瓦店遗址地层记录的龙山晚期古环境与人类活动
|
摘要
龙山晚期是中华文明酝酿形成的关键时期,位于颍河上游的瓦店遗址文化层较完整地记录了这一时期的环境特征和人类活动。文章测定了瓦店遗址龙山文化晚期遗址地层沉积物的粒度、常量元素、磁化率和木炭屑密度等环境指标;结果表明,龙山晚期的下段地层(约4.2~4.1kaBP)的炭屑密度指标(M/F比值)处于高值区间、Cr/Cu值较低,Pb、Cu元素含量较高、粒度频率分布的细尾端为单峰曲线,表明该时期气候干旱但农业活动相对活跃,但地层沉积动力主要为洪积作用。龙山晚期的上段(约4.1~3.9kaBP)Cr/Cu值较高,Pb、Cu含量下降,炭屑的M/F值走低,沉积物频率曲线的细粒端出现双峰现象,表明地层形成时期为湿润气候,沉积动力多元化,遗址地貌发生了变迁,人类活动的强度较早期有明显减弱。
The late Longshan period is a critical time for establishment of Chinese civilization.The archaeological site of Wadian,situated by the upper Ying River in Yuzhou,is one of typical sites formed within this stage.And so the cultural layers contain relatively complete information on both paleo-environment and human activities.The authors measured grain sizes,metal element concentrations,magnetic susceptibility and charcoal density of the layered deposits at the Wadian site in order to construct the interaction between human and environment.Results show that both the M/F ratio of charcoal density and the concentrations of Pb and Cu are high,and the grain size distribution pattern is featured by a unimodal frequency curve at the fine end of the lower layer approximately 4.1-3.9kaBP,representing a dry climate and flourishing period of prehistoric farming.In the period from 4.1-3.9kaBP,Cr/Cu ratio goes up but M/F ratio,K,Ca,Cu contents drop down,indicating a wet climate and weak human activity.Some times,there are bimodal frequency curves,suggesting the contribution of eolian transportation.
The late Longshan period is a critical time for establishment of Chinese civilization.The archaeological site of Wadian,situated by the upper Ying River in Yuzhou,is one of typical sites formed within this stage.And so the cultural layers contain relatively complete information on both paleo-environment and human activities.The authors measured grain sizes,metal element concentrations,magnetic susceptibility and charcoal density of the layered deposits at the Wadian site in order to construct the interaction between human and environment.Results show that both the M/F ratio of charcoal density and the concentrations of Pb and Cu are high,and the grain size distribution pattern is featured by a unimodal frequency curve at the fine end of the lower layer approximately 4.1-3.9kaBP,representing a dry climate and flourishing period of prehistoric farming.In the period from 4.1-3.9kaBP,Cr/Cu ratio goes up but M/F ratio,K,Ca,Cu contents drop down,indicating a wet climate and weak human activity.Some times,there are bimodal frequency curves,suggesting the contribution of eolian transportation.
引文
[1]Novák J,Svoboda J,ída P,et al.A charcoal record of Holocene woodland succession from sandstone rock shelters of North Bohemia(Czech Republic)[J].Quaternary International,2015,366:25-36.
[2]Guan H C,Zhu C,Zhu T X,et al.Grain size,magnetic susceptibility and geochemical characteristics of the loess in the Chaohu lake basin:Implications for the origin,palaeoclimatic change and provenance[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2016,117:170-183.
[3]查理思,吴克宁,冯力威,等.古人类活动对土壤形成、发育的影响——以河南仰韶村文化遗址为例[J].土壤学报,2016,53(4):850-859.[ZHA Lisi,WU Kening,FENG Liwei,et al.Influence of ancient human activities on development of soil——a case study of Yangshao Village Cultural Relic Site,Henan Province[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(4):850-859.]
[4]李中轩,朱诚,朱青,等.中坝遗址地层的Cr/Cu值对干湿环境的指示意义[J].地理科学,2008,28(6):799-803.[LI Zhongxuan,ZHU Cheng,ZHU Qing,et al.Variation of Cr/Cu Ratios in Zhongba Profile and Its Indication on Palaeo-environment over Last 5 ka[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(6):799-803.]
[5]河南省文物考古研究所.禹州瓦店——夏商周断代工程丛书[M].北京:世界图书出版公司,2004:82.[Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology.The Archaeology of the Wadian Site[M].Beijing:The World Publishing Corporation,2004:82.]
[6]蔡晓敏,苗运法,靳鹤龄,等.全新世中期毛乌素沙地炭屑记录与火灾历史[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1156-1162.[CAI Xiaomin,MIAO Yunfa,JIN Heling,et al.Mid-Holocene charcoal records and fire history in the east edge of the Mu Us sandy land,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(5):1156-1162.]
[7]Bowman D M J S,Balch J K,Artaxo P,et al.Fire in the earth system[J].Science,2009,324(5926):481-484.
[8]刘青松,邓成龙.磁化率及其环境意义[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(4):1041-1048.[LIU Qingsong,DENG Chenglong.Magnetic susceptibility and its environmental significances[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(4):1041-1048.]
[9]侯海燕,赵敬红,马宏卫,等.河南新郑枣区土壤地球化学研究[J].地球化学,2006,35(2):194-200.[HOU Haiyan,ZHAO Jinghong,MA Hongwei,et al.Soil geochemistry of Xinzheng date,Henan Province[J].Geochimica,2006,35(2):194-200.]
[10]Wilson C A,Bacon J R,Cresser M S,et al.Lead isotope ratios as a means of sourcing anthropogenic lead in archaeological soils:A pilot study of an abandoned shetland croft[J].Archaeometry,2006,48(3):501-509.
[11]Wilson C A,Davidson D A,Cresser M S.Multi-element soil analysis:An assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2008,35(2):412-424.
[12]王树芝,方燕明,赵志军.龙山时代的植被、古气候及植物利用——以河南瓦店遗址的木炭分析为例[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):226-235.[WANG Shuzhi,FANG Yanming,ZHAO Zhijun.Vegetation,paleoclimite and vegetation use during Longshan era:Case studies of anthracology of Wadian Site in Henan Province[J].Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(2):226-235.]
[13]Walkington H.Soil science applications in archaeological contexts:A review of key challenges[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2010,103(3-4):122-134.
[14]刘昶,方燕明.河南禹州瓦店遗址出土植物遗存分析[J].南方文物,2010(4):55-64.[LIU Chang,FANG Yanming.Remaining analysis about unearthed plants of Wa Dian Site in Yuzhou,He'nan Province[J].Cultural Relics in Southern China,2010(4):55-64.]
[15]赵志军.公元前2500年~公元前1500年中原地区农业经济研究[M]//中国社会科学院考古研究所考古科技中心.科技考古(第二辑)[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:1-11.[ZHAO Zhijun.Agricultural economy of Central China during 2500-1500BCE[M]//Science for Archaeometry(Edition II)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:1-11.]
[16]赵春燕,吕鹏,袁靖,等.河南禹州市瓦店遗址出土动物遗存的元素和锶同位素比值分析[J].考古,2012(11):89-96.[ZHAO Chunyan,LV Peng,YUAN Jing,et al.The strontium isotopic analyses of the faunal remains unearthed at Wadian Site in Yuzhou City,Henan[J].Archaeology,2012(11):89-96.]
[17]朱泓,王明辉,方启.河南禹州市瓦店新石器时代人骨研究[J].考古,2006(4):87-94.[ZHU Hong,WANG Minghui,FANG Qi.A study of Neolithic human skulls from Wadian in Yuzhou City,Henan[J].Archaeology,2006(4):87-94.]
[2]Guan H C,Zhu C,Zhu T X,et al.Grain size,magnetic susceptibility and geochemical characteristics of the loess in the Chaohu lake basin:Implications for the origin,palaeoclimatic change and provenance[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2016,117:170-183.
[3]查理思,吴克宁,冯力威,等.古人类活动对土壤形成、发育的影响——以河南仰韶村文化遗址为例[J].土壤学报,2016,53(4):850-859.[ZHA Lisi,WU Kening,FENG Liwei,et al.Influence of ancient human activities on development of soil——a case study of Yangshao Village Cultural Relic Site,Henan Province[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(4):850-859.]
[4]李中轩,朱诚,朱青,等.中坝遗址地层的Cr/Cu值对干湿环境的指示意义[J].地理科学,2008,28(6):799-803.[LI Zhongxuan,ZHU Cheng,ZHU Qing,et al.Variation of Cr/Cu Ratios in Zhongba Profile and Its Indication on Palaeo-environment over Last 5 ka[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(6):799-803.]
[5]河南省文物考古研究所.禹州瓦店——夏商周断代工程丛书[M].北京:世界图书出版公司,2004:82.[Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology.The Archaeology of the Wadian Site[M].Beijing:The World Publishing Corporation,2004:82.]
[6]蔡晓敏,苗运法,靳鹤龄,等.全新世中期毛乌素沙地炭屑记录与火灾历史[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1156-1162.[CAI Xiaomin,MIAO Yunfa,JIN Heling,et al.Mid-Holocene charcoal records and fire history in the east edge of the Mu Us sandy land,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(5):1156-1162.]
[7]Bowman D M J S,Balch J K,Artaxo P,et al.Fire in the earth system[J].Science,2009,324(5926):481-484.
[8]刘青松,邓成龙.磁化率及其环境意义[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(4):1041-1048.[LIU Qingsong,DENG Chenglong.Magnetic susceptibility and its environmental significances[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(4):1041-1048.]
[9]侯海燕,赵敬红,马宏卫,等.河南新郑枣区土壤地球化学研究[J].地球化学,2006,35(2):194-200.[HOU Haiyan,ZHAO Jinghong,MA Hongwei,et al.Soil geochemistry of Xinzheng date,Henan Province[J].Geochimica,2006,35(2):194-200.]
[10]Wilson C A,Bacon J R,Cresser M S,et al.Lead isotope ratios as a means of sourcing anthropogenic lead in archaeological soils:A pilot study of an abandoned shetland croft[J].Archaeometry,2006,48(3):501-509.
[11]Wilson C A,Davidson D A,Cresser M S.Multi-element soil analysis:An assessment of its potential as an aid to archaeological interpretation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2008,35(2):412-424.
[12]王树芝,方燕明,赵志军.龙山时代的植被、古气候及植物利用——以河南瓦店遗址的木炭分析为例[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(2):226-235.[WANG Shuzhi,FANG Yanming,ZHAO Zhijun.Vegetation,paleoclimite and vegetation use during Longshan era:Case studies of anthracology of Wadian Site in Henan Province[J].Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(2):226-235.]
[13]Walkington H.Soil science applications in archaeological contexts:A review of key challenges[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2010,103(3-4):122-134.
[14]刘昶,方燕明.河南禹州瓦店遗址出土植物遗存分析[J].南方文物,2010(4):55-64.[LIU Chang,FANG Yanming.Remaining analysis about unearthed plants of Wa Dian Site in Yuzhou,He'nan Province[J].Cultural Relics in Southern China,2010(4):55-64.]
[15]赵志军.公元前2500年~公元前1500年中原地区农业经济研究[M]//中国社会科学院考古研究所考古科技中心.科技考古(第二辑)[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:1-11.[ZHAO Zhijun.Agricultural economy of Central China during 2500-1500BCE[M]//Science for Archaeometry(Edition II)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:1-11.]
[16]赵春燕,吕鹏,袁靖,等.河南禹州市瓦店遗址出土动物遗存的元素和锶同位素比值分析[J].考古,2012(11):89-96.[ZHAO Chunyan,LV Peng,YUAN Jing,et al.The strontium isotopic analyses of the faunal remains unearthed at Wadian Site in Yuzhou City,Henan[J].Archaeology,2012(11):89-96.]
[17]朱泓,王明辉,方启.河南禹州市瓦店新石器时代人骨研究[J].考古,2006(4):87-94.[ZHU Hong,WANG Minghui,FANG Qi.A study of Neolithic human skulls from Wadian in Yuzhou City,Henan[J].Archaeology,2006(4):87-94.]