潮土区农田土体构型层次的探地雷达无损探测试验
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摘要
为探究探地雷达对自然土壤土体构型进行快速无损探测的可行性,该文首先利用基于时域有限差分法的Gpr Max2D软件模拟4种具有不同介电特性差异的土壤层次的土体模型,识别雷达电磁波在具有不同土壤介电特性差异的土壤层次中传播时反射波振幅和相位的客观变化规律;然后于2016年在位于黄淮海平原潮土区的河北省曲周县选择夹黏型和底漏型2种土壤层次较明显的农田土体构型进行GPR探测试验,并挖掘土壤剖面,通过雷达图像处理软件和MATLAB编程处理雷达图像并提取波形数据,根据模拟获取的规律进行土壤层次识别,对比探测层厚与实际剖面层厚。研究结果显示,雷达电磁波在不同介质分界面处发生反射,两侧介电特性差异越大,反射波振幅越大;上层介质介电常数小于下层会发生正反射,反之发生负反射;实测波形比模拟波形杂乱;通过电磁波振幅和相位变化识别层次界面清晰的夹黏型土体构型中较厚层次的厚度的相对误差(<9%)要小于识别层次界面不清晰的底漏型土体构型各层厚度的相对误差(>9%);可识别的层次界面反射系数均大于0.02,两侧土壤具有较大介电特性差异;通过客观判读依据可以判别农田潮土的层次结构,但层次界面的整齐清晰程度、界面两侧介电特性差异程度和相邻层次的厚度大小影响着探地雷达探测效果。该文可以为相关研究提供参考,为实现土体构型这一重要耕地质量指标的快速监测提供借鉴。
Solum structure is an important index to evaluate the cultivated land quality. How to obtain the solum structure information quickly and accurately has been the hot spot in the fields of soil, land, water conservancy, agriculture, and so on. In order to explore the feasibility of rapid and nondestructive detection of solum structure in natural soil by ground penetrating radar(GPR), this paper first used Gpr Max2 D software based on finite difference time domain(FDTD) to simulate 4 soil models including 3 soil layers with different dielectric characteristics, and recognized the objective change rules of amplitude and phase of the radar electromagnetic wave in those soil layers with different dielectric characteristics. Then, 2 kinds of soil profile patterns i.e. clay interlayer type and sand bottom type with obvious soil layers in Quzhou County of Hebei Province, located in the alluvial soil area of North China Plain, were selected for GPR detection experiment in 2016, and soil profiles were excavated. The clay interlayer type solum structure indicated that a thin clay layer was in the soil mass, and the sand bottom type solum structure indicated that there was a sand layer at the bottom of soil mass with 1 m depth. Radar images were processed through radar image processing software and MATLAB programming to extract waveform data. According to the objective rules obtained by simulation, soil layer identification was carried out, and the detected thickness and measured thickness of every layer were compared. The results showed that the reflection of radar electromagnetic wave occurred at the interface of different media, and the greater the difference of dielectric properties between 2 sides, the greater the amplitude of reflected wave. If the dielectric constant of the upper layer was smaller than that of the lower layer, positive reflection would occur; otherwise negative reflection would occur. The measured waveform was more chaotic than the simulated waveform. The relative error(<9%) for identifying the thickness of the thicker layers of the clay interlayer type solum structure with clear layer interface was less than the relative error(>9%) for identifying the thickness of the sand bottom type solum structure by the amplitude and phase change of the electromagnetic wave. The reflection coefficients of the identified hierarchical interfaces were all greater than 0.02, indicating that the 2 sides of those interfaces had larger dielectric properties difference. The hierarchy of solum structure for farmland fluvo-aquic soil can be identified by the objective interpretation basis, but the tidy and clear degree of the hierarchical interface, difference degree of soil between the 2 sides of the interface and the thickness of adjacent soil layers affect the GPR detection effect. This article can provide reference for the related research and provide basis for rapid monitoring of cultivated land quality with solum structure as an important index.
Solum structure is an important index to evaluate the cultivated land quality. How to obtain the solum structure information quickly and accurately has been the hot spot in the fields of soil, land, water conservancy, agriculture, and so on. In order to explore the feasibility of rapid and nondestructive detection of solum structure in natural soil by ground penetrating radar(GPR), this paper first used Gpr Max2 D software based on finite difference time domain(FDTD) to simulate 4 soil models including 3 soil layers with different dielectric characteristics, and recognized the objective change rules of amplitude and phase of the radar electromagnetic wave in those soil layers with different dielectric characteristics. Then, 2 kinds of soil profile patterns i.e. clay interlayer type and sand bottom type with obvious soil layers in Quzhou County of Hebei Province, located in the alluvial soil area of North China Plain, were selected for GPR detection experiment in 2016, and soil profiles were excavated. The clay interlayer type solum structure indicated that a thin clay layer was in the soil mass, and the sand bottom type solum structure indicated that there was a sand layer at the bottom of soil mass with 1 m depth. Radar images were processed through radar image processing software and MATLAB programming to extract waveform data. According to the objective rules obtained by simulation, soil layer identification was carried out, and the detected thickness and measured thickness of every layer were compared. The results showed that the reflection of radar electromagnetic wave occurred at the interface of different media, and the greater the difference of dielectric properties between 2 sides, the greater the amplitude of reflected wave. If the dielectric constant of the upper layer was smaller than that of the lower layer, positive reflection would occur; otherwise negative reflection would occur. The measured waveform was more chaotic than the simulated waveform. The relative error(<9%) for identifying the thickness of the thicker layers of the clay interlayer type solum structure with clear layer interface was less than the relative error(>9%) for identifying the thickness of the sand bottom type solum structure by the amplitude and phase change of the electromagnetic wave. The reflection coefficients of the identified hierarchical interfaces were all greater than 0.02, indicating that the 2 sides of those interfaces had larger dielectric properties difference. The hierarchy of solum structure for farmland fluvo-aquic soil can be identified by the objective interpretation basis, but the tidy and clear degree of the hierarchical interface, difference degree of soil between the 2 sides of the interface and the thickness of adjacent soil layers affect the GPR detection effect. This article can provide reference for the related research and provide basis for rapid monitoring of cultivated land quality with solum structure as an important index.
引文
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[12]王升,陈洪松,付智勇,等.基于探地雷达的典型喀斯特坡地土层厚度估测[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):1024-1030.Wang Sheng,Chen Hongsong,Fu Zhiyong,et al.Estimation of thickness of soil layer on typical karst hillslopes using a ground penetrating radar[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(5):1024-1030.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]于秀秀,马兴旺,迪力夏提,等.探地雷达在土层厚度调查中的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(4):874-878.Yu Xiuxiu,Ma Xingwang,Di Lixiati,et al.Using ground penetrating radar in determination of soil depth[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(4):874-878.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Ardekani M R,Druyts P,Lambot S,et al.Recovering the structure of a layered soil,including layer thickness and dielectric permittivity,using the interfaces and objects backscatter detected in GPR B-scans[C]//International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar.IEEE,2014:397-400.
[15]Farrish K W,Doolittle J A,Gamble E E.Loamy substrata and forest productivity of sandy glacial drift soils in Michigan.[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1990,70(2):181-187.
[16]Boll J,Rijn R P G V,Weiler K W,et al.Using ground-penetrating radar to detect layers in a sandy field soil[J].Geoderma,1996,70(2/3/4):117-132.
[17]Mokma D L,Schaetzl R J,Doolittle J A,et al.Groundpenetrating radar study of ortstein continuity in some Michigan Haplaquods.[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1990,54(3):936-938.
[18]Beres M,Haeni F P.Application of ground-penetrating radar methods in hydrogeologic studies[C]//John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.1991:375-386.
[19]薛建,曾昭发,田刚,等.探地雷达在吉林西部地区探测土壤碱化层[J].物探与化探,2005,29(5):421-424.Xue Jian,Zeng Shaofa,Tian Gang,et al.The application of GPR to detecting the saline-alkali layer in west Jilin[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2005,29(5):421-424.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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