近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估
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摘要
为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。
Probabilistic assessments method was used to assess the ecological risk of cadmium in 8 Chinese typical offshore marine environment including Beibu Bay, Bohai Bay, Hangzhou Bay, Liaodong Bay, Minjiang Estuary, Pearl Estuary, Huanghe Estuary, Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that there is low risk of cadmium in Beibu Bay, Bohai Bay, Hangzhou Bay, Yangtze Estuary, Minjiang Estuary, Pearl River Estuary, Huanghe Estuary. The highest potential affected fractions(PAF) of acute and chronic toxicity were lower than 5%, and overall potential for adverse effects decreased. The PAF of cadmium in Liaodong Bay is relative high, the highest PAF is 28.67%(with 95%confidence interval of 26.29%- 30.06%), and the PAF corresponding to exceedance of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% are18.95%(17.84%- 20.23%), 12.51%(11.65%- 13.61%), 8.26%(7.40%- 9.15%), 5.45%(4.62%- 6.16%),respectively. The overall trend of cadmium concentration in Liaodong Bay is increasing from 2005- 2010 and then declining from 2010- 2013. It also indicated that the Wuli River and Daling River were main pollution source in the Liaodong Bay.
Probabilistic assessments method was used to assess the ecological risk of cadmium in 8 Chinese typical offshore marine environment including Beibu Bay, Bohai Bay, Hangzhou Bay, Liaodong Bay, Minjiang Estuary, Pearl Estuary, Huanghe Estuary, Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that there is low risk of cadmium in Beibu Bay, Bohai Bay, Hangzhou Bay, Yangtze Estuary, Minjiang Estuary, Pearl River Estuary, Huanghe Estuary. The highest potential affected fractions(PAF) of acute and chronic toxicity were lower than 5%, and overall potential for adverse effects decreased. The PAF of cadmium in Liaodong Bay is relative high, the highest PAF is 28.67%(with 95%confidence interval of 26.29%- 30.06%), and the PAF corresponding to exceedance of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% are18.95%(17.84%- 20.23%), 12.51%(11.65%- 13.61%), 8.26%(7.40%- 9.15%), 5.45%(4.62%- 6.16%),respectively. The overall trend of cadmium concentration in Liaodong Bay is increasing from 2005- 2010 and then declining from 2010- 2013. It also indicated that the Wuli River and Daling River were main pollution source in the Liaodong Bay.
引文
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[3]Jackson J B C,Kirby M X,Berger W H,et al.Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems[J].Science,2001,27(293):629-637
[4]王长友,王修林,李克强,等.东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉重金属排海通量及海洋环境容量估算[J].海洋学报,2010,32(4):62-76Wang C Y,Wang X L,Li K Q,et al.The estimation of copper,lead,zinc and cadmium fluxes into the sea area of the East China Sea interferenced by terrigenous matter and their environmental capacities[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32(4):62-76(in Chinese)
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[6]Weis J S,Smith G M,Zhou T.Altered predator/prey behavior in poluted environments:Implications for fish conservation[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1999,55(1-2):43-51
[7]Weis J S,Smith G,Zhou T,et al.Effects of contaminants on behavior:Biochemical mechanisms and ecological consequences[J].Bio Science,2001,51:209-217
[8]Pempkowiak J,Chiffoleau J F,Staniszewski A.The vertical and horizontal distribution of selected trace metals in the Baltic Sea off Poland[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2000,51(1):115-125
[9]Tang D G,Warnken K W,Santschi P H.Distribution and partitioning of trace metals(Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn)in Galveston Bay waters[J].Marine Chemistry,2002,78(1):29-45
[10]Sweeney A,Saudo-Wilhelmy S A.Dissolved metal contamination in the East River–Long Island sound system:Potential biological effects[J].Marine Pollution Buletin,2004,48(7-8):663-670
[11]Gavriil A M,Angelidis M O.Metal and organic carbon distribution in water column of a shallow enclosed bay at the Aegean Sea Archipelago:Kaloni Bay,Island of Lesvos,Greece[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2005,64(2-3):200-210
[12]Li W,Wang N B,Li Q B,et al.Distribution of dissolved metals in seawater of Jinzhou Bay,China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(1):43-48
[13]Huang L L,Pu X M,Pan J F,et al.Heavy metal polution status in surface sediments of Swan Lake lagoon and Rongcheng Bay in the northern Yelow Sea[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(9):1957-1964
[14]Wang Y W,Liang L N,Shi J B,et al.Study on the contamination of heavy metals and their correlations in mollusks collected from coastal sites along the Chinese Bohai Sea[J].Environment International,2005,31(8):1103-1113
[15]Thornton G J P,Walsh P D.Heavy metals in the waters of the Nant-y-Fendrod:Change in polution levels and dynamics associated with the redevelopment of the Lower Swansea Valey,South Wales,UK[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2001,278(123):45-55
[16]USEPA.National Recommended Water Quality Criteria[R].Washington DC:USEPA,2009
[17]环境保护部.近岸海域环境监测规范HJ 442-1998[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998
[18]环境保护部.近岸海域环境监测规范HJ 442-2008[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008
[19]杜建国,赵佳懿,陈彬,等.应用物种敏感性分布评估中国近海和福建主要海湾水体重金属生态风险[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(4):554-560 Du J G,Zhao J Y,Chen B,et al.Assessing ecological risks of heavy metals to marine organisms in Chinese offshore and Fujian's main bays by species sensitivity distributions[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(4):554-560(in Chinese)
[20]暨卫东.中国近海海洋环境质量现状与背景值研究[M].北京:海洋出版社,2011:148-158
[21]Gao X L,Zhou F X,Chen C T A.Pollution status of the Bohai Sea:An overview of the environmental quality assessment related trace metals[J].Environment International,2014,62:12–30
[22]雷炳莉,黄圣彪,王子健.生态风险评价理论和方法[J].化学进展,2009,21(1/3):350-358Lei B L,Huang S B,Wang Z J.Theories and methods of ecological risk assessment[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(1/3):350-358(in Chinese)
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[25]孙洪波,杨桂山,苏伟忠,等.生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(2):335-341Sun H B,Yang G S,Su W Z,et al.Research progress on ecological risk assessment[J].Chinses Journal of Ecology,2009,28(2):335-341(in Chinese)
[26]Posthuma L,Glenn W Suter II,Traas T P.Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment:Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology[M].Washington D C:Lewis Publishers,2002
[27]USEPA.Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses[R].Washington DC:Office of Research and Development,1985
[28]CCME.A Protocol for the Derivation of Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life.Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines[R].Ottawa:Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment,1999
[29]ASTM.E729-96(Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes,Macroinvertebrates,and Amphibians[S].Pennsylvania:American Society for Testing and Materials,2007
[30]ASTM.E1193-97(Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests[S].Pennsylvania:American Society for Testing and Materials,2004
[31]刘瑞玉.中国海洋生物名录[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:233-969
[32]Solomon K R.Overview of recent developments in ecotoxicological risk assessment[J].Risk Analysis,1996,16(5):627-633
[33]ECOFRAM.Ecological Committee on FIFRA Risk Assessment Methods Aquatic Reports[R].Washington DC:ECOFRAM,1999
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[35]Solomon K R,Baker D B,Richards P R,et al.Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1996,15(1):31-76
[36]Chen C S.Ecological risk assessment for aquatic species exposed to contaminants in Keelung River,Taiwan[J].Chemosphere,2005,61:1142-1158
[37]Wang B,Yu G,Huang J,et al.Tired aquatic ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and their mixture in Jiangsu reach of Huaihe River,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,157:29-42
[38]Zolezzi M,Cattaneo C,Tarazona J V.Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of 1,2,4-tricholorobenzene at a former industrial contaminated site[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(9):2920-2926
[39]Reish D J,Martina J M,Piltzb F M,et al.The effect of heavy metals on laboratory populations of two polychaetes with comparisons to the water quality conditions and standards in Southern California marine waters[J].Water Research,1976,10(4):299-302
[40]Reish D J,Le May J A.Toxicity and bioconcentration of metals and organic compounds by polychaeta[J].Ophelia,1991,5(supplement):653-660
[41]Hilmy A M,Shabana M B,Daabees A Y.Bioaccumulation of cadmium:Toxicity in Mugil cephalus[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Comparative Pharmacology,1985,81(1):139-143
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[43]Hong J S,Reish D J.Acute toxicity of cadmium to eight species of marine amphipod and isopod crustaceans from Southern California[J].Buletin of Environmental Contam- ination and Toxicology,1987,39(6):884-888
[44]Bambang Y,Charmantier G,Thuet P,et al.Effect of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation of various developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus(Crustacea:Decapoda)[J].Marine Biology,1994,123(3):443-450
[45]Eisler R.Cadmium poisoning in Fundulus heteroclitus(Pisces:Cyprinodontidae)and other marine organisms[J].Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1971,28:1225-1234
[46]Burton D T,Fisher D J.Acute toxicity of cadmium,copper,zinc,ammonia,3,3'-dichlorobenzidine,2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline,methylene chloride,and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol to juvenile grass shrimp and kilifish[J].Buletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1990,44(5):776-783
[47]Khan A T,Weis J S,D’Andrea L.Studies of cadmium tolerance in two populations of grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio[J].Buletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1988,40(5):30-34
[48]Eisler R.Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the soft-shell clam,Mya arenaria[J].Buletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1977,17(2):137-145
[49]Eisler R,Hennekey R.Acute toxicities of Cd+2,Cr+6,Hg+2,Ni+2,and Zn+2to estuarine macrofauna[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1977,6(1):315-323
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