双季稻田冬季种植模式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响
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摘要
为探讨冬季覆盖作物还田对稻田土壤碳库的影响,通过冬季种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、马铃薯,并以冬闲为对照进行大田试验,测定了不同冬季作物模式下早稻和晚稻的土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量,并计算了稳态碳、碳库活度、活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数.结果表明:冬季作物还田增加了土壤有机碳含量,早稻和晚稻后的土壤有机碳含量比对照分别提高了1%～8%和3%～18%;油菜、黑麦草和紫云英还田均促进了土壤活性有机碳含量的增加,早稻后增加16.2%～84.2%,晚稻后增加24.4%～28.1%;冬季作物还田增加了土壤碳库管理指数,增加幅度为1.4%～41.8%.综上所述,冬种作物还田有利于提高土壤的固碳效应,并提升土壤质量,以种植黑麦草、紫云英的综合效果较佳.
To explore the effects of winter crops recycling into paddy field on soil carbon pool, we cultivated rape, Chinese milk vetch, ryegrass and potato in winter season after harvesting double-season rice, with fallow as control(CK). The contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and labile organic carbon(LOC) in the harvest of early and late rice were measured, and the stable carbon, activity of carbon pool, carbon pool index, carbon pool activity index and carbon pool management index(CMI) were calculated. Results showed that winter cover crops returning increased SOC content by 1%-8% and 3%-18% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively in comparison with CK. Cultivating rape, Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass all increased the LOC content, with enhancement of 16.2%-84.2% and 24.4%-28.1% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively. The CMI of all winter crop treatments presented a growth ratio of 1.4%-41.8% compared to CK. In conclusion, the cultivation of winter crop and recycling to field promoted soil carbon fixation and soil quality, among which the ryegrass and Chinese milk vetch showed better comprehensive effect.
To explore the effects of winter crops recycling into paddy field on soil carbon pool, we cultivated rape, Chinese milk vetch, ryegrass and potato in winter season after harvesting double-season rice, with fallow as control(CK). The contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) and labile organic carbon(LOC) in the harvest of early and late rice were measured, and the stable carbon, activity of carbon pool, carbon pool index, carbon pool activity index and carbon pool management index(CMI) were calculated. Results showed that winter cover crops returning increased SOC content by 1%-8% and 3%-18% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively in comparison with CK. Cultivating rape, Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass all increased the LOC content, with enhancement of 16.2%-84.2% and 24.4%-28.1% after harvest of early rice and late rice, respectively. The CMI of all winter crop treatments presented a growth ratio of 1.4%-41.8% compared to CK. In conclusion, the cultivation of winter crop and recycling to field promoted soil carbon fixation and soil quality, among which the ryegrass and Chinese milk vetch showed better comprehensive effect.
引文
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[9] Yang B-J (杨滨娟), Huang G-Q (黄国勤), Lan Y (兰延), et al. Effects of nitrogen application and winter green manure on soil active organic carbon and the soil carbon pool management index. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(10): 2907-2913 (in Chinese)
[10] Liao F-M (廖伏明), Zhou K-L (周坤炉), Yang H-H (阳和华), et al. Comparison of grain quality between F1 hybrids and their parents in Indica hybrid rice. Chinese Journal of Rice Science (中国水稻科学), 2003, 17(2): 134-140 (in Chinese)
[11] Li C-F (李成芳), Kou Z-K (寇志奎), Zhang Z-S (张枝盛), et al. Effects of rape residue mulch on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration from no-tillage rice fields. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2011, 30(11): 2362-2367 (in Chinese)
[12] Wu J-F (吴建富), Zeng Y-H (曾研华), Pan X-H (潘晓华), et al. Effects of rice straw returning mode on rice grain yield and soil carbon pool management index in double rice-cropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(6): 1572-1578 (in Chinese)
[13] Han X-Z (韩新忠). Effects of Straw Returning on Crops, Soil Microorganisms and Carbon Pool under Rice-wheat Rotation. Master Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2013 (in Chinese)
[14] Zhang X-B (张旭博), Sun N (孙楠), Xu M-G (徐明岗), et al. Soil organic carbon in agricultural soils in China under global climate change. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(23): 4648-4657 (in Chinese)
[15] Liu L-S (刘立生), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Zhang L (张璐), et al. Evolution characteristics of soil particulate organic carbon in the paddy field with long-term planting green manure. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1439-1446 (in Chinese)
[16] Nei S-A (聂三安), Zhou P (周萍), Ge T-D (葛体达), et al. Quantifying rice (Oryza sativa L.) photo-assimilated carbon input into soil organic carbon pools following continuous 14C labeling. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2012, 33(4): 1346-1351 (in Chinese)
[17] Long P (龙攀), Sui P (隋鹏), Gao W-S (高旺盛), et al. Effects of winter cover crop straw recycling on soil organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index in paddy fields. Journal of China Agricultural University (中国农业大学学报), 2015, 20(3): 153-160 (in Chinese)
[18] Xiao X-P (肖小平), Tang H-M (唐海明), Nei Z-M (聂泽民), et al. Effects of cover crop residues in winter on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index of double cropping paddy fields. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2013, 21(10): 1202-1208 (in Chinese)
[19] Tang H-M (唐海明), Cheng K-K (程凯凯), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Effects of different winter cover crops on soil organic carbon in a double cropping rice paddy field. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(2): 465-473 (in Chinese)
[20] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Shuai X-Q (帅细强),et al. Effects of different winter covering crops cultivation on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission fluxes from double-cropping paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2012, 32(5): 1481-1489 (in Chinese)
[21] Tong X-G (佟小刚), Han X-H (韩新辉), Yang G-H (杨改河), et al. Carbon management index as an indicator for changes in soil organic carbon pool under conversion from cropland to forestland. China Environmental Science (中国环境科学), 2013, 33(3): 466-473 (in Chinese)
[22] Li L (李琳), Li S-J (李素娟), Zhang H-L (张海林), et al. Study on soil C pool management index of conversation tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2006, 20(3): 106-109 (in Chinese)
[23] Zeng YH, Wu JF, He H, et al. Soil carbon pool mana-gement index under different straw retention regimes. Agricultural Science and Technology, 2012, 13: 818-822
[24] Meng L (孟磊), Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Ding W-X (丁维新), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on N distribution and N2O emission in fluvo-aquci soil in North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2008, 28(12): 6197-6203 (in Chinese)
[25] Peng H (彭华), Ji X-H (纪雄辉), Wu J-M (吴家梅), et al. Organic carbon and carbon pool management index in soil under different rice straw returning way in double-cropping paddy fields. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(4): 563-568 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang F (张帆), Huang F-Q (黄凤球), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Short-term influences of winter crops on microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and Cmic-to-Corg in a paddy soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2009, 29(2): 734-739 (in Chinese)
[27] Cai X-B (蔡晓布), Yu B-Z (于宝政), Peng Y-L (彭岳林), et al. The changes of soil organic carbon and carbon management index in alpine steppe. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(24): 7748-7755 (in Chinese)
[28] Haynes RJ. Labile organic matter fractions as central components of the quality of agricultural soils: An overview. Advances in Agronomy, 2005, 85: 221-268
[2] Carreira RS, Wagener ALR, Readman JW, et al. Changes in the sedimentary organic carbon pool of a fertilized tropical estuary, Guanabara Bay, Brazil: An elemental, isotopic and molecular marker approach. Marine Chemistry, 2002, 79: 207-227
[3] Milne E, Adamat RA, Batjes NH, et al. National and sub-national assessments of soil organic carbon stocks and changes: The GEFSOC modelling system. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2007, 122: 3-12
[4] Zhao S-C (赵生才). Evolution mechanism and development trend of farmland soil carbon pool in China: 236th Xiangshan science conference. Earth Science Progress (地球科学进展), 2005, 20(5): 587-590 (in Chinese)
[5] Houghton RA, Hackler JL, Lawrence KT. The U.S. carbon budget: Contributions from land-use change. Science, 1999, 285: 574-578
[6] Campbell JE, Moen JC, Ney RA, et al. Comparison of regression coefficient and GIS-based methodologies for regional estimates of forest soil carbon stocks. Environmental Pollution, 2008, 152: 267-273
[7] Tomlinson RW. Soil carbon stocks and changes in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Environmental Management, 2005, 76: 77-93
[8] Guo J-J (郭晶晶). Soil C Stock Changes and Carbon Sequestration Potential in Typical Areas of the Yangtze River Basin. PhD Thesis. Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 2015 (in Chinese)
[9] Yang B-J (杨滨娟), Huang G-Q (黄国勤), Lan Y (兰延), et al. Effects of nitrogen application and winter green manure on soil active organic carbon and the soil carbon pool management index. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(10): 2907-2913 (in Chinese)
[10] Liao F-M (廖伏明), Zhou K-L (周坤炉), Yang H-H (阳和华), et al. Comparison of grain quality between F1 hybrids and their parents in Indica hybrid rice. Chinese Journal of Rice Science (中国水稻科学), 2003, 17(2): 134-140 (in Chinese)
[11] Li C-F (李成芳), Kou Z-K (寇志奎), Zhang Z-S (张枝盛), et al. Effects of rape residue mulch on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration from no-tillage rice fields. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2011, 30(11): 2362-2367 (in Chinese)
[12] Wu J-F (吴建富), Zeng Y-H (曾研华), Pan X-H (潘晓华), et al. Effects of rice straw returning mode on rice grain yield and soil carbon pool management index in double rice-cropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(6): 1572-1578 (in Chinese)
[13] Han X-Z (韩新忠). Effects of Straw Returning on Crops, Soil Microorganisms and Carbon Pool under Rice-wheat Rotation. Master Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2013 (in Chinese)
[14] Zhang X-B (张旭博), Sun N (孙楠), Xu M-G (徐明岗), et al. Soil organic carbon in agricultural soils in China under global climate change. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(23): 4648-4657 (in Chinese)
[15] Liu L-S (刘立生), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Zhang L (张璐), et al. Evolution characteristics of soil particulate organic carbon in the paddy field with long-term planting green manure. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1439-1446 (in Chinese)
[16] Nei S-A (聂三安), Zhou P (周萍), Ge T-D (葛体达), et al. Quantifying rice (Oryza sativa L.) photo-assimilated carbon input into soil organic carbon pools following continuous 14C labeling. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2012, 33(4): 1346-1351 (in Chinese)
[17] Long P (龙攀), Sui P (隋鹏), Gao W-S (高旺盛), et al. Effects of winter cover crop straw recycling on soil organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index in paddy fields. Journal of China Agricultural University (中国农业大学学报), 2015, 20(3): 153-160 (in Chinese)
[18] Xiao X-P (肖小平), Tang H-M (唐海明), Nei Z-M (聂泽民), et al. Effects of cover crop residues in winter on soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index of double cropping paddy fields. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2013, 21(10): 1202-1208 (in Chinese)
[19] Tang H-M (唐海明), Cheng K-K (程凯凯), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Effects of different winter cover crops on soil organic carbon in a double cropping rice paddy field. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(2): 465-473 (in Chinese)
[20] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Shuai X-Q (帅细强),et al. Effects of different winter covering crops cultivation on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission fluxes from double-cropping paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2012, 32(5): 1481-1489 (in Chinese)
[21] Tong X-G (佟小刚), Han X-H (韩新辉), Yang G-H (杨改河), et al. Carbon management index as an indicator for changes in soil organic carbon pool under conversion from cropland to forestland. China Environmental Science (中国环境科学), 2013, 33(3): 466-473 (in Chinese)
[22] Li L (李琳), Li S-J (李素娟), Zhang H-L (张海林), et al. Study on soil C pool management index of conversation tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2006, 20(3): 106-109 (in Chinese)
[23] Zeng YH, Wu JF, He H, et al. Soil carbon pool mana-gement index under different straw retention regimes. Agricultural Science and Technology, 2012, 13: 818-822
[24] Meng L (孟磊), Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Ding W-X (丁维新), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on N distribution and N2O emission in fluvo-aquci soil in North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2008, 28(12): 6197-6203 (in Chinese)
[25] Peng H (彭华), Ji X-H (纪雄辉), Wu J-M (吴家梅), et al. Organic carbon and carbon pool management index in soil under different rice straw returning way in double-cropping paddy fields. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(4): 563-568 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang F (张帆), Huang F-Q (黄凤球), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Short-term influences of winter crops on microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and Cmic-to-Corg in a paddy soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2009, 29(2): 734-739 (in Chinese)
[27] Cai X-B (蔡晓布), Yu B-Z (于宝政), Peng Y-L (彭岳林), et al. The changes of soil organic carbon and carbon management index in alpine steppe. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(24): 7748-7755 (in Chinese)
[28] Haynes RJ. Labile organic matter fractions as central components of the quality of agricultural soils: An overview. Advances in Agronomy, 2005, 85: 221-268