语义Web中的本体匹配研究
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摘要
本体匹配旨在识别异构本体中存在语义关联的实体,并建立它们之间的匹配关系,它对于消除本体异构、实现本体集成和数据融合等具有重要作用。形式化定义了语义Web中的本体匹配问题,并从本体匹配方法、本体匹配挑战和本体匹配原型系统三个方面调研了最新研究进展,旨在为进一步研究指明方向。
Ontology matching is the process of identifying semantic connected entities and constructing the mappings of heterogeneous ontologies,which plays an important role for eliminating ontology heterogeneity,ontology integration and data fusion,etc. This paper first formalized the problem of ontology matching on the semantic Web,and then surveyed the state of the art of works from three aspect: the ontology matching methods,challenges and prototypes,which aimed to point out future research directions.
Ontology matching is the process of identifying semantic connected entities and constructing the mappings of heterogeneous ontologies,which plays an important role for eliminating ontology heterogeneity,ontology integration and data fusion,etc. This paper first formalized the problem of ontology matching on the semantic Web,and then surveyed the state of the art of works from three aspect: the ontology matching methods,challenges and prototypes,which aimed to point out future research directions.
引文
[1]Shvaiko P,Euzenat J.Ontology matching:state of the art and future challenges[J].IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2013,25(1):158-176.
[2]Otero C L,Rodríguez M F,Gómez R A.Ontology matching:a literature review[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2015,42(2):949-971.
[3]Cheatham M,Hitzler P.String similarity metrics for ontology alignment[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:294-309.
[4]孙煜飞,马良荔,郭晓明,等.本体映射中元素名称相似度计算方法研究[J].小型微型计算机系统,2015,36(9):2009-2014.
[5]Second String[EB/OL].[2016-04-18].http://secondstring.sourceforge.net/.
[6]Sim Metrics[EB/OL].[2015-04-18].https://sourceforge.net/projects/simmetrics/.
[7]Qu Yuzhong,Hu Wei,Cheng Gong.Constructing virtual documents for ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web.New York:ACM Press,2006:23-31.
[8]Schadd F C,Roos N.Word-sense disambiguation for ontology mapping:concept disambiguation using virtual documents and information retrieval techniques[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2014,4(3):167-186.
[9]Melnik S,Garcia-molina H,Rahm E.Similarity flooding:a versatile graph matching algorithm and its application to schema matching[C]//Proc of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering.Washington DC:IEEE Computer Society,2002:117-128.
[10]Li Juanzi,Tang Jie,Li Yi,et al.Ri MOM:a dynamic multistrategy ontology alignment framework[J].IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2009,21(8):1218-1232.
[11]Ngo D H,Bellahsene Z.Yam++results for OAEI 2013[C]//Proc of the 8th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2013:211-218.
[12]Xiang Chuncheng,Chang Baobao,Sui Zhifang.An ontology matching approach based on affinity-preserving random walks[C]//Proc of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.[S.l.]:AAAI Press,2015:1471-1477.
[13]Schopman B,Wang Shenghui,Isaac A,et al.Instance-based ontology matching by instance enrichment[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2012,1(4):219-236.
[14]Wang Shenghui,Englebienne G,Schlobach S.Learning concept mappings from instance similarity[C]//Proc of the 7th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2008:339-335.
[15]Duan Songyun,Fokoue A,Hassanzadeh O,et al.Instance-based matching of large ontologies using locality-sensitive hashing[C]//Proc of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:49-64.
[16]Mascardi V,Locoro A,Rosso P.Automatic ontology matching via upper ontologies:a systematic evaluation[J].IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2010,22(5):609-623.
[17]Jain P,Hitzler P,Sheth A P,et al.Ontology alignment for linked open data[C]//Proc of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2010:402-417.
[18]Reynaud C,Safar B.Exploiting Word Net as background knowledge[C]//Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Ontology Matching.2007:291-295.
[19]Pesquita C,Faria D,Stroe C,et al.What’s in a‘nym’?Synonyms in biomedical ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:526-541.
[20]仲茜,李涓子,李毅,等.基于已有映射结果的本体映射[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2008,48(7):1178-1181.
[21]Gligorov R,Kate W,Aleksovski Z,et al.Using Google distance to weight approximate ontology matches[C]//Proc of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web.New York:ACM Press,2007:767-776.
[22]Word Net[EB/OL].[2015-04-18].http://wordnet.princeton.edu.
[23]Morant A.Extending and optimizing an ontology matching system[D].Oxford:University of Oxford,2011.
[24]Faria D,Pesquita C,Santos E,et al.Automatic background knowledge selection for matching biomedical ontologies[J].PLOS One,2014,9(11):e111226.
[25]Jiménez-Ruiz E,Grau B C.Log Map:logic-based and scalable ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 10th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springe-Verlag,2011:273-288.
[26]Jiménez-Ruiz E,Grau B C,Zhou Yujiao,et al.Large-scale interactive ontology matching:algorithms and implementation[C]//Proc of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence.Amsterdam:IOS Press,2012:444-449.
[27]Santos E,Faria D,Pesquita C,et al.Ontology alignment repair through modularization and confidence-based heuristics[J].PLOS One,2013,10(12):e0144807.
[28]Ngo D H,Bellahsene Z,Coletta R.YAM++:results for OAEI 2011[C]//Proc of the 6th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2011:228-235.
[29]王颖,张汝波,赖积保.辩论框架用于本体映射协商[J].北京邮电大学学报,2011,34(2):99-103.
[30]蒋湛,姚晓明,林兰芬.基于特征自适应的本体映射方法[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2014,48(1):76-84.
[31]Eckert K,Meilicke C,Stuckenschmidt H.Improving ontology matching using meta-level learning[C]//Proc of European Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:158-172.
[32]Rong Shu,Niu Xing,Xiang E W,et al.A machine learning approach for instance matching based on similarity metrics[C]//Proc of the 11th Internatioal Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2012:460-475.
[33]Wang Zhichun.A semi-supervised learning approach for ontology matching[C]//Proc of Chinese Semantic Web and Web Science Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2014:17-28.
[34]Duan Songyun,Fokoue A,Srinivas K.One size does not fit all:customizing ontology alignment using user feedback[C]//Proc of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2010:177-192.
[35]Shi Feng,Li Juanzi,Tang Jie,et al.Actively learning ontology matching via user interaction[C]//Proc of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:585-600.
[36]Rahm E.Towards large-scale schema and ontology matching[M]//Schema Matching and Mapping.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2011:3-27.
[37]Zhang Hang,Hu Wei,Qu Yuzhong.VDoc+:a virtual document based approach for matching large ontologies using MapReduce[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science C,2012,13(4):257-267.
[38]Ngomo A C N,Kolb L,Heino N,et al.When to reach for the cloud:using parallel hardware for link discovery[C]//Proc of Extended Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer,2013:275-289.
[39]Soru T,Ngomo A C N.Rapid execution of weighted edit distances[C]//Proc of the 8th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2013:1-12.
[40]Wang Peng,Zhou Yuming,Xu Baowen.Matching large ontologies based on reduction anchors[C]//Proc of the 22nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.[S.l.]:AAAI Press,2011:2343-2348.
[41]Zhong Qian,Li Hanyun,Li Juanzi,et al.A Gauss function based approach for unbalanced ontology matching[C]//Proc of ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data.New York:ACM Press,2009:669-680.
[42]仲茜,李涓子,唐杰,等.基于数据场的大规模本体映射[J].计算机学报,2010,33(6):955-964.
[43]Diallo G.An effective method of large scale ontology matching[J].Journal of Biomedical Semantics,2014,5(1):44-63.
[44]Kirsten T,Gross A,Hartung M,et al.GOMMA:a component-based infrastructure for managing and analyzing life science ontologies and their evolution[J].Journal of Biomedical Semantics,2011,2(1):6-30.
[45]Faria D,Pesquita C,Santos E,et al.The agreement Maker Light ontology matching system[C]//Proc of International Conference on Move to Meaningful Internet Systems.Berlin:Springer,2013:527-541.
[46]Falconer S M,Noy N F.Interactive techniques to support ontology matching[M]//Schema Matching and Mapping.Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2011:29-51.
[47]Fu Bo,Noy N F,Storey M A.Indented tree or graph?A usability study of ontology visualization techniques in the context of class mapping evaluation[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer,2013:117-134.
[48]Ivanova V,Lambrix P,berg J.Requirements for and evaluation of user support for large-scale ontology alignment[C]//Proc of European Semantic Web Conference.Switzerland:Springer Interna-tional Publishing,2015:3-20.
[49]Zhdanova A V,Shvaiko P.Community-driven ontology matching[C]//Proc of European Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2006:34-49.
[50]Sarasua C,Simperl E,Noy N F.Crowd MAP:crowdsourcing ontology alignment with microtasks[C]//Proc of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:525-541.
[51]胡伟,柏文阳,瞿裕忠.语义Web中对象共指的消解研究[J].软件学报,2012,23(7):1729-1744.
[52]Nentwig M,Hartung M,Ngomo A N,et al.A survey of current link discovery frameworks[J/OL].(2015-06-18).http://www.semanticweb-journal.nets/system/files/swj117.pdf.
[53]Ngomo A N.On link discovery using a hybrid approach[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2012,1(4):203-217.
[54]Volz J,Bizer C,Gaedke M,et al.Discovering and maintaining links on the Web of data[C]//Proc of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:650-665.
[55]Isele R,Bizer C.Learning expressive linkage rules using genetic programming[J].Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,2012,5(11):1638-1649.
[56]Isele R,Bizer C.Active learning of expressive linkage rules using genetic programming[J].Web Semantics Science Services and Agents on the World Wide Web,2013,23(4):2-15.
[57]Nikolov A,D’Aquin M,Motta E.Unsupervised learning of link discovery configuration[C]//Proc of International Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:119-133.
[58]Ngomo A C N,Lehmann J,Auer S,et al.RAVEN:active learning of link specifications[C]//Proc of the 6th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2011:25-37.
[59]Ngomo A C N,Lyko K.EAGLE:efficient active learning of link specifications using genetic programming[C]//Proc of International Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:149-163.
[60]Ngomo A C N,Lyko K,Christen V.COALA:correlation aware active learning of link specifications[C]//Proc of the 10th International Conference on Semantic Web:Semantics and Big Data.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:442-456.
[61]李虎,张啸,仲茜,等.流程可定制本体匹配框架:Ri MOM2[J].计算机科学,2011,38(4):151-158.
[62]Hu Wei,Qu Yuzhong.Falcon-AO:a practical ontology matching system[J].Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web,2008,6(3):237-239.
[63]Ngo D,Bellahsene Z,Coletta R.YAM++:a combination of graph matching and machine learning approach to ontology alignment task[EB/OL].[2015-06-29].http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/lehre/archiv/ws-12-13/seminar ML-ws12-13/slides/Amir_Naseri.pdf/.
[64]Pesquita C,Faria D,Santos E,et al.Towards visualizing the alignment of large biomedical ontologies[C]//Proc of the 10th International Conference on Data Integration in the Life Sciences.2014:104-111.
[65]David J,Euzenat J,Scharffe F,et al.The alignment API 4.0[J].Semantic Web,2011,2(1):3-10.
[66]Apache Jena[EB/OL].[2016-03-07].http://jena.apache.org.
[67]Horridge M,Bechhofer S.The OWL API:a Java API for OWL ontologies[J].Semantic Web,2011,2(1):11-21.
[2]Otero C L,Rodríguez M F,Gómez R A.Ontology matching:a literature review[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2015,42(2):949-971.
[3]Cheatham M,Hitzler P.String similarity metrics for ontology alignment[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:294-309.
[4]孙煜飞,马良荔,郭晓明,等.本体映射中元素名称相似度计算方法研究[J].小型微型计算机系统,2015,36(9):2009-2014.
[5]Second String[EB/OL].[2016-04-18].http://secondstring.sourceforge.net/.
[6]Sim Metrics[EB/OL].[2015-04-18].https://sourceforge.net/projects/simmetrics/.
[7]Qu Yuzhong,Hu Wei,Cheng Gong.Constructing virtual documents for ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web.New York:ACM Press,2006:23-31.
[8]Schadd F C,Roos N.Word-sense disambiguation for ontology mapping:concept disambiguation using virtual documents and information retrieval techniques[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2014,4(3):167-186.
[9]Melnik S,Garcia-molina H,Rahm E.Similarity flooding:a versatile graph matching algorithm and its application to schema matching[C]//Proc of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering.Washington DC:IEEE Computer Society,2002:117-128.
[10]Li Juanzi,Tang Jie,Li Yi,et al.Ri MOM:a dynamic multistrategy ontology alignment framework[J].IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2009,21(8):1218-1232.
[11]Ngo D H,Bellahsene Z.Yam++results for OAEI 2013[C]//Proc of the 8th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2013:211-218.
[12]Xiang Chuncheng,Chang Baobao,Sui Zhifang.An ontology matching approach based on affinity-preserving random walks[C]//Proc of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.[S.l.]:AAAI Press,2015:1471-1477.
[13]Schopman B,Wang Shenghui,Isaac A,et al.Instance-based ontology matching by instance enrichment[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2012,1(4):219-236.
[14]Wang Shenghui,Englebienne G,Schlobach S.Learning concept mappings from instance similarity[C]//Proc of the 7th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2008:339-335.
[15]Duan Songyun,Fokoue A,Hassanzadeh O,et al.Instance-based matching of large ontologies using locality-sensitive hashing[C]//Proc of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:49-64.
[16]Mascardi V,Locoro A,Rosso P.Automatic ontology matching via upper ontologies:a systematic evaluation[J].IEEE Trans on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2010,22(5):609-623.
[17]Jain P,Hitzler P,Sheth A P,et al.Ontology alignment for linked open data[C]//Proc of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2010:402-417.
[18]Reynaud C,Safar B.Exploiting Word Net as background knowledge[C]//Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Ontology Matching.2007:291-295.
[19]Pesquita C,Faria D,Stroe C,et al.What’s in a‘nym’?Synonyms in biomedical ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:526-541.
[20]仲茜,李涓子,李毅,等.基于已有映射结果的本体映射[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2008,48(7):1178-1181.
[21]Gligorov R,Kate W,Aleksovski Z,et al.Using Google distance to weight approximate ontology matches[C]//Proc of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web.New York:ACM Press,2007:767-776.
[22]Word Net[EB/OL].[2015-04-18].http://wordnet.princeton.edu.
[23]Morant A.Extending and optimizing an ontology matching system[D].Oxford:University of Oxford,2011.
[24]Faria D,Pesquita C,Santos E,et al.Automatic background knowledge selection for matching biomedical ontologies[J].PLOS One,2014,9(11):e111226.
[25]Jiménez-Ruiz E,Grau B C.Log Map:logic-based and scalable ontology matching[C]//Proc of the 10th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springe-Verlag,2011:273-288.
[26]Jiménez-Ruiz E,Grau B C,Zhou Yujiao,et al.Large-scale interactive ontology matching:algorithms and implementation[C]//Proc of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence.Amsterdam:IOS Press,2012:444-449.
[27]Santos E,Faria D,Pesquita C,et al.Ontology alignment repair through modularization and confidence-based heuristics[J].PLOS One,2013,10(12):e0144807.
[28]Ngo D H,Bellahsene Z,Coletta R.YAM++:results for OAEI 2011[C]//Proc of the 6th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2011:228-235.
[29]王颖,张汝波,赖积保.辩论框架用于本体映射协商[J].北京邮电大学学报,2011,34(2):99-103.
[30]蒋湛,姚晓明,林兰芬.基于特征自适应的本体映射方法[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2014,48(1):76-84.
[31]Eckert K,Meilicke C,Stuckenschmidt H.Improving ontology matching using meta-level learning[C]//Proc of European Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:158-172.
[32]Rong Shu,Niu Xing,Xiang E W,et al.A machine learning approach for instance matching based on similarity metrics[C]//Proc of the 11th Internatioal Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2012:460-475.
[33]Wang Zhichun.A semi-supervised learning approach for ontology matching[C]//Proc of Chinese Semantic Web and Web Science Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2014:17-28.
[34]Duan Songyun,Fokoue A,Srinivas K.One size does not fit all:customizing ontology alignment using user feedback[C]//Proc of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2010:177-192.
[35]Shi Feng,Li Juanzi,Tang Jie,et al.Actively learning ontology matching via user interaction[C]//Proc of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:585-600.
[36]Rahm E.Towards large-scale schema and ontology matching[M]//Schema Matching and Mapping.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2011:3-27.
[37]Zhang Hang,Hu Wei,Qu Yuzhong.VDoc+:a virtual document based approach for matching large ontologies using MapReduce[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science C,2012,13(4):257-267.
[38]Ngomo A C N,Kolb L,Heino N,et al.When to reach for the cloud:using parallel hardware for link discovery[C]//Proc of Extended Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer,2013:275-289.
[39]Soru T,Ngomo A C N.Rapid execution of weighted edit distances[C]//Proc of the 8th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2013:1-12.
[40]Wang Peng,Zhou Yuming,Xu Baowen.Matching large ontologies based on reduction anchors[C]//Proc of the 22nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.[S.l.]:AAAI Press,2011:2343-2348.
[41]Zhong Qian,Li Hanyun,Li Juanzi,et al.A Gauss function based approach for unbalanced ontology matching[C]//Proc of ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data.New York:ACM Press,2009:669-680.
[42]仲茜,李涓子,唐杰,等.基于数据场的大规模本体映射[J].计算机学报,2010,33(6):955-964.
[43]Diallo G.An effective method of large scale ontology matching[J].Journal of Biomedical Semantics,2014,5(1):44-63.
[44]Kirsten T,Gross A,Hartung M,et al.GOMMA:a component-based infrastructure for managing and analyzing life science ontologies and their evolution[J].Journal of Biomedical Semantics,2011,2(1):6-30.
[45]Faria D,Pesquita C,Santos E,et al.The agreement Maker Light ontology matching system[C]//Proc of International Conference on Move to Meaningful Internet Systems.Berlin:Springer,2013:527-541.
[46]Falconer S M,Noy N F.Interactive techniques to support ontology matching[M]//Schema Matching and Mapping.Berlin:SpringerVerlag,2011:29-51.
[47]Fu Bo,Noy N F,Storey M A.Indented tree or graph?A usability study of ontology visualization techniques in the context of class mapping evaluation[C]//Proc of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer,2013:117-134.
[48]Ivanova V,Lambrix P,berg J.Requirements for and evaluation of user support for large-scale ontology alignment[C]//Proc of European Semantic Web Conference.Switzerland:Springer Interna-tional Publishing,2015:3-20.
[49]Zhdanova A V,Shvaiko P.Community-driven ontology matching[C]//Proc of European Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2006:34-49.
[50]Sarasua C,Simperl E,Noy N F.Crowd MAP:crowdsourcing ontology alignment with microtasks[C]//Proc of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:525-541.
[51]胡伟,柏文阳,瞿裕忠.语义Web中对象共指的消解研究[J].软件学报,2012,23(7):1729-1744.
[52]Nentwig M,Hartung M,Ngomo A N,et al.A survey of current link discovery frameworks[J/OL].(2015-06-18).http://www.semanticweb-journal.nets/system/files/swj117.pdf.
[53]Ngomo A N.On link discovery using a hybrid approach[J].Journal on Data Semantics,2012,1(4):203-217.
[54]Volz J,Bizer C,Gaedke M,et al.Discovering and maintaining links on the Web of data[C]//Proc of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2009:650-665.
[55]Isele R,Bizer C.Learning expressive linkage rules using genetic programming[J].Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,2012,5(11):1638-1649.
[56]Isele R,Bizer C.Active learning of expressive linkage rules using genetic programming[J].Web Semantics Science Services and Agents on the World Wide Web,2013,23(4):2-15.
[57]Nikolov A,D’Aquin M,Motta E.Unsupervised learning of link discovery configuration[C]//Proc of International Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:119-133.
[58]Ngomo A C N,Lehmann J,Auer S,et al.RAVEN:active learning of link specifications[C]//Proc of the 6th International Conference on Ontology Matching.2011:25-37.
[59]Ngomo A C N,Lyko K.EAGLE:efficient active learning of link specifications using genetic programming[C]//Proc of International Conference on Semantic Web:Research and Applications.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2012:149-163.
[60]Ngomo A C N,Lyko K,Christen V.COALA:correlation aware active learning of link specifications[C]//Proc of the 10th International Conference on Semantic Web:Semantics and Big Data.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2013:442-456.
[61]李虎,张啸,仲茜,等.流程可定制本体匹配框架:Ri MOM2[J].计算机科学,2011,38(4):151-158.
[62]Hu Wei,Qu Yuzhong.Falcon-AO:a practical ontology matching system[J].Web Semantics:Science,Services and Agents on the World Wide Web,2008,6(3):237-239.
[63]Ngo D,Bellahsene Z,Coletta R.YAM++:a combination of graph matching and machine learning approach to ontology alignment task[EB/OL].[2015-06-29].http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/lehre/archiv/ws-12-13/seminar ML-ws12-13/slides/Amir_Naseri.pdf/.
[64]Pesquita C,Faria D,Santos E,et al.Towards visualizing the alignment of large biomedical ontologies[C]//Proc of the 10th International Conference on Data Integration in the Life Sciences.2014:104-111.
[65]David J,Euzenat J,Scharffe F,et al.The alignment API 4.0[J].Semantic Web,2011,2(1):3-10.
[66]Apache Jena[EB/OL].[2016-03-07].http://jena.apache.org.
[67]Horridge M,Bechhofer S.The OWL API:a Java API for OWL ontologies[J].Semantic Web,2011,2(1):11-21.