黄淮区不同年代冬小麦主栽品种根系性状及氮素利用率的差异
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摘要
为探明黄淮区冬小麦主栽品种的根系性状和氮素利用率的年代变化趋势,以12个不同年代主栽品种为材料,采用根袋盆栽方法,研究了根系形态、吸收能力与生产力及氮素利用率的年代差异。结果表明,随着年代的推进,小麦籽粒产量、生物量、氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率显著提高,增长率分别为每年0.53%、0.38%、0.53%和0.59%,而氮素内部利用效率则呈下降趋势。小麦孕穗期和成熟期的根系总长、总表面积、总体积和平均直径均随着年代推移和品种改良呈显著下降趋势,其中成熟期的相应指标分别每年下降0.68%、1.48%、2.26%和0.78%;根系生物量和根冠比亦显著降低,而比根长则呈显著递增趋势。单位根表面积吸氮量随着年代推移而显著增加,平均每年增长2.09%。此外,近根区土壤硝态氮含量和硝化势随年代推移和品种更新有增加趋势。可见,近期小麦品种比早期品种在生产力和氮素利用效率上更具有优势,可能与根系生长冗余的降低、根系氮素吸收能力的增强、根冠关系的协调优化以及硝态氮营养的增强等有关。
In order to learn the changes of wheat root traits and nitrogen(N) use efficiency along with the cultivar improvement progress since 1950 s in Huanghuai area,a rhizobox experiment was conducted with twelve cultivars. With the genetic improvement,wheat yield,biomass,N partial factor productivity and N uptake efficiency were increased significantly by 0.53%,0.38%,0.53% and 0.59% per year,while N utilization efficiency showed a slightly and insignificantly decreasing trend. During the same period,wheat root length,surface area,volume and average diameter at both booting and maturity stages declined significantly,with a corresponding annual decrease rate of 0.68%, 1.48%,2.26% and 0.78% at maturity stage,respectively.Simultaneously,root biomass and root to shoot ratio declined significantly,while specific root length increased evidently. Additionally,N uptake per unit root surface area was enhanced by 2.09% per year along with the wheat cultivar renewal. Meanwhile,nitrate content and nitrification potential in soil near the roots exhibited significantly increasing trends with the genetic improvement. It is concluded that modern wheat cultivars performed much better both in productivity and N use efficiency than old cultivars,which might be associated with the reduction of root growth redundancy,the enhancement of root N uptake capacity,the improvement of relationship between root and shoot,and the enrichment of soil nitrate nutrient.
In order to learn the changes of wheat root traits and nitrogen(N) use efficiency along with the cultivar improvement progress since 1950 s in Huanghuai area,a rhizobox experiment was conducted with twelve cultivars. With the genetic improvement,wheat yield,biomass,N partial factor productivity and N uptake efficiency were increased significantly by 0.53%,0.38%,0.53% and 0.59% per year,while N utilization efficiency showed a slightly and insignificantly decreasing trend. During the same period,wheat root length,surface area,volume and average diameter at both booting and maturity stages declined significantly,with a corresponding annual decrease rate of 0.68%, 1.48%,2.26% and 0.78% at maturity stage,respectively.Simultaneously,root biomass and root to shoot ratio declined significantly,while specific root length increased evidently. Additionally,N uptake per unit root surface area was enhanced by 2.09% per year along with the wheat cultivar renewal. Meanwhile,nitrate content and nitrification potential in soil near the roots exhibited significantly increasing trends with the genetic improvement. It is concluded that modern wheat cultivars performed much better both in productivity and N use efficiency than old cultivars,which might be associated with the reduction of root growth redundancy,the enhancement of root N uptake capacity,the improvement of relationship between root and shoot,and the enrichment of soil nitrate nutrient.
引文
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[16]KUHLMANN H,BARRACLOUGH P B,WEIR A H.Utilization of mineral nitrogen in the subsoil by winter wheat [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,1989,152(3):291.
[17]MARTINEZ E,FUENTES J P,SILVA P,et al.Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99(2):232.
[18]吴永成,周顺利,王志敏.小麦与抗旱性有关的根系遗传改良研究进展 [J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(3):101.WU Y C,ZHOU S L,WANG Z M.Review on genetic improvement in root related to dought-resistance in wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2004,24(3):101.
[19]韩胜芳,李淑文,吴立强,等.不同小麦品种氮效率与氮吸收对氮素供应的响应及生理机制 [J].应用生态学报,2007,18(4):807.HAN S F,LI S W,WU L Q,et al.Responses and corresponding physiological mechanisms of different wheat varieties in their nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen uptake to nitrogen supply [J].Chinese Jounal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(4):807.
[20]XUE Y F,ZHANG W,LIU D Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on root morphology and zinc translocation from root to shoot of winter wheat in the field [J].Field Crops Research,2014,161(1385):38.
[21]王建永,李朴芳,程正国,等.旱地小麦理想株型与生长冗余 [J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2428.WANG J Y,LI P F,CHENG Z G,et al.Plant ideotype and growth redundancy in dryland wheats [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(8):2428.
[22]SIDDIQUE K H M,BELFORD R K,TENNANT D.Root:shoot ratios of old and modern,tall and semi-dwarf wheats in a Mediterranean environment [J].Plant Soil,1990,121(1):89.
[23]XIONG Y C,LI F M,ZHANG T.Performance of wheat crops with different chromosome ploidy:Root-sourced signals,drought tolerance,and yield performance [J].Planta,2006 224(3):710.
[24]PAULA S,PAUSAS J G.Root traits explain different foraging strategies between resprouting life histories [J].Oecologia,2011,165:321.
[25]OSTONEN I,PUTTSEPP U,BIEL C,et al.Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change [J].Plant Biosystems,2007,141:426.
[26]FITTER A H.Effects of nutrient supply and competition from other species on root growth of Lolium perenne in soil [J].Plant and Soil,1976,45:177.
[27]EISSENSTAT D M,WELLS C E,YANAI R D,et al.Building roots in a changing environment:implications for root longerity [J].New Phytologist,2000,147:33.
[28]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响 [J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):292.WANG J,CHENG Y,CAI Z C,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):292.
[29]WANG B,ZHAO J,GUO Z,et al.Differential contributions of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers to nitrification in four paddy soils [J].International Society for Microbial Ecology,2015,9(5):1062.
[2]李明辉,周玉玺,周林,等.中国小麦生产区域优势度演变及驱动因素分析 [J].中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(5):7.LI M H,ZHOU Y X,ZHOU L,et al.Comparative advantage changes of regional wheat production in China and analysis of influncing factors [J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2015,36(5):7.
[3]HE Z H,RAJARAM S,XIN Z Y,et al.A history of wheat breeding in China [M].Mexico:D F CIMMYT,2001:29.
[4]田中伟,樊永惠,殷美,等.长江中下游小麦品种根系改良特征及其与产量的关系 [J].作物学报,2015,41(4):613.TIAN Z W,FAN Y H,YIN M,et al.Genetic improvement of root growth and its relationship with grain yield of wheat cultivars in the middle-lower Yangtze River [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(4):613.
[5]HURD E A.Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat [J].Developments in Agricultural & Managed Foresty Ecology,1975,1:39.
[6]MALIK A H,ANDERSSON A,KUKTAITE R,et al.Genotypic variation in dry weight and nitrogen concentration of wheat plant parts;relations to grain yield and grain protein concentration [J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2012,4(11):11.
[7]ZHANG S,SHAN L,DENG X.Change of water use efficiency and its relation with root system growth in wheat evolution [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(22):1879.
[8]张荣,张大勇.半干旱区春小麦不同年代品种根系生长冗余的比较实验研究 [J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):298.ZHANG R,ZHANG D Y.A comparative study on root redundancy in spring wheat varieties released in different years in semi-arid area [J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(3):298.
[9]李鲁华,陈树宾,秦莉,等.不同土壤水分条件下春小麦品种根系功能效率的研究 [J].中国农业科学,2002,35(7):867.LI L H,CHEN S B,QIN L,et al.Study on root function efficiency of spring wheats under different moisture condition [J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2002,35(7):867.
[10]YUAN L,BAO D,JIN Y,et al.Influence of fertilizers on nitrogen mineralization and utilization in the rhizosphere of wheat [J].Plant Soil,2011,343(1-2):187.
[11]张福锁,曹一平.根际动态过程与植物营养 [J].土壤学报,1992,29(3):239.ZHANG F S,CAO Y P.Rhizosphere dynamics and plant nutrition [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1992,29(3):239.
[12]熊淑萍,吴克远,王小纯,等.不同氮效率基因型小麦根系吸收特性与氮素利用差异的分析 [J].中国农业科学,2016,49(12):2267.XIONG S P,WU K Y,WANG X C,et al.Analysis of root absorption characteristics and nitrogen utilization of wheat genotypes with different N efficiency [J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2016,49(12):2267.
[13]王宇蕴,郑毅,汤利.不同抗性小麦品种与蚕豆间作对小麦根际速效养分含量的影响 [J].土壤通报,2012,43(2):466.WANG Y Y,ZHENG Y,TANG L.Effects of intercropping with different resistant wheat varieties and faba beans on a vailable nutrient content in the rhizosphere [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(2):466.
[14]CHU H,FUJII T,MORIMOTO S,et al.Community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term application of mineral fertilizer and organic manure in a sandy loam soil [J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007,73(2):485.
[15]ABALOS D,SABZ-COBENA A,GARCIA-TORRES L,et al.Role of maize stover incorporation on nitrogen oxide emissions in a non-irrigated Mediterranean barley field [J].Plant Soil,2013 364(1-5):357.
[16]KUHLMANN H,BARRACLOUGH P B,WEIR A H.Utilization of mineral nitrogen in the subsoil by winter wheat [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,1989,152(3):291.
[17]MARTINEZ E,FUENTES J P,SILVA P,et al.Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99(2):232.
[18]吴永成,周顺利,王志敏.小麦与抗旱性有关的根系遗传改良研究进展 [J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(3):101.WU Y C,ZHOU S L,WANG Z M.Review on genetic improvement in root related to dought-resistance in wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2004,24(3):101.
[19]韩胜芳,李淑文,吴立强,等.不同小麦品种氮效率与氮吸收对氮素供应的响应及生理机制 [J].应用生态学报,2007,18(4):807.HAN S F,LI S W,WU L Q,et al.Responses and corresponding physiological mechanisms of different wheat varieties in their nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen uptake to nitrogen supply [J].Chinese Jounal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(4):807.
[20]XUE Y F,ZHANG W,LIU D Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen management on root morphology and zinc translocation from root to shoot of winter wheat in the field [J].Field Crops Research,2014,161(1385):38.
[21]王建永,李朴芳,程正国,等.旱地小麦理想株型与生长冗余 [J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2428.WANG J Y,LI P F,CHENG Z G,et al.Plant ideotype and growth redundancy in dryland wheats [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(8):2428.
[22]SIDDIQUE K H M,BELFORD R K,TENNANT D.Root:shoot ratios of old and modern,tall and semi-dwarf wheats in a Mediterranean environment [J].Plant Soil,1990,121(1):89.
[23]XIONG Y C,LI F M,ZHANG T.Performance of wheat crops with different chromosome ploidy:Root-sourced signals,drought tolerance,and yield performance [J].Planta,2006 224(3):710.
[24]PAULA S,PAUSAS J G.Root traits explain different foraging strategies between resprouting life histories [J].Oecologia,2011,165:321.
[25]OSTONEN I,PUTTSEPP U,BIEL C,et al.Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change [J].Plant Biosystems,2007,141:426.
[26]FITTER A H.Effects of nutrient supply and competition from other species on root growth of Lolium perenne in soil [J].Plant and Soil,1976,45:177.
[27]EISSENSTAT D M,WELLS C E,YANAI R D,et al.Building roots in a changing environment:implications for root longerity [J].New Phytologist,2000,147:33.
[28]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响 [J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):292.WANG J,CHENG Y,CAI Z C,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):292.
[29]WANG B,ZHAO J,GUO Z,et al.Differential contributions of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers to nitrification in four paddy soils [J].International Society for Microbial Ecology,2015,9(5):1062.