中国地级以上城市公园绿地服务水平评估:数据、模型和方法
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摘要
现有城市公园绿地服务的评估常以给定的城市空间范围和公园绿地为前提,评估对象及其空间范围具有较大随意性,致使很难根据评估结果判断城市公园绿地的空间配置是否合理,或对不同城市进行比较。本文对城市公园绿地服务水平评估的数据、模型和方法进行了梳理,从公园绿地的类别、等级、服务范围和可选择性等要素着眼,提出了以城市建成区内居民至周边公园绿地的可达性为核心的评估指标和模型方法。运用开源空间数据和Densi-Graph分析方法,解决了城市公园绿地空间数据的提取、城市建成区范围的界定、指标构建等关键技术问题,使城市公园绿地的评估获得了客观性、统一性和可比性的保障。对全国273个地级的评估结果表明,我国地级市公园绿地服务覆盖率平均值达到64.8%,尚有超过两成的城市公园绿地服务覆盖率不到50.0%,公园绿地服务水平与现行国家标准之间尚有差距。公园绿地服务水平存在明显的区域差距,服务水平较高的城市显著集中于特大城市、东部沿海发达地区和东北地区,同时,与城市人口规模相对应呈现出S型曲线上升趋势。为避免区域发展的不协调,应增加对中小城市和中西部地区城市绿地公共服务的投入。
Previous evaluation of the service of urban parks has always based on a given city spatial range and given green parks. This means that the evaluation subject and the spatial range for evaluation is often chosen randomly, which makes it very hard to decide whether the spatial distribution of urban green parks is appropriate or not on the basis of the evaluation results, and also it is hard to make comparisons between different cities. This paper collected and studied the data, model and method on the evaluation of the service level of urban green parks, and researched from the perspective of the category, degree, service range and the availability of alternative choices of urban green parks, and based on the research, an evaluation indicator system and model is proposed which is centered on the accessibility of the residents living in urban built-up areas to surrounding green spaces. This paper also employs open source POI(point of interest) and the analysis method of Densi-Graph, which provides solution to the extraction of spatial data of urban green parks, the definition of the urban builtup range, the construction of specific indicators and other key technical problems. In this way,the objectivity and integrity of the evaluation of city green parks is guaranteed, and the evaluation results of different cities can also be compared. The evaluation results for 273 prefecture-level cities in China, demonstrate that the average service coverage rate of the urban green parks in prefecture-level cities in China reaches 64.8%. And there are still more than 20%of prefecture-level cities which have a service coverage rate less than 50.0%, indicating that there is a gap between the actual service level of urban green parks and the current national standards. In addition, there are significant differences of service level of urban city parks between different regions. Cities with higher service level are often megacities with population over one million and cities in developed eastern and northeastern China. At the same time, the service level is co-related with the population scale of a city in an S-shaped curve. In order to avoid incoordination of regional development, it is suggested that more resource should be input to the public service of urban green parks in middle and small cities and cities in central and western China.
Previous evaluation of the service of urban parks has always based on a given city spatial range and given green parks. This means that the evaluation subject and the spatial range for evaluation is often chosen randomly, which makes it very hard to decide whether the spatial distribution of urban green parks is appropriate or not on the basis of the evaluation results, and also it is hard to make comparisons between different cities. This paper collected and studied the data, model and method on the evaluation of the service level of urban green parks, and researched from the perspective of the category, degree, service range and the availability of alternative choices of urban green parks, and based on the research, an evaluation indicator system and model is proposed which is centered on the accessibility of the residents living in urban built-up areas to surrounding green spaces. This paper also employs open source POI(point of interest) and the analysis method of Densi-Graph, which provides solution to the extraction of spatial data of urban green parks, the definition of the urban builtup range, the construction of specific indicators and other key technical problems. In this way,the objectivity and integrity of the evaluation of city green parks is guaranteed, and the evaluation results of different cities can also be compared. The evaluation results for 273 prefecture-level cities in China, demonstrate that the average service coverage rate of the urban green parks in prefecture-level cities in China reaches 64.8%. And there are still more than 20%of prefecture-level cities which have a service coverage rate less than 50.0%, indicating that there is a gap between the actual service level of urban green parks and the current national standards. In addition, there are significant differences of service level of urban city parks between different regions. Cities with higher service level are often megacities with population over one million and cities in developed eastern and northeastern China. At the same time, the service level is co-related with the population scale of a city in an S-shaped curve. In order to avoid incoordination of regional development, it is suggested that more resource should be input to the public service of urban green parks in middle and small cities and cities in central and western China.
引文
[1]浅见泰司(编著).居住环境评价的理论和方法[M].高晓路等译,2003,北京:清华大学出版社.[Asami Y.Evaluation of Residential Environments:Theories and Methods.Gao X L,et al.(translation),2003,Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.]
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[6]李咏华,马淇蔚,范雪怡.基于绿色基础设施评价的城市生态带划定:以杭州市为例.地理研究,2017,36(3):583-591.[Li Yonghua,Ma Qiwei,Fan Xueyi.Delimiting the urban ecological belts based on green infrastructure assessment:A case study of Hangzhou.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):583-591]
[7]高祥伟,费鲜芸,张志国,等.基于卷积运算的城市公园绿地聚集度评价.生态学报,2014,34(15):4446-4453.[Gao Xiangwei,Fei Xianyun,Zhang Zhiguo,et al.The aggregation degree evaluation of urban park green space based on convolution method.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4446-4453.]
[8]蔡彦庭,文雅,程炯,等.广州中心城区公园绿地空间格局及可达性分析.生态环境学报,2011,20(11):1647-1652.[Cai Yanting,Wen Ya,Chengjiong,et al.Spatial pattern and accessibility of urban park greenland in center of Guangzhou city.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(11):1647-1652.]
[9]宋秀华,郎小霞,朴永吉,等.基于GIS的城市公园绿地可达性分析.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(3):400-406.[Song Xiuhua,Lang Xiaoxia,Piao Yongji,et al.Accessibility analysis of urban park based on GIS.Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science),2012,43(3):400-406.]
[10]卢宁,李俊英,闫红伟,等.城市公园绿地可达性分析:以沈阳市铁西区为例.应用生态学报,2014,25(10):2951-2958.[Lu Ning,Li Junying,Yan Hongwei,et al.Analysis on accessibility of urban park green space:The case study of Shenyang Tiexi District.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(10):2951-2958.]
[11]青山吉隆,近藤光男.都市公共施設の最適誘致距離の設定方法.日本都市計画学会学術研究発表会論文集,1986,21:295-300.[Aoyama Y,Kondo M.Method for setting the optimal service distance of urban public facilities.Proceedings of Japanese Association of Urban Planning,1986,21:295-300.]
[12]陈秋晓,侯焱,吴霜.机会公平视角下绍兴城市公园绿地可达性评价.地理科学,2016,36(3):375-383[Chen Qiuxiao,Hou Yan,Wu Shuang.Assessment of accessibility to urban parks in Shaoxing City from the perspective of opportunity equity.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(3):375-383.]
[13]伊藤史子、浅見泰司.物的な住環境指標と専門家による評価の関連性に関する検証.2001,Discussion Paper No.92.東京大学都市工学専攻.[Itoh F,Asami Y.Study on the correlation of physical indices of living environments with the assessment of experts.2001,Discussion Paper No.92.Department of Urban Engineering,University of Tokyo.]
[14]高晓路,王坤鹏,季珏.城市防灾避难空间安全性的评价:以北京市为例.人文地理,2013,28(6):49-54.[Gao Xiaolu,Wang Kunpeng,Ji Jue.Evaluation of the layout of emergency shelters for urban disaster prevention:A case study of Beijing.Human Geography,2013,28(6):49-54.]
[15]李博,宋云,俞孔坚.城市公园绿地规划中的可达性指标评价方法.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(4):618-624.[Li Bo,Song Yun,Yu Kongjian.Evaluation method for measurement of accessibility in urban public green space planning.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2008,44(4):618-624.]
[16]罗亚,徐建华,岳文泽,等.植被指数在城市绿地信息提取中的比较研究.遥感技术与应用,2006,21(3):212-219.[Luo Ya,Xu Jianhua,Yue Wenze,et al.A comparative study of extracting urban vegetation information by vegetation indices from thematic mapper images.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2006,21(3):212-219.]
[17]舒松,余柏蒗,吴健平,等.基于夜间灯光数据的城市建成区提取方法评价与应用.遥感技术与应用,2011,26(2):169-176.[Su Song,Yu Bolang,Wu Jianping,et al.Methods for deriving urban built-up area using night-light data:Assessment and application.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2011,26(2):169-176.]
[18]刘沁萍,杨永春,付冬暇,等.基于DMSP_OLS灯光数据的1992-2010年中国城市空间扩张研究.地理科学,2014,34(2):129-136.[Liu Qinping,Yang Yongchun,Fu Dongxia,et al.Urban spatial expansion based on DMSP_OLS nighttime light data in China in 1992-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(2):129-136.]
[19]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的京津冀地区城市空间扩展与空间关联测度.地理研究,2018,37(5):898-909.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Measuring spatial expansion and correlations of cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration using DMSP/OLS nighttime light data.Geographical Research,2018,37(5):898-909.]
[20]Yeh,A G O.Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2001,67(1):83-90.
[21]吴宏安,蒋建军,周杰,等.基于影象融合的干旱区城镇居民地信息提取研究.地理科学,2006,26(4):477-482.[Wu Hongan,Jiang Jianjun,Zhou Jie,et al.A new method in retrieving urban residential areas in arid region based on image fusion of SAR and TM.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):477-482.]
[22]蔡栋,李满春,陈振杰,等.基于信息熵的城市边缘区的界定方法研究:以南京市为例.测绘科学,2010,35(3):106-109.[Cai Dong,Li Mancun,Chen Zhenjie,et al.A method of division of urban fringe based on message entropy:A case study of Nanjing city.Science of Surveying and Mapping,2010,35(3):106-109.]
[23]Welch R.Monitoring urban population and energy utilization patterns from satellite data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1980,(9):1-9.
[24]Masek J G,Huang C Q,Wolfe R,et al.North American forest disturbance mapped from a decadal Landsat record.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(6):2914-2926.
[25]牟凤云,张增祥,迟耀斌,等.基于多源遥感数据的北京市1973-2005年间城市建成区的动态监测与驱动力分析.遥感学报,2007,11(2):257-268.[Mu Fengyun,Zhang Zengxiang,Chi Yaobin,et al.A dynamic monitoring of built-up area in Beijing during 1973-2005 based on multi-original remote sensed images.Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,11(2):257-268.]
[26]田莉.我国城镇化进程中喜忧参半的土地城市化.城市规划,2011,35(2):11-12.[Tian Li.Urbanization of land in urbanizationprocess of China.Urban Planning,2011,35(2):11-12]
[27]王元卓,靳小龙,程学旗.网络大数据:现状与展望.计算机学报,2013,36(6):1125-1138.[Wang Yuanzhuo,Jin Xiaolong,Cheng Xueqi.Network big data:present and future.Chinese Journal of Computers,2013,36(6):1125-1138.]
[28]韩胜风,陈小鸿.我国大城市道路红线宽度研究.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(7):909-912.[Han Shengfeng,Chen Xiaohong.Research on width of urban streets in China.Journal of Tongji University(Natual Science),2006,34(7):909-912.]
[29]许泽宁,高晓路.基于电子地图兴趣点的城市建成区边界识别方法.地理学报,2016,71(6):928-939.[Xu Zening,Gao Xiaolu.A novel method for identifying the boundary of urban built-up areas with POI data.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):928-939.]
[30]McCormack G R,Rock M,Toohey A M,et al.Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity:A review of qualitative research.Health&Place,2010,16(4):712-726.
[2]张文忠.宜居城市的内涵及评价指标体系探讨.城市规划学刊,2007,(3):30-34.[Zhang Wenzhong.Study on intrinsic meanings of the livable city and the evaluation system of livable city.Urban Planning Forum,2007,(3):30-34.]
[3]方可,哈思杰,唐梅,等.城市绿地建设实施评估方法创新研究:以武汉市为例.城市规划学刊,2015,(6):84-89.[Fang Ke,Ha Sijie,Tang Mei,et al.Innovative research on evaluation method for urban greenery development:A case study of Wuhan.Urban Planning Forum,2015,(6):84-89.]
[4]吴浩,花向红,王佩军,等.基于RS和GIS的城市绿地评估系统的一种模式.地理空间信息,2005,3(1):18-20.[Wu Hao,Hua Xianghong,Wang Peijun,et al.A pattern on the assessment system of urban greenbelt based on RS and GIS.Geospatial Information,2005,03(1):18-20]
[5]付晓.基于GIS的北京城市公园绿地景观格局分析.北京联合大学学报(自然科学版),2006,20(2):80-84.[Fu Xiao.Analysis of landscape structure of Beijing park system base on GIS.Journal of Beijing Union University(Natural Sciences),2006,20(2):80-84.]
[6]李咏华,马淇蔚,范雪怡.基于绿色基础设施评价的城市生态带划定:以杭州市为例.地理研究,2017,36(3):583-591.[Li Yonghua,Ma Qiwei,Fan Xueyi.Delimiting the urban ecological belts based on green infrastructure assessment:A case study of Hangzhou.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):583-591]
[7]高祥伟,费鲜芸,张志国,等.基于卷积运算的城市公园绿地聚集度评价.生态学报,2014,34(15):4446-4453.[Gao Xiangwei,Fei Xianyun,Zhang Zhiguo,et al.The aggregation degree evaluation of urban park green space based on convolution method.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4446-4453.]
[8]蔡彦庭,文雅,程炯,等.广州中心城区公园绿地空间格局及可达性分析.生态环境学报,2011,20(11):1647-1652.[Cai Yanting,Wen Ya,Chengjiong,et al.Spatial pattern and accessibility of urban park greenland in center of Guangzhou city.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(11):1647-1652.]
[9]宋秀华,郎小霞,朴永吉,等.基于GIS的城市公园绿地可达性分析.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(3):400-406.[Song Xiuhua,Lang Xiaoxia,Piao Yongji,et al.Accessibility analysis of urban park based on GIS.Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science),2012,43(3):400-406.]
[10]卢宁,李俊英,闫红伟,等.城市公园绿地可达性分析:以沈阳市铁西区为例.应用生态学报,2014,25(10):2951-2958.[Lu Ning,Li Junying,Yan Hongwei,et al.Analysis on accessibility of urban park green space:The case study of Shenyang Tiexi District.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(10):2951-2958.]
[11]青山吉隆,近藤光男.都市公共施設の最適誘致距離の設定方法.日本都市計画学会学術研究発表会論文集,1986,21:295-300.[Aoyama Y,Kondo M.Method for setting the optimal service distance of urban public facilities.Proceedings of Japanese Association of Urban Planning,1986,21:295-300.]
[12]陈秋晓,侯焱,吴霜.机会公平视角下绍兴城市公园绿地可达性评价.地理科学,2016,36(3):375-383[Chen Qiuxiao,Hou Yan,Wu Shuang.Assessment of accessibility to urban parks in Shaoxing City from the perspective of opportunity equity.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(3):375-383.]
[13]伊藤史子、浅見泰司.物的な住環境指標と専門家による評価の関連性に関する検証.2001,Discussion Paper No.92.東京大学都市工学専攻.[Itoh F,Asami Y.Study on the correlation of physical indices of living environments with the assessment of experts.2001,Discussion Paper No.92.Department of Urban Engineering,University of Tokyo.]
[14]高晓路,王坤鹏,季珏.城市防灾避难空间安全性的评价:以北京市为例.人文地理,2013,28(6):49-54.[Gao Xiaolu,Wang Kunpeng,Ji Jue.Evaluation of the layout of emergency shelters for urban disaster prevention:A case study of Beijing.Human Geography,2013,28(6):49-54.]
[15]李博,宋云,俞孔坚.城市公园绿地规划中的可达性指标评价方法.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(4):618-624.[Li Bo,Song Yun,Yu Kongjian.Evaluation method for measurement of accessibility in urban public green space planning.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2008,44(4):618-624.]
[16]罗亚,徐建华,岳文泽,等.植被指数在城市绿地信息提取中的比较研究.遥感技术与应用,2006,21(3):212-219.[Luo Ya,Xu Jianhua,Yue Wenze,et al.A comparative study of extracting urban vegetation information by vegetation indices from thematic mapper images.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2006,21(3):212-219.]
[17]舒松,余柏蒗,吴健平,等.基于夜间灯光数据的城市建成区提取方法评价与应用.遥感技术与应用,2011,26(2):169-176.[Su Song,Yu Bolang,Wu Jianping,et al.Methods for deriving urban built-up area using night-light data:Assessment and application.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2011,26(2):169-176.]
[18]刘沁萍,杨永春,付冬暇,等.基于DMSP_OLS灯光数据的1992-2010年中国城市空间扩张研究.地理科学,2014,34(2):129-136.[Liu Qinping,Yang Yongchun,Fu Dongxia,et al.Urban spatial expansion based on DMSP_OLS nighttime light data in China in 1992-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(2):129-136.]
[19]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的京津冀地区城市空间扩展与空间关联测度.地理研究,2018,37(5):898-909.[Chen Xin,Peng Jian,Liu Yanxu,et al.Measuring spatial expansion and correlations of cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration using DMSP/OLS nighttime light data.Geographical Research,2018,37(5):898-909.]
[20]Yeh,A G O.Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2001,67(1):83-90.
[21]吴宏安,蒋建军,周杰,等.基于影象融合的干旱区城镇居民地信息提取研究.地理科学,2006,26(4):477-482.[Wu Hongan,Jiang Jianjun,Zhou Jie,et al.A new method in retrieving urban residential areas in arid region based on image fusion of SAR and TM.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):477-482.]
[22]蔡栋,李满春,陈振杰,等.基于信息熵的城市边缘区的界定方法研究:以南京市为例.测绘科学,2010,35(3):106-109.[Cai Dong,Li Mancun,Chen Zhenjie,et al.A method of division of urban fringe based on message entropy:A case study of Nanjing city.Science of Surveying and Mapping,2010,35(3):106-109.]
[23]Welch R.Monitoring urban population and energy utilization patterns from satellite data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1980,(9):1-9.
[24]Masek J G,Huang C Q,Wolfe R,et al.North American forest disturbance mapped from a decadal Landsat record.Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(6):2914-2926.
[25]牟凤云,张增祥,迟耀斌,等.基于多源遥感数据的北京市1973-2005年间城市建成区的动态监测与驱动力分析.遥感学报,2007,11(2):257-268.[Mu Fengyun,Zhang Zengxiang,Chi Yaobin,et al.A dynamic monitoring of built-up area in Beijing during 1973-2005 based on multi-original remote sensed images.Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,11(2):257-268.]
[26]田莉.我国城镇化进程中喜忧参半的土地城市化.城市规划,2011,35(2):11-12.[Tian Li.Urbanization of land in urbanizationprocess of China.Urban Planning,2011,35(2):11-12]
[27]王元卓,靳小龙,程学旗.网络大数据:现状与展望.计算机学报,2013,36(6):1125-1138.[Wang Yuanzhuo,Jin Xiaolong,Cheng Xueqi.Network big data:present and future.Chinese Journal of Computers,2013,36(6):1125-1138.]
[28]韩胜风,陈小鸿.我国大城市道路红线宽度研究.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(7):909-912.[Han Shengfeng,Chen Xiaohong.Research on width of urban streets in China.Journal of Tongji University(Natual Science),2006,34(7):909-912.]
[29]许泽宁,高晓路.基于电子地图兴趣点的城市建成区边界识别方法.地理学报,2016,71(6):928-939.[Xu Zening,Gao Xiaolu.A novel method for identifying the boundary of urban built-up areas with POI data.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):928-939.]
[30]McCormack G R,Rock M,Toohey A M,et al.Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity:A review of qualitative research.Health&Place,2010,16(4):712-726.