhang S Q.Physical and mechanical properties and utilization of Eucalyptus wood in Sichuan [J].Eucalyptus Science &Technology,1980(1):46-57.
[16] 陶向新.模糊数学在农业科学中的初步应用 [J].沈阳农学院学报,1982(2):96-107. Tao X X.A preliminary application of fuzzy mathmatics in agricural science [J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural College,1982(2):96-107.
[17] 孙晓梅,楚秀丽,张守攻,等.落叶松种间及其杂种木材物理力学性质评价 [J].林业科学,2012,48(12):153-159. Sun X M,Chu X L,Zhang S G,et al.Timber evaluation on physcial and mechanical properties of species and hybrid of Larix [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(12):153-159.
[18] 尹思慈.木材品质和缺陷 [M].北京: 中国林业出版社,1990. Yin S C.Wood quality and defects [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1990.
[19] 中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所.中国主要树种的木材物理力学性质 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,1982. Research Institute of Wood Industry,Chinese Academy of Forestry Science.Wood physical and mechanical properties of main tree species in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1982.
[20] 冯冰,杨临弟.文县杨木材物理力学性质实验分析 [J].甘肃林业科技,2006,31(1):12-14. Feng B,Yang L D.Experimental research on the timber phsic mechanics character of wenxian Poplar [J].Journal of Gansu Forestry Science and Technology,2006,31(1):12-14.
[21] 申宗圻.木材学 [M].2版.北京:中国林业出版社,1993:143-178. Shen Z X.Wood Science [M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1993:143-178.
[22] 鲍甫成,江泽慧,姜笑梅,等.中国主要人工林树种幼龄材与成熟材及人工林与天然林木材性质的比较研究 [J].林业科学,1998,34(2):63-76. Bao F C,Jiang Z H,Jiang X M,et al.Comparative study on wood proprerties of juvenile VS natureal forest of main plantationtree species in China [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1998,34(2):63-76.
[23] 祁述雄.中国桉树 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002. Qi S X.Eucalyptus in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2002.
[24] 姜笑梅,叶克林,吕建雄,等.中国桉树和相思人工林木材性质与加工利用 [M].北京:科学出版社,2007:62-98. Jiang X M,Ye K L,Lü J X,et al.Wood properties and processing of eucalyptus and acacia plantation in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007:62-98.
[25] 刘一星,赵广杰.木材学 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2012. Liu Y X,Zhao G J.Wood science [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2012.
[26] 王燕高,胡庭兴.人工林木材物理力学性质的研究 [J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(4):405-408. Wang Y G,Hu T X.Study on wood physical and mechanical properties of eucalyptus grandis from sichuan introduction plantation [J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2006,24(4):405-408.
[27] 徐有明.木材学 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006. Xu Y M.Wood science [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2006.
[28] 麻文俊,张守攻,王军辉,等.楸树新无性系木材的物理力学性质 [J].林业科学,2013,49(9):126-134. Ma W J,Zhang S G,Wang J H,et al.Timber physical and mechanical properties of New Catalpa bungei clones [J].Scientia Silvae Sincae,2013,49(9):126-134.
[29] 李因刚,柳新红,应光明,等.15个五金工具柄用材树种幼龄材物理力学性质的比较与综合评价 [J].林业科学,2010,46(12):182-187. Li Y G,Liu X H,Ying G M,et al.Comparison and comprehensive evaluation of wood physical and mechanical properties of fifteen young timber tree species for hardware tool handle [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(12):182-187.
[30] 童再康,俞友明,郑勇平.黑杨派新无性系木材物理力学性质研究 [J].林业科学研究,2002,15(4):450-56. Tong Z K,Yu Y M,Zhang Y P.A study on timber physical and mechanical properties of new aigeiros clones [J].Forest Research,2002,15(4):450-456.
[2] 徐建民,白嘉雨,陆钊华.华南地区桉树可持续遗传改良与育种策略 [J].林业科学研究,2001,14(6):587-594. Xu J M,Bai J Y,Lu Z H.Some sustainable strategies of improvement and breeding for Eucalyptus tree species in southern China [J].Forest Research,2001,14(6):587-594.
[3] 罗建中,谢耀坚,曹加光,等.2年生桉树杂交种生长与抗风的遗传变异研究 [J].草业学报,2009,18(6):91-97. Luo J Z,Xie Y J,Cao J G,et al.Genetic variation in 2-year Eucalypt hybrids' growth and typhoon resistance [J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(6):91-97.
[4] 胡天宇.赤桉的薪材特性及适生环境研究 [J].四川林业科技,1992,13(1):38-41. Hu T Y.A study of euelwood features of longbeak Eucalyptus and the environment suitable for its growth [J].Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,1992,13(1):38-41.
[5] 陈太安.赤桉干燥预热处理与干燥流变特性的研究 [D].南京:南京林业大学,2004. Chen T A.Study on preheating and rheological behavior of Eucalyptus camaldulensis lumber drying [D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2004.
[6] Midgley S J,Eidridge K G,Doran J C.Genetic resources of Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].The Commonwealth Forestry Review,1989,68,4(217):295-908.
[7] 陈鸿鹏,朱凤云,吴志华,等.赤桉GAPDH家族基因的克隆及其序列分析 [J].林业科学研究,2014,27(1):120-127. Chen H P,Zhu F Y,Wu Z H,et al.Cloning and sequence analysis of GAPDH family genes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].Forest Research,2014,27(1):120-127.
[8] 谷振军,章怀云,张党权,等.赤桉 CCoAOMT 亚家族的基因克隆及可变剪接分析 [J].林业科学,2014,50(5):62-68. Gu Z J,Zhang H Y,Zhang D Q,et al.Gene cloning and alternative splicing of CCoAOMT subfamily genes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(5):62-68.
[9] 成俊卿.中国木材志 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,1985:86-92. Chen J Q.Chinese wood [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1985:86-92.
[10] 罗浩,齐锦秋,谢九龙,等.四川蓝桉幼龄材物理力学性质研究 [J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(2):90-96. Luo H,Qi J Q,Xie J L,et al.Physical-mechanical properties of Eucalyptus globulus juvenile wood from Sichuan [J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2016,44(2):90-96.
[11] 廖立,涂登云,李重根,等.热处理对尾赤桉木材物理力学性能的影响 [J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,33(5):128-131. Liao L,Tu D Y,Li C G,et,al.Effects of heat treatment on physical-mechanical properties of E.urophylla×E.camaldulensis [J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology,2015,33(5):128-131.
[12] 刘君良,阳财喜,王雪花.增强-热处理桉树木材物理力学性能分析 [J].木材加工机械,2010(3):1-4. Liu J L,Yang C X,Wang X H.Physical and mechanical property analysis about Eucalyptus pellita after impregnation-strengthen and high-heat treatment [J].Wood Processing Machinery,2010(3):1-4.
[13] 苌姗姗,胡俊波,刘元.尾巨桉木材物理力学性质的主成分分析 [J].林业科技开发,2006,20(2):39-41. Chang S S,Hu J B,Liu Y.The principal component analysis on the physic-mechanical properties of E.urophylla×E.grandis [J].China Forestry Science and Technology,2006,20(2):39-41.
[14] 高伟,罗建举,李曲恩.速生桉木材高温热处理的物理力学性能研究 [J].南方农业学报,2013,44(1):116-120. Gao W,Luo J J,Li Q E.Physical and mechanical properties of fast-growing eucalypt wood under high temperature heat treatment [J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2013,44(1):116-120.
[15] 张松琴.四川主要桉树木材物理力学性质及利用的研究 [J].桉树科技协作动态,1980(1):46-57. Zhang S Q.Physical and mechanical properties and utilization of Eucalyptus wood in Sichuan [J].Eucalyptus Science &Technology,1980(1):46-57.
[16] 陶向新.模糊数学在农业科学中的初步应用 [J].沈阳农学院学报,1982(2):96-107. Tao X X.A preliminary application of fuzzy mathmatics in agricural science [J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural College,1982(2):96-107.
[17] 孙晓梅,楚秀丽,张守攻,等.落叶松种间及其杂种木材物理力学性质评价 [J].林业科学,2012,48(12):153-159. Sun X M,Chu X L,Zhang S G,et al.Timber evaluation on physcial and mechanical properties of species and hybrid of Larix [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(12):153-159.
[18] 尹思慈.木材品质和缺陷 [M].北京: 中国林业出版社,1990. Yin S C.Wood quality and defects [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1990.
[19] 中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所.中国主要树种的木材物理力学性质 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,1982. Research Institute of Wood Industry,Chinese Academy of Forestry Science.Wood physical and mechanical properties of main tree species in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1982.
[20] 冯冰,杨临弟.文县杨木材物理力学性质实验分析 [J].甘肃林业科技,2006,31(1):12-14. Feng B,Yang L D.Experimental research on the timber phsic mechanics character of wenxian Poplar [J].Journal of Gansu Forestry Science and Technology,2006,31(1):12-14.
[21] 申宗圻.木材学 [M].2版.北京:中国林业出版社,1993:143-178. Shen Z X.Wood Science [M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1993:143-178.
[22] 鲍甫成,江泽慧,姜笑梅,等.中国主要人工林树种幼龄材与成熟材及人工林与天然林木材性质的比较研究 [J].林业科学,1998,34(2):63-76. Bao F C,Jiang Z H,Jiang X M,et al.Comparative study on wood proprerties of juvenile VS natureal forest of main plantationtree species in China [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1998,34(2):63-76.
[23] 祁述雄.中国桉树 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002. Qi S X.Eucalyptus in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2002.
[24] 姜笑梅,叶克林,吕建雄,等.中国桉树和相思人工林木材性质与加工利用 [M].北京:科学出版社,2007:62-98. Jiang X M,Ye K L,Lü J X,et al.Wood properties and processing of eucalyptus and acacia plantation in China [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2007:62-98.
[25] 刘一星,赵广杰.木材学 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2012. Liu Y X,Zhao G J.Wood science [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2012.
[26] 王燕高,胡庭兴.人工林木材物理力学性质的研究 [J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(4):405-408. Wang Y G,Hu T X.Study on wood physical and mechanical properties of eucalyptus grandis from sichuan introduction plantation [J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2006,24(4):405-408.
[27] 徐有明.木材学 [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006. Xu Y M.Wood science [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2006.
[28] 麻文俊,张守攻,王军辉,等.楸树新无性系木材的物理力学性质 [J].林业科学,2013,49(9):126-134. Ma W J,Zhang S G,Wang J H,et al.Timber physical and mechanical properties of New Catalpa bungei clones [J].Scientia Silvae Sincae,2013,49(9):126-134.
[29] 李因刚,柳新红,应光明,等.15个五金工具柄用材树种幼龄材物理力学性质的比较与综合评价 [J].林业科学,2010,46(12):182-187. Li Y G,Liu X H,Ying G M,et al.Comparison and comprehensive evaluation of wood physical and mechanical properties of fifteen young timber tree species for hardware tool handle [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(12):182-187.
[30] 童再康,俞友明,郑勇平.黑杨派新无性系木材物理力学性质研究 [J].林业科学研究,2002,15(4):450-56. Tong Z K,Yu Y M,Zhang Y P.A study on timber physical and mechanical properties of new aigeiros clones [J].Forest Research,2002,15(4):450-456.