灵性视角下中国城市老人社会资本与健康关系研究
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摘要
随着"身心灵全人健康"模式的推广,灵性健康日益引起关注。2015年对苏州姑苏区456名研究对象开展的"苏州社会资本与老年人精神健康问卷"的调查数据显示:认知性社会资本和结构性社会资本均与老人的灵性健康相关,但认知性社会资本比结构性社会资本对老人灵性健康的影响更显著。其中社区信任和互惠是影响老人灵性健康的重要指标。
With the development of a body-mind-spirit model in health, spiritual well-being has attracted more and more attention. The survey data were derived from "Social Capital and Mental Health Questionnaire for the Elderly " conducted in Gusu District of Suzhou in late 2015. 456 respondents aged 60 and above were included in the final data analysis. The result showed that both cognitive and structural social capital indicators were significantly associated with spiritual well-being. Compared to structural social capital, cognitive social capital had a greater impact on the spiritual well-being of the elderly. Community trust and reciprocity were important indicators affecting the spiritual well-being of the elderly.
With the development of a body-mind-spirit model in health, spiritual well-being has attracted more and more attention. The survey data were derived from "Social Capital and Mental Health Questionnaire for the Elderly " conducted in Gusu District of Suzhou in late 2015. 456 respondents aged 60 and above were included in the final data analysis. The result showed that both cognitive and structural social capital indicators were significantly associated with spiritual well-being. Compared to structural social capital, cognitive social capital had a greater impact on the spiritual well-being of the elderly. Community trust and reciprocity were important indicators affecting the spiritual well-being of the elderly.
引文
(1)White House Conference on Aging:The 2015 White House Conference On Aging. https://whitehouseconferenceonaging.gov/, 2016-02-03.
(2) Lucy Velasco-Gonzalez, Liliane Rioux. The Spiritual Well-Being of Elderly People:A Study of a French Sample. Journal of Religion&Health, 2014, 53(4):1123-1137.
(1) Hammermeister Jon, Peterson Margaret. Does spirituality make a difference? Psychosocial and health-related characteristics of spiritual well-being. American Journal of Health Education, 2001, 32(5):293-297.
(2) Takkinen S., Ruoppila I. Meaning in life in three samples of elderly persons with high cognitive functioning. International Journal of Aging&Human Development, 2001, 53(1):51-73.
(3) Tarja Ketola. Potty-training companies:applying Erik H. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development to CSR. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 2009, 4(3):250.
(4) Collins Kathryn S, Furman Rich, Hackman Ruthanne.Tending the soul:A teaching module for increasing student sensitivity to the spiritual needs of older adults. Educational Gerontology, 2007, 33(9):707.
(5) Gracie H. Boswell, Eva Kahana, Peggye Dilworth-Anderson. Spirituality and healthy Lifestyle behaviors:stress counter-balancing effects on the well-being of older Adults. Religion and Health, 2006, 45(4):587-602.
(6) World Health Organization:Mental health of older adults. Global. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-olderadults,2017-12-12.
(7) Takehiko Toyosato, Yuuka IHA, Misuzu Takahara. The moderating effect of spiritual well-being on the association between depressive state and living arrangement in the elderly in rural Okinawa. Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology, 2016, 82(2):59-71; Steven R. Hawks, Melisa L. Hull, Rebecca L. Thalman, Paul M. Richins. Review of spiritual health:definition, role, and intervention strategies in health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1995, 9(5):371-378.
(8) Jennifer M. Jones, Christine J. McPherson, Camilla Zimmermann. Assessing agreement between terminally ill cancer patients’ reports of their quality of life and family caregiver and palliative care physician proxy ratings. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2011, 42(3):354-365.
(9) Buck Harleah G. Spirituality:Concept analysis and model development. Holistic Nursing Practice, 2006, 20(6):288-292.
(1)(3)Vivian W.Q. Lou. Spiritual well-being of Chinese older adult conceptualization, measurement and intervention. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015, p.1-25;27-35
(2)沈铭贤:《“生死俱善,人道毕矣”——中国古代的生死观及其现代意义》,《上海社会科学院学术季刊》,1997(2)。
(4) Joanna Maselko, Laura D. Kubzansky. Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health:Results from the US general social survey. Social Science and Medicine, 2006, 62(11):2848-2860.
(5) Lucy Velasco-Gonzalez, Liliane Rioux. The Spiritual Wel-Being of Elderly People:A Study of a French Sample. Journal of Religion Health,2014, 53(4):1123-1137.
(6) Rapson Gomez, John Wayne Fisher. Domains of Spiritual Well-Being and Development and Validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 2003, 35(8):1975-1991.
(7) Genc?z, Tülin. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule:A study of validity and reliability. TürkPsikolojiDergisi, 2000, 15(46):19-28.
(1) John W. Fisher, Leslie J. Francis, Peter Johnson. Assessing spiritual Health via Four Domains of Spiritual Wellbeing:The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 2000, 49(2):133-144; Li-Fen Wu, Yu-Chen Liao, Dah-Cherng Yeh. Nursing student perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Nursing Research, 2012, 20(3):219-225; Marvin Omar Delgado-Guay, Henrique A. Parsons, David Hui, Maxine G. De la Cruz. Spirituality, religiosity, and spiritual pain among caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. The American journal of hospice&palliative care, 2013, 30(5):455-461.
(2) Simon Szreter, Michael Woolcock. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health.International Journal of Epidemiology, 2004, 33(4):650-667.
(3) Vivian W.Q. Lou. Spiritual well-being of Chinese older adult conceptualization, measurement and intervention. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015, p.10-20.
(4) Nyqvist Fredrica, Forsman Anna K. Giuntoli Gianfranco. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people:A systematic review. Aging&Mental Health, 2013, 17(4):394-410; Nan Lu, Terry, Y.S. Lum, Vivian W.Q. Lou. The impacts of community social capital on the life satisfaction of older adults in Hong Kong:the moderator role of intergenerational family capital. Aging&Mental, 2016, 20(11):1213-1220.
(5)刘连龙、田梦瑶、胡明利:《生命意义、社会支持对老年人心理资本的影响》,《中国老年学杂志》,2015(35)。
(6) Jiang Nan, Lou Vivian W.Q, Lu Nan. Does Social capital influence preferences for aging in place? Evidence from urban China. Aging&Mental Health, 2018, 22(3):405-411.
(1)梁童心、齐亚强:《对社会资本与健康关系研究的回顾与反思》,《天津社会科学》,2015(2)。
(2)(7)Lu Nan, Jiang Nan, Lou Vivian W.Q., Zeng Yue, Liu Meng. Does gender moderate the relationship between social capital and life satisfaction? Evidence from urban China. Research on Aging, 2017, 40(8):740-761.
(3) Bourdieu, P. The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson(Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York:Greenwood Press, 1986, p.241-258.
(4) Coleman James S. Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 1988, 94(Supplement):95-120.
(5) Lin Nan. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 1999, 22(1):28-51;张文宏:《社会资本:理论争辩与经验研究》,《社会学研究》,2013(4)。
(6) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158.
(8) Mary J. De Silva, Kwame McKenzie, Trudy Harpham, Sharon R. A. Huttly. Social capital and mental illness:A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2005, 59(8):619-627.
(9) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158; Trudy Harpham, Emma Grant, Elizabeth Thomas. Measuring social capital within health surveys:key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 2002, 17(1):106-111.
(1) Nyqvist Fredrica, Forsman Anna K., Giuntoli Gianfranco, Mima Cattan. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people:A systematic review. Aging&Mental Health, 2013, 17(4):402.
(2) Trudy Harpham, Emma Grant, Elizabeth Thomas. Measuring social capital within health surveys:key issues. Health Policy and Planning,2002, 17(1):108.
(3) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158.
(4)(6)胡荣:《社会资本与中国农村居民的地域性自主参与——影响村民在村级选举中参与的各因素分析》,《社会学研究》,2006(2)。
(5) Kristine Theurer, Andrew V.?Wister. Altruistic behaviour and social capital as predictors of well-being among older Canadians. Ageing&Society, 2010, 30(1):157-181; Hongmei Wang, Mark Schlesinger, Hong Wang, William C. Hsiao. The flip-side of social capital:The distinctive influences of trust and mistrust on health in rural China. Social Science&Medicine, 2009, 68(1):133-142.
(7)王红波:《认知社会资本对农村中老年人自评健康的影响——来自CFPS2016的证据》,《调研世界》,2019(1)。
(1)边燕杰:《城市居民社会资本的来源及作用:网络观点与调查发现》,《中国社会科学》,2004(3)。
(2) Trudy Harpham. The measurement of community social capital through surveys. Social capital and health. New York:Springer Science Business Media, 2008, p.51-63.
(3) Sander Thomas H., Putnam Robert David. Still bowling alone? The post 9/11 split. Journal of Democracy, 2010, 21(1):9-16.
(4) Idrovo J. Alvaro, Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez, Abigail P Manzano-Pati?o. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis and human health:a worldwide exploration. Revista De SaúdePública, 2010, 44(4):695-702.
(5)蒋帅、何洁:《苏州老龄化程度再创新高,一年增加了7.5万老年人》,凤凰网,http://js.ifeng.com/a/20180104/6279574_0.shtml,2018年1月4日。
(6)(8)苏州市民政局:《苏州市老年人口数据公布,老龄化程度越来越高》,苏州市人民政府网, http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/news/szxw/201702/t20170207_841596.shtml,2017年2月7日。
(7)李龙兴:《苏州老年人口创历史新高80周岁以上突破25万人》,中国江苏网,http://sz.sina.com.cn/news/m/2016-01-20/detailifxnrahr8574814.shtml,2016年1月29日。
(1)翟学伟:《是“关系”,还是社会资本》,《社会》,2009(1)。
(1) Winnie Yip, S.V. Subramanian, Andrew D Mitchell,?Dominic T.S. Lee, Jian Wang, Ichiro Kawachi, Does social capital enhance health and well-being? Evidence from rural China. Social Science&Medicine, 2007, 64(1):35-49.
(2) Thilini Chanchala Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Nicholas Glozier, Sisira Siribaddana.Measurement of social capital in relation to health in low and middle income countries(LMIC):A Systematic review. Social Science&Medicine, 2015, 128(8):95-104.
(2) Lucy Velasco-Gonzalez, Liliane Rioux. The Spiritual Well-Being of Elderly People:A Study of a French Sample. Journal of Religion&Health, 2014, 53(4):1123-1137.
(1) Hammermeister Jon, Peterson Margaret. Does spirituality make a difference? Psychosocial and health-related characteristics of spiritual well-being. American Journal of Health Education, 2001, 32(5):293-297.
(2) Takkinen S., Ruoppila I. Meaning in life in three samples of elderly persons with high cognitive functioning. International Journal of Aging&Human Development, 2001, 53(1):51-73.
(3) Tarja Ketola. Potty-training companies:applying Erik H. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development to CSR. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 2009, 4(3):250.
(4) Collins Kathryn S, Furman Rich, Hackman Ruthanne.Tending the soul:A teaching module for increasing student sensitivity to the spiritual needs of older adults. Educational Gerontology, 2007, 33(9):707.
(5) Gracie H. Boswell, Eva Kahana, Peggye Dilworth-Anderson. Spirituality and healthy Lifestyle behaviors:stress counter-balancing effects on the well-being of older Adults. Religion and Health, 2006, 45(4):587-602.
(6) World Health Organization:Mental health of older adults. Global. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-olderadults,2017-12-12.
(7) Takehiko Toyosato, Yuuka IHA, Misuzu Takahara. The moderating effect of spiritual well-being on the association between depressive state and living arrangement in the elderly in rural Okinawa. Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology, 2016, 82(2):59-71; Steven R. Hawks, Melisa L. Hull, Rebecca L. Thalman, Paul M. Richins. Review of spiritual health:definition, role, and intervention strategies in health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1995, 9(5):371-378.
(8) Jennifer M. Jones, Christine J. McPherson, Camilla Zimmermann. Assessing agreement between terminally ill cancer patients’ reports of their quality of life and family caregiver and palliative care physician proxy ratings. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2011, 42(3):354-365.
(9) Buck Harleah G. Spirituality:Concept analysis and model development. Holistic Nursing Practice, 2006, 20(6):288-292.
(1)(3)Vivian W.Q. Lou. Spiritual well-being of Chinese older adult conceptualization, measurement and intervention. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015, p.1-25;27-35
(2)沈铭贤:《“生死俱善,人道毕矣”——中国古代的生死观及其现代意义》,《上海社会科学院学术季刊》,1997(2)。
(4) Joanna Maselko, Laura D. Kubzansky. Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health:Results from the US general social survey. Social Science and Medicine, 2006, 62(11):2848-2860.
(5) Lucy Velasco-Gonzalez, Liliane Rioux. The Spiritual Wel-Being of Elderly People:A Study of a French Sample. Journal of Religion Health,2014, 53(4):1123-1137.
(6) Rapson Gomez, John Wayne Fisher. Domains of Spiritual Well-Being and Development and Validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 2003, 35(8):1975-1991.
(7) Genc?z, Tülin. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule:A study of validity and reliability. TürkPsikolojiDergisi, 2000, 15(46):19-28.
(1) John W. Fisher, Leslie J. Francis, Peter Johnson. Assessing spiritual Health via Four Domains of Spiritual Wellbeing:The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 2000, 49(2):133-144; Li-Fen Wu, Yu-Chen Liao, Dah-Cherng Yeh. Nursing student perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Journal of Nursing Research, 2012, 20(3):219-225; Marvin Omar Delgado-Guay, Henrique A. Parsons, David Hui, Maxine G. De la Cruz. Spirituality, religiosity, and spiritual pain among caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. The American journal of hospice&palliative care, 2013, 30(5):455-461.
(2) Simon Szreter, Michael Woolcock. Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health.International Journal of Epidemiology, 2004, 33(4):650-667.
(3) Vivian W.Q. Lou. Spiritual well-being of Chinese older adult conceptualization, measurement and intervention. Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015, p.10-20.
(4) Nyqvist Fredrica, Forsman Anna K. Giuntoli Gianfranco. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people:A systematic review. Aging&Mental Health, 2013, 17(4):394-410; Nan Lu, Terry, Y.S. Lum, Vivian W.Q. Lou. The impacts of community social capital on the life satisfaction of older adults in Hong Kong:the moderator role of intergenerational family capital. Aging&Mental, 2016, 20(11):1213-1220.
(5)刘连龙、田梦瑶、胡明利:《生命意义、社会支持对老年人心理资本的影响》,《中国老年学杂志》,2015(35)。
(6) Jiang Nan, Lou Vivian W.Q, Lu Nan. Does Social capital influence preferences for aging in place? Evidence from urban China. Aging&Mental Health, 2018, 22(3):405-411.
(1)梁童心、齐亚强:《对社会资本与健康关系研究的回顾与反思》,《天津社会科学》,2015(2)。
(2)(7)Lu Nan, Jiang Nan, Lou Vivian W.Q., Zeng Yue, Liu Meng. Does gender moderate the relationship between social capital and life satisfaction? Evidence from urban China. Research on Aging, 2017, 40(8):740-761.
(3) Bourdieu, P. The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson(Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York:Greenwood Press, 1986, p.241-258.
(4) Coleman James S. Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 1988, 94(Supplement):95-120.
(5) Lin Nan. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 1999, 22(1):28-51;张文宏:《社会资本:理论争辩与经验研究》,《社会学研究》,2013(4)。
(6) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158.
(8) Mary J. De Silva, Kwame McKenzie, Trudy Harpham, Sharon R. A. Huttly. Social capital and mental illness:A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2005, 59(8):619-627.
(9) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158; Trudy Harpham, Emma Grant, Elizabeth Thomas. Measuring social capital within health surveys:key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 2002, 17(1):106-111.
(1) Nyqvist Fredrica, Forsman Anna K., Giuntoli Gianfranco, Mima Cattan. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people:A systematic review. Aging&Mental Health, 2013, 17(4):402.
(2) Trudy Harpham, Emma Grant, Elizabeth Thomas. Measuring social capital within health surveys:key issues. Health Policy and Planning,2002, 17(1):108.
(3) Putnam Robert D. Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1993, p.158.
(4)(6)胡荣:《社会资本与中国农村居民的地域性自主参与——影响村民在村级选举中参与的各因素分析》,《社会学研究》,2006(2)。
(5) Kristine Theurer, Andrew V.?Wister. Altruistic behaviour and social capital as predictors of well-being among older Canadians. Ageing&Society, 2010, 30(1):157-181; Hongmei Wang, Mark Schlesinger, Hong Wang, William C. Hsiao. The flip-side of social capital:The distinctive influences of trust and mistrust on health in rural China. Social Science&Medicine, 2009, 68(1):133-142.
(7)王红波:《认知社会资本对农村中老年人自评健康的影响——来自CFPS2016的证据》,《调研世界》,2019(1)。
(1)边燕杰:《城市居民社会资本的来源及作用:网络观点与调查发现》,《中国社会科学》,2004(3)。
(2) Trudy Harpham. The measurement of community social capital through surveys. Social capital and health. New York:Springer Science Business Media, 2008, p.51-63.
(3) Sander Thomas H., Putnam Robert David. Still bowling alone? The post 9/11 split. Journal of Democracy, 2010, 21(1):9-16.
(4) Idrovo J. Alvaro, Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez, Abigail P Manzano-Pati?o. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis and human health:a worldwide exploration. Revista De SaúdePública, 2010, 44(4):695-702.
(5)蒋帅、何洁:《苏州老龄化程度再创新高,一年增加了7.5万老年人》,凤凰网,http://js.ifeng.com/a/20180104/6279574_0.shtml,2018年1月4日。
(6)(8)苏州市民政局:《苏州市老年人口数据公布,老龄化程度越来越高》,苏州市人民政府网, http://www.suzhou.gov.cn/news/szxw/201702/t20170207_841596.shtml,2017年2月7日。
(7)李龙兴:《苏州老年人口创历史新高80周岁以上突破25万人》,中国江苏网,http://sz.sina.com.cn/news/m/2016-01-20/detailifxnrahr8574814.shtml,2016年1月29日。
(1)翟学伟:《是“关系”,还是社会资本》,《社会》,2009(1)。
(1) Winnie Yip, S.V. Subramanian, Andrew D Mitchell,?Dominic T.S. Lee, Jian Wang, Ichiro Kawachi, Does social capital enhance health and well-being? Evidence from rural China. Social Science&Medicine, 2007, 64(1):35-49.
(2) Thilini Chanchala Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Nicholas Glozier, Sisira Siribaddana.Measurement of social capital in relation to health in low and middle income countries(LMIC):A Systematic review. Social Science&Medicine, 2015, 128(8):95-104.