PET系统中Lu-176本底辐射的影响
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摘要
正电子发射断层(positron emission tomography,PET)成像系统的探测器广泛采用具有高阻止本领、高光输出和较短发光衰减时间特性的含镥闪烁晶体。天然镥(Lu)元素中含有丰度2.6%的Lu-176长半衰期放射性同位素,包括一个β衰变和三个级联的γ衰变。Lu-176本底辐射对PET探测器引入随机事件,影响系统成像性能,但该特性又可以被合理的开发应用。本文主要介绍Lu-176本底辐射在PET系统中的特性,由此带来的不利影响,以及其有利的应用开发。
Lutetium(Lu)based scintillators such as LSO and LYSO,are widely used in PET detectors due to their high stopping power for 511 keV gamma rays,high light yield and short decay time.The abundance of Lu-176 is 2.6% in natural Lu,and the Lu-176 is a long-lived radioactive isotope with a beta decay and three major simultaneous gamma decays.This phenomenon introduces random events to PET systems that affects the system imaging performance.On the other hand,the advantages of intrinsic radiation of Lu-176 continue to be exploited and utilized.The Lu-176 intrinsic radiation in PET detectors are reviewed,including the characteristic,the adverse effects,and its useful applications.
Lutetium(Lu)based scintillators such as LSO and LYSO,are widely used in PET detectors due to their high stopping power for 511 keV gamma rays,high light yield and short decay time.The abundance of Lu-176 is 2.6% in natural Lu,and the Lu-176 is a long-lived radioactive isotope with a beta decay and three major simultaneous gamma decays.This phenomenon introduces random events to PET systems that affects the system imaging performance.On the other hand,the advantages of intrinsic radiation of Lu-176 continue to be exploited and utilized.The Lu-176 intrinsic radiation in PET detectors are reviewed,including the characteristic,the adverse effects,and its useful applications.
引文
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[29]Rothfuss H,Moor A,Young J,et al.Time alignment of time of flight positron emission tomography using the background activity of LSO[C]∥IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.Seoul:IEEE,2013:1-3.
[30]Rothfuss H,Panin V,Moor A,et al.LSO background radiation as a transmission source using time of flight[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2014,59(18SI):5 483-5 500.
[31]Wei Q,Wang S,Dai T,et al.Geometrical calibration of a PET-scanner-based multi-pinhole SPECT using LYSO background radiation[C]∥IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.Seattle:IEEE,2014:1-4.
[32]Wei Q,Ma T,Wang S,et al.PET/CT alignment calibration with a non-radioactive phantom and the intrinsic 176Lu radiation of PET detector[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2016,835:163-168.
[2]陈美洁,陈松,尹雅芙,等.PET/CT在预测及评价实体肿瘤化疗疗效中的应用[J].同位素,2017,30(2):148-152.Chen Meijie,Chen Song,Yin Yafu,et al.The application of PET/CT in predicting and evaluating the therapeutic response in chemotherapy of solid tumor[J].Journal of Isotopes,2017,30(2):148-152(in Chinese).
[3]Yao R,Lecomte R,Crawford E S.Small-animal PET:what is it,and why do we need it?[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology,2012,40(3):157-165.
[4]Melcher C L,Schweitzer J S.Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate:a fast,efficient new scintillator[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,1992,39(4):502-505.
[5]Moses W W.Time of flight in PET revisited[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2003,50(5):1 325-1 330.
[6]Kossert K,J9rg G,Gostomski C L.Experimental half-life determination of 176Lu[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2013,81:140-145.
[7]Jan S,Santin G,Strul D,et al.GATE:a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2014,49(19):4 543.
[8]Wei Q,Wang S,Ma T,et al.Development and performance evaluation of a compact PET/SPECT/CT tri-modality system for small animal imaging applications[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2015,786:147-154.
[9]Yamamoto S,Horii H,Hurutani M,et al.Investigation of single,random,and true counts from natural radioactivity in LSO-based clinical PET[J].Annals of Nuclear Medicine,2005,19(2):109-114.
[10]Efthimiou N,Loudos G,Karakatsanis N A,et al.Effect of Lu-176intrinsic radioactivity on dual head PET system imaging and data acquisition,simulation,and experimental measurements[J].Medical Physics,2013,40(11),112505.
[11]Huber J S,Moses W W,Jones W F,et al.Effect of Lu-176background on singles transmission for LSO-based PET cameras[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2002,47(19):3 535-3 541.
[12]Watson C C,Casey M E,Eriksson L,et al.NEMA NU 2performance tests for scanners with intrinsic radioactivity[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine,2004,45(5):822-826.
[13]Eriksson L,Watson C C,Wienhard K,et al.The ECAT HRRT:An example of NEMA scatter estimation issues for LSO-based PET systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2005,52(11):90-94.
[14]Adonai N,Nguyen K N,Walsh J,et al.Ex vivo cell labeling with 64 Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)for imaging cell trafficking in mice with positron-emission tomography[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2002,99(5):3 030-3 035.
[15]Sundaresan G,Yazaki P J,Shively J E,et al.124I-labeled engineered anti-CEA minibodies and diabodies allow high-contrast,antigen-specific small-animal PET imaging of xenografts in athymic mice[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine,2003,44(12):1 962-1 969.
[16]Piliero M A,Belcari N,Bisogni M G,et al.First results of the INSIDE in-beam PET scanner for the on-line monitoring of particle therapy treatments[J].Journal of Instrumentation,2016,11(12):C12011.
[17]Yoshida E,Tashima H,Nishikido F,et al.Reduction method for intrinsic random coincidence events from 176Lu in low activity PET imaging[J].Radiological Physics and Technology,2014,7(2):235-245.
[18]Goertzen A L,Suk J Y,Thompson C J.Imaging of weak-source distributions in LSO-based smallanimal PET scanners[J].Journal on Nuclear Medicine,2007,48(10):1 692-1 698.
[19]Poon J K,Dahlbom M L,Moses W W,et al.Optimal whole-body PET scanner configurations for different volumes of LSO scintillator:a simulation study[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2012,57(13):4 077-4 094.
[20]Cherry S R,Badawi R D,Jones T.EXPLORER:Changing the molecular imaging paradigm with total-body PET/CT[C]∥SPIE Medical Imaging.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2016:97830F-97830F-1.
[21]Zhang X,Zhou J,Cherry S R,et al.Quantitative image reconstruction for total-body PET imaging using the 2-meter long EXPLORER scanner[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2017,62(6):2 465.
[22]Yao R,Deng X,Beaudoin J F,et al.Initial evaluation of LabPET/SPECT dual modality animal imaging system[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2013,60(1):76-81.
[23]Yao R,Ma T,Shao Y.Lutetium oxyorthosilicate(LSO)intrinsic activity correction and minimal detectable target activity study for SPECT imaging with a LSO-based animal PET scanner[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2008,53(16):4 399-4 415.
[24]Rothfuss H E,Moor A P,Young J W.Method and apparatus for automatic calibration check of PET scanner using intrinsic background radiation of scintillator crystals:US,9360570[P].2016-06-07.
[25]Wei Q,Ma T,Wang S,et al.Measure PET detector performance with the intrinsic radioactivity of scintillator[C]∥IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.Anaheim:IEEE,2012:3 544-3 547.
[26]Bircher C,Shao Y.Use of internal scintillator radioactivity to calibrate DOI function of a PET detector with a dual-ended-scintillator readout[J].Medical Physics,2012,39(2):777-787.
[27]Conti M,Eriksson L,Hayden C.Monitoring energy calibration drift using the scintillator background radiation[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2011,58(31):687-694.
[28]Moses W W,Thompson C J.Timing calibration in PET using a time alignment probe[J].IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2006,53(5):2 660-2 665.
[29]Rothfuss H,Moor A,Young J,et al.Time alignment of time of flight positron emission tomography using the background activity of LSO[C]∥IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.Seoul:IEEE,2013:1-3.
[30]Rothfuss H,Panin V,Moor A,et al.LSO background radiation as a transmission source using time of flight[J].Physics in Medicine and Biology,2014,59(18SI):5 483-5 500.
[31]Wei Q,Wang S,Dai T,et al.Geometrical calibration of a PET-scanner-based multi-pinhole SPECT using LYSO background radiation[C]∥IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.Seattle:IEEE,2014:1-4.
[32]Wei Q,Ma T,Wang S,et al.PET/CT alignment calibration with a non-radioactive phantom and the intrinsic 176Lu radiation of PET detector[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,2016,835:163-168.