黔西高原MIS3-MIS2期炭屑记录与火灾模式研究
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摘要
火灾与气候、植被存在复杂的关系,搞清东亚季风区的火灾模式及其发生机制,对预测未来气候变化及火灾防治具有重要意义。通过对黔西高原MIS3—MIS2期间的古湖相沉积物进行炭屑分析并结合AMS~(14)C测年数据研究发现:MIS3晚期以来研究区的火灾主要发生于36.3—35 cal ka BP、26.2—17.6 cal ka BP期间,中粒炭屑和大炭屑分别在35、26.2、23.6 cal ka BP记录到3次地方火。研究区炭屑记录对冷干事件响应敏感,炭屑峰值区对应Heinrich事件(H事件)、末次冰盛期(LGM)等干旱事件,低值区对应DO事件,呈现千年旋回的特征。比对东亚地区的炭屑记录发现,在大范围的东亚季风区MIS2期比MIS3末期在火的强度和频率上都要高,与欧洲模式显著不同。火的发生机制可能受气候因素的控制,同时受植被类型的影响。
Fire has a nonlinear relationship with climate and vegetation. Therefore,identifying the mode and mechanisms of fire in the East Asian monsoon area is very important when attempting to predict future climate change and improve fire management. A 110 cm continuous core from the southwest plateau of Guizhou was sampled at 1 cm intervals for charcoal analysis. The chronology of the core extended from MIS3 to MIS2. The results show that since the late MIS3,fire mainly happened in the 36.3—35 cal ka BP and 26.2—17.6 cal ka BP periods. Three local fires happened in the 35 cal ka BP,26.2 cal ka BP,and 23.6 cal ka BP periods,and these were identified from the large and medium size charcoal particles.Comparison of the charcoal record with stalagmite and ice core records indicated that the peak in the charcoal record corresponds to cold-dry events,such as Heinrich and Last Glacial Maximun(LGM),and the low value area corresponds to DO events. These results have Millennium oscillation characteristics. A comparison with other charcoal records for the East Asian monsoon area showed that the intensity and frequency of fire in MIS2 was much stronger than in the late MIS3,which differs from the European pattern. The fire mechanism may be controlled by climatic factors and could be influenced by vegetation type.
Fire has a nonlinear relationship with climate and vegetation. Therefore,identifying the mode and mechanisms of fire in the East Asian monsoon area is very important when attempting to predict future climate change and improve fire management. A 110 cm continuous core from the southwest plateau of Guizhou was sampled at 1 cm intervals for charcoal analysis. The chronology of the core extended from MIS3 to MIS2. The results show that since the late MIS3,fire mainly happened in the 36.3—35 cal ka BP and 26.2—17.6 cal ka BP periods. Three local fires happened in the 35 cal ka BP,26.2 cal ka BP,and 23.6 cal ka BP periods,and these were identified from the large and medium size charcoal particles.Comparison of the charcoal record with stalagmite and ice core records indicated that the peak in the charcoal record corresponds to cold-dry events,such as Heinrich and Last Glacial Maximun(LGM),and the low value area corresponds to DO events. These results have Millennium oscillation characteristics. A comparison with other charcoal records for the East Asian monsoon area showed that the intensity and frequency of fire in MIS2 was much stronger than in the late MIS3,which differs from the European pattern. The fire mechanism may be controlled by climatic factors and could be influenced by vegetation type.
引文
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[4] Clark J S. Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis:source area,transport,deposition,and sampling. Quaternary Research,1988,30(1):67-80.
[5] De Bano L F,Neary D G,Ffolliott P F. Fire's Effects on Ecosystems. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1998:1-352.
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[7] Daniau A L,Harrison S P,Bartlein P J. Fire regimes during the last glacial. Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(21/22):2918-2930.
[8]郑卓,邓韫,张华,余荣春,陈炽新.华南沿海热带-亚热带地区全新世环境变化与人类活动的关系.第四纪研究,2004,24(4):387-393.
[9] Xue J B,Zhong W,Xie L C,Unkel I. Millennial-scale variability in biomass burning covering the interval—41,000-7050 cal BP in the tropical Leizhou Peninsula(south China). Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2015,438:344-351.
[10] Penny D. A 40,000 year palynological record from north-east Thailand; implications for biogeography and palaeo-environmental reconstruction.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2001,171(3/4):97-128.
[11] Wang X,Peng P A,Ding Z L. Black carbon records in Chinese loess plateau over the last two glacial cycles and implications for paleofires.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2005,223(1/2):9-19.
[12] Daniau A L,Sánchez-Go1i M F,Beaufort L,Laggoun-Défarge F,Loutre M F,Duprat J. Dansgaard-Oeschger climatic variability revealed by fire emissions in southwestern Iberia. Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26(9/10):1369-1383.
[13] Daniau A L,Go1i M F S,Duprat J. Last glacial fire regime variability in western France inferred from microcharcoal preserved in core MD04-2845,Bay of Biscay. Quaternary Research,2009,71(3):385-396.
[14] Xiao X Y,Haberle S G,Shen J,Xue B,Burrows M,Wang S. Postglacial fire history and interactions with vegetation and climate in southwestern yunnan province of China. Climate of the Past,2017,13(6):613-627.
[15] Black M P,Mooney S D,Martin H A. A>43,000-year vegetation and fire history from Lake Baraba,New South Wales,Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(21/22):3003-3016.
[16] Markgraf V,Whitlock C,Haberle S. Vegetation and fire history during the last 18,000 cal yr B. P. in Southern Patagonia:Mallín Pollux,Coyhaique,Province Aisén(45°41'30″S,71°50'30″W,640 m elevation). Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2007,254(3/4):492-507.
[17] Scott L. Microscopic charcoal in sediments:quaternary fire history of the grassland and savanna regions in South Africa. Journal of Quaternary Science,2002,17(1):77-86.
[18] Whitlock C,Bianchi M M,Bartlein P J,Markgraf V,Marlon J,Walsh M,Mc Coy N. Postglacial vegetation,climate,and fire history along the east side of the Andes(lat 41-42.5°S),Argentina. Quaternary Research,2006,66(2):187-201.
[19] Sun X J,Li X,Chen H C. Evidence for natural fire and climate history since 37 ka BP in the northern part of the South China Sea. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2000,43(5):487-493.
[20]罗运利,陈怀成,吴国瑄,孙湘君.南海最近3个冰期旋回中的天然火与气候——ODP1144孔深海沉积中的炭屑记录.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(10):854-860.
[21] Torres-Rodrígues E,Lozano-García S,Roy P,Ortega B,Beramendi-Orosco L,Correa-Metrio A,Caballero M. Last Glacial droughts and fire regimes in the central Mexican highlands. Journal of Quaternary Science,2015,30(1):88-99.
[22] Robin V,Bork H R,Nadeau M J,Nelle O. Fire and forest history of central European low mountain forest sites based on soil charcoal analysis:the case of the eastern Harz. The Holocene,2014,24(1):35-47.
[23]陈佩英,周启承,林树基.贵州威宁15000年来的古环境——南屯泥炭层剖面研究.贵州地质,1991,8(2):141-154.
[24]陈佩英,林树基,周启永.贵州草海地区赵家院子泥炭层剖面孢粉研究.贵州科学,1993,11(3):31-39.
[25]童国榜,张俊牌,羊向东,罗宝信,王毓钊,陈佩英.云贵高原晚新生代孢粉植物群与环境变迁.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(3):91-104.
[26]赵增友,袁道先,石胜强,罗伦德.孢粉、炭屑揭示的黔西高原MIS3b期间古植被、古气候演变.生态学报,2012,32(15):4811-4818.
[27] Feagri K,Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Oxford:Blackwell,1989:1-295.
[28]李宜垠,侯树芳,赵鹏飞.微炭屑的几种统计方法比较及其对人类活动的指示意义.第四纪研究,2010,30(2):356-363.
[29] Ramsey C B. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon,2009,51(1):337-360.
[30] Tinner W,Conedera M,Ammann B,Gaggeler H W,Gedye S,Jones R,Sagesser B. Pollen and charcoal in lake sediments compared with historically documented forest fires in southern Switzerland since AD 1920. The Holocene,1998,8(1):31-42.
[31] Pitknen A,Huttunen P. A 1300-year forest-fire history at a site in eastern Finland based on charcoal and pollen records in laminated lake sediment. The Holocene,1999,9(3):311-320.
[32] Svensson A,Andersen K K,Bigler M,Clausen H B,Dahl-Jensen D,Davies S M,Johnsen S J,Muscheler R,Rasmussen S O,R9thlisberger R,Steffensen J P,Vinther B M. The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005,15-42 ka. Part 2:comparison to other records. Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(23/24):3258-3267.
[33]崔英方,汪永进,刘殿兵.黔西南雾露洞石笋记录的MIS3晚期亚洲季风变化和南北极气候的联系.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2011,31(3):101-107.
[34] Wang Y J,Cheng H,Edwards R L,An Z S,Wu J Y,Shen C C,Dorale J A. A high-resolution absolute-dated late pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave,China. Science,2001,294(5550):2345-2348.
[35]赵侃,汪永进.黔西南石笋记录MIS3/2阶段百年尺度季风演变和H事件特征.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2011,31(2):121-128.
[36] Duan F C,Liu D B,Cheng H,Wang X F,Wang Y J,Kong X G,Chen S T. A high-resolution monsoon record of millennial-scale oscillations during late MIS 3 from Wulu Cave,south-west China. Journal of Quaternary Science,2014,29(1):83-90.
[37] Bard E,Rostek F,Turon J L,Gendreau S. Hydrological impact of Heinrich events in the subtropical northeast Atlantic. Science,2000,289(5483):1321-1324.
[38] Hubau W,Van den Bulcke J,Van Acker J,Beeckman H. Charcoal-inferred Holocene fire and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Global Change Biology,2015,21(6):2296-2308.
[39] Yancheva G,Nowaczyk N R,Mingram J,Dulski P,Schettler G,Negendank J F W,Liu J Q,Sigman D M,Peterson L C,Haug G H. Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon. Nature,2007,445(7123):74-77.
[40]谭志海,龙艳侠,毛龙江,莫多闻,廖冰,刘钊.洞庭盆地末次冰期中晚期以来黑褐色土壤剖面野火记录及气候关联.首都师范大学学报:自然科学版,2017,38(4):77-84.
[41]伍婧,刘强.晚冰期以来月亮湖孢粉记录反映的古植被与古气候演化.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2012,37(5):947-954.
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