论依托项目的外语教学理论基础
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摘要
依托项目的外语教学(PBLLI)受到国内外越来越多的学者关注。进入21世纪以来,其理论与实践研究在外语教学领域掀起了一轮新的高潮。大量实证研究表明,PBLLI是培养21世纪外语人才的有效教学模式或教学策略。然而,PBLLI的理论构架还处于探索阶段。从教育观、学习观和语言观三个角度探讨PBLLI教学模式的理论基础,对PBLLI教学模式的理论构建必将起到促进作用。
As the project-based language learning and instruction(PBLLI) has caught more attention, its theoretical researches are turning more popular since the beginning of the 21 st century. Empirical studies have shown that PBLLI is an effective teaching model or teaching strategy for cultivating foreign language talents in the new century. However, its theoretical framework is still in need of exploration. This paper discusses the theoretical bases of PBLLI from three perspectives, i.e., educational, learning and language views.
As the project-based language learning and instruction(PBLLI) has caught more attention, its theoretical researches are turning more popular since the beginning of the 21 st century. Empirical studies have shown that PBLLI is an effective teaching model or teaching strategy for cultivating foreign language talents in the new century. However, its theoretical framework is still in need of exploration. This paper discusses the theoretical bases of PBLLI from three perspectives, i.e., educational, learning and language views.
引文
[1] Thomas,J.W.A review of research on project-based learning[J].San Rafael,CA:The Autodesk Foundation,2000.
[2] Stevenson,J.A.The Project Method of Teaching[M].New York:The Macmillan Company,1921:184.
[3] Fried-Booth,D.L.Project work[M].(8th Ed.)Oxford:Oxford University Press.1997.
[4]文秋芳宋文伟.综合素质实践课——从理论到实践[J].外语界.1999(3);张文忠.国外依托项目的二语/外语教学研究三十年[J].中国外语.2010(2);Beckett,G.&Miller,P.ProjectBased Second and Foreign Language Education:Past,Present,and Future[M].Information Age Publishing Inc,2006:54.
[5]陈琦,刘儒德.当代教育心理学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[6] Slavin,R.E.Educational Psychology:Theory and Practice(7th ed.)[M].姚梅林,译,北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[7] Maslow,A.H.Towards a Psychology of Being[M].New York:Van Nostrand,1968.
[8] Rogers,C.R.Freedom to Learn:A View of What Education Might Become[M].Columbus:Charles Merill,1969.
[9] Gardner,R.C.Social Psychology and Second Language Learning:The Role of Attitudes and Motivation[M].London:Edward Arnold,1985.
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[11] Dornyei,Z.Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom[J].The Modern Language Journal,1994-78(3):273-284.
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[14] Dornyei Z.Teaching and Researching Motivation[J].Applied Linguistics in Action,2001:307.
[15] Alan,B.,&Stoller,F.L.Maximizing the benefits of project work in foreign language classrooms[J].English Teaching Forum.2005-43(4):10-21;Knutson,S.Experiential learning in second-language classrooms[J].TESL Quarterly,2003(27):217-231;Lee,M.M.T.,Li,B.K.W.,&Lee,I.K.B.Project Work:Practical Guidelines[M].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Institute of Education,1999.
[16] National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project[A].Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century,1999.
[17]刘育东,周迎.可持续发展的外语学习能力探析[J].河北经贸大学学报(综合版),2014(4).
[18] Newell R J.Passion for Learning:How project-based learning meets the needs of 21st-century students[M].Scarcrow press,2003:5-9.
[19]刘育东.我国依托项目的学习研究:问题与趋势[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(4).
[20] Bloom,B.S.Taxonomy of Educational Objectives;The Classification of Educational Goals.Hand book 1:Congnitive Domain[M].New York:Mckay,1956.
[22] Allen,L.Q.Implementing a culture portfolio project within a constructivist paradigm[J].Foreign Language Annals.2004(37):232-239;Gardner,D.Student produced video documentary provides a real reason for using the target language[J].Language Learning Journal,1995(12):54-56;
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[24] Lawrence,A.Expanding capacity in ESOL programs(EXCAP):Using Projects to Enhance Instruction[J].The Journal of the Literacy Assistance Center,1997-6(1):1-9.
[25] Blumenfeld,P.C.,Soloway,E.,Max,R.W.,Krajcik,J.,Guzdial,M.m&Palincsar,A.Motivating Project-Based Learning:Sustaining the doing,supporting the learning[J].Educational Psychologist,1991:26(3-4):369-398.
[26] Stoller,F.L.Project work:A means to promote language and content[J].English Teaching Forum,1997-35(4):2-37.
[27] Beckett,G.&Slater,T.The project framework:A tool for language,content,and skills integration[J].ELT Journal,2005(2):108-116;
[28] Krashen,S.D.Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning[M].New York:Prentice Hall,1981;Krashen,S.D.Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition[M].New York:Prentice Hall.1982;Krashen,S.D.&Terrell,T.The Natural Approach:Language Acquisition in the Classroom[M].New York:Prentice-Hall.1983;Krashen,S.D.The Input Hypothesis[M].London:Longman,1985.
[29] Long,M.The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition[A].In Ritchie,W.C.and Bahtia,T.K.(eds.).Handbook of Second Language Acquisition[C].New York:Academic Press,1996.
[30] Swain,M.Three Functions of Output in Second Language Learning[A].In Cook,G.and Seidlhofer,B.(eds.).Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics[C].Oxford University Press.1995;Swain,M.The output hypothesis,second language learning and immersion education[A].In J.Arnau and J.Artigal(eds.).Immersion Programs:A European Perspective[C].Barcelona,Spain:Publicacions da la Universitat de Barcelona,1998.
[31] Haines,S.Projects for the EFL Classroom:Resource Material for Teachers[M].Walton-on-Thames,UK:Nelson,1989.
[34] Mohan,B.,&Beckett,G.H.A functional approach to research on content-based language learning:Recasts in causal explanations[J].Canadian Modern Language Review,2001(58):133-155.
[35] Brumfit,C.Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching:The Roles of Fluency and Accuracy[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[36] Skehan,P.A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
[37] Sheppard,K.,&Stoller,F.L.Guidelines for the integration of student projects in ESP classrooms[J].English Teaching Forum,1995-33(2):10-15.
[39] Mohan,B.A.The structures of situations and the analysis of text[A].In R.Steel&T.Thread gold(Eds.),Language topics:Essays in honour of Michael Halliday[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1987:507-522.
[40] Schieffelin,B.B.The Give and Take of Everyday Life:Language socialization of Kaluli children[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1990:14.
[41] Mohan,B.A.Language and content[J].Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley,1986.
[42] Johnson,M.A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition[M].New Harven:Yale University Press,2004.
[43] Halliday,M.A.K.Language as Social Semiotic:The social interpretation of language and meaning[M].London:Edward Arnold.1978;Wertsch,J.V.Voices of the Mind:A Sociocultural Approach to Mediated Action[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1991.
[44] Mann,Schemesh,&Shlayer.Projects at work[J].English Teacher’Journa,2002(39):21-33.
[2] Stevenson,J.A.The Project Method of Teaching[M].New York:The Macmillan Company,1921:184.
[3] Fried-Booth,D.L.Project work[M].(8th Ed.)Oxford:Oxford University Press.1997.
[4]文秋芳宋文伟.综合素质实践课——从理论到实践[J].外语界.1999(3);张文忠.国外依托项目的二语/外语教学研究三十年[J].中国外语.2010(2);Beckett,G.&Miller,P.ProjectBased Second and Foreign Language Education:Past,Present,and Future[M].Information Age Publishing Inc,2006:54.
[5]陈琦,刘儒德.当代教育心理学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[6] Slavin,R.E.Educational Psychology:Theory and Practice(7th ed.)[M].姚梅林,译,北京:人民邮电出版社,2004.
[7] Maslow,A.H.Towards a Psychology of Being[M].New York:Van Nostrand,1968.
[8] Rogers,C.R.Freedom to Learn:A View of What Education Might Become[M].Columbus:Charles Merill,1969.
[9] Gardner,R.C.Social Psychology and Second Language Learning:The Role of Attitudes and Motivation[M].London:Edward Arnold,1985.
[10] Gardner,R.C.&W.E.Lambert.Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning[M].Rowley,MA:Newbury House,1972.
[11] Dornyei,Z.Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom[J].The Modern Language Journal,1994-78(3):273-284.
[12] Schumann,J.The Pidginisation Process:A Model for Second Language Acquisition[M].Rowley,MA:Newbery House.1978a;Schumann,J.Social and Psychological Factors in Second Language Acquisition[M].In J.C.Richards(ed.).Understanding Second and Foreign Language Learning:Issues and Approaches[C].Rowley,Mass:Newbury House,1978b.
[13] Stoller,F.L.,Establishing a theoretical foundation for project-based learning in second and foreign language contexts.In Beckett,G.H.&Miller,P.(Ed.)Project-Based Second and Foreign Language Education:Past,Present,and Future[M].p.19-40.Copyright 2006Information Age Publishing Inc.
[14] Dornyei Z.Teaching and Researching Motivation[J].Applied Linguistics in Action,2001:307.
[15] Alan,B.,&Stoller,F.L.Maximizing the benefits of project work in foreign language classrooms[J].English Teaching Forum.2005-43(4):10-21;Knutson,S.Experiential learning in second-language classrooms[J].TESL Quarterly,2003(27):217-231;Lee,M.M.T.,Li,B.K.W.,&Lee,I.K.B.Project Work:Practical Guidelines[M].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Institute of Education,1999.
[16] National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project[A].Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century,1999.
[17]刘育东,周迎.可持续发展的外语学习能力探析[J].河北经贸大学学报(综合版),2014(4).
[18] Newell R J.Passion for Learning:How project-based learning meets the needs of 21st-century students[M].Scarcrow press,2003:5-9.
[19]刘育东.我国依托项目的学习研究:问题与趋势[J].苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(4).
[20] Bloom,B.S.Taxonomy of Educational Objectives;The Classification of Educational Goals.Hand book 1:Congnitive Domain[M].New York:Mckay,1956.
[22] Allen,L.Q.Implementing a culture portfolio project within a constructivist paradigm[J].Foreign Language Annals.2004(37):232-239;Gardner,D.Student produced video documentary provides a real reason for using the target language[J].Language Learning Journal,1995(12):54-56;
[23] Henze,N.,&Nejdl,W.A Web-based Learning Environment:Applying Constructivist Teaching Concepts in Virtual Learning Environments[A].In F.Verdejo,&G.Davies(Eds.).The Virtual Campus:Trends for Higher Education and Training[C].New York,NY:Chapman&Hall,1997:63-77.
[24] Lawrence,A.Expanding capacity in ESOL programs(EXCAP):Using Projects to Enhance Instruction[J].The Journal of the Literacy Assistance Center,1997-6(1):1-9.
[25] Blumenfeld,P.C.,Soloway,E.,Max,R.W.,Krajcik,J.,Guzdial,M.m&Palincsar,A.Motivating Project-Based Learning:Sustaining the doing,supporting the learning[J].Educational Psychologist,1991:26(3-4):369-398.
[26] Stoller,F.L.Project work:A means to promote language and content[J].English Teaching Forum,1997-35(4):2-37.
[27] Beckett,G.&Slater,T.The project framework:A tool for language,content,and skills integration[J].ELT Journal,2005(2):108-116;
[28] Krashen,S.D.Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning[M].New York:Prentice Hall,1981;Krashen,S.D.Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition[M].New York:Prentice Hall.1982;Krashen,S.D.&Terrell,T.The Natural Approach:Language Acquisition in the Classroom[M].New York:Prentice-Hall.1983;Krashen,S.D.The Input Hypothesis[M].London:Longman,1985.
[29] Long,M.The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition[A].In Ritchie,W.C.and Bahtia,T.K.(eds.).Handbook of Second Language Acquisition[C].New York:Academic Press,1996.
[30] Swain,M.Three Functions of Output in Second Language Learning[A].In Cook,G.and Seidlhofer,B.(eds.).Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics[C].Oxford University Press.1995;Swain,M.The output hypothesis,second language learning and immersion education[A].In J.Arnau and J.Artigal(eds.).Immersion Programs:A European Perspective[C].Barcelona,Spain:Publicacions da la Universitat de Barcelona,1998.
[31] Haines,S.Projects for the EFL Classroom:Resource Material for Teachers[M].Walton-on-Thames,UK:Nelson,1989.
[34] Mohan,B.,&Beckett,G.H.A functional approach to research on content-based language learning:Recasts in causal explanations[J].Canadian Modern Language Review,2001(58):133-155.
[35] Brumfit,C.Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching:The Roles of Fluency and Accuracy[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[36] Skehan,P.A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
[37] Sheppard,K.,&Stoller,F.L.Guidelines for the integration of student projects in ESP classrooms[J].English Teaching Forum,1995-33(2):10-15.
[39] Mohan,B.A.The structures of situations and the analysis of text[A].In R.Steel&T.Thread gold(Eds.),Language topics:Essays in honour of Michael Halliday[C].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1987:507-522.
[40] Schieffelin,B.B.The Give and Take of Everyday Life:Language socialization of Kaluli children[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1990:14.
[41] Mohan,B.A.Language and content[J].Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley,1986.
[42] Johnson,M.A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition[M].New Harven:Yale University Press,2004.
[43] Halliday,M.A.K.Language as Social Semiotic:The social interpretation of language and meaning[M].London:Edward Arnold.1978;Wertsch,J.V.Voices of the Mind:A Sociocultural Approach to Mediated Action[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1991.
[44] Mann,Schemesh,&Shlayer.Projects at work[J].English Teacher’Journa,2002(39):21-33.