东江淡水河流域地表水和沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价
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摘要
为了解东江淡水河流域重金属污染状况,测定地表水和沉积物中7种典型重金属锰、锌、铜、镍、铬、铅和汞(Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb、Hg)的含量水平,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,评价沉积物环境质量状况.结果表明,淡水河地表水中Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Hg的平均值浓度分别为305.00、151.50、67.50、56.50、28.50、15.00、0.07μg·L-1;淡水河流域地表水重金属含量处于较低水平,且大部分重金属枯水期浓度高于丰水期.沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Hg的平均值浓度分别为714.00、993.50、289.50、188.50、301.50、118.50、0.43 mg·kg-1.表层沉积物中Cu和Hg是污染最为严重的金属,Mn和Cr的污染水平相对较低,除Cu枯水期浓度明显高于丰水期外,其它6种重金属丰水期和枯水期差异较小.淡水河地表水和沉积物重金属平均含量整体高于西枝江和东江,且上游污染程度较高.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明Zn、Ni、Cr、Mn和Pb的污染来源于流域内盛行的电子电镀产业,Hg和Cu的污染来自于其它产业.潜在生态风险结果表明,淡水河中游具有极强的生态危害,西枝江具有轻微的生态危害,东江有强的生态危害,但数值处于强的生态危害范围的下限.淡水河上中游及其支流周边工业聚集区是重金属污染的最主要来源.
In order to comprehensively evaluate pollution level of Danshui River,the concentrations and distribution characteristics of seven heavy metals( Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Hg) were analyzed. Heavy metal pollution in the sediments from Danshui River and its tributaries was analyzed and evaluated using geo-accumulation index( Igeo) and potential ecological risk index( RI). The results indicated that the average concentrations of Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Hg in surface water were 305. 00,151. 50,67. 50,56. 50,28. 50,15. 00 and 0. 07 μg·L- 1,respectively,and were relatively low. The concentrations in the dry season were in most cases higher than those in the wet season. Their average concentrations in the sediments were 714. 00,993. 50,289. 50,188. 50,301. 50,118. 50 and 0. 43 mg·kg- 1,respectively. Copper and mercury were the most polluted metals in the sediment,while manganese and chromium pollution levels were relatively low. Except Cu,other six metals in the sediment did not show much seasonal variation. But the concentration of copper in the dry season was higher than wet season. The average contents of heavy metals in surface water and sediments of Danshui River were higher than Xizhijiang and Dongjiang,with high pollution sites occurred in the upstream of Danshui River. The prevalent pollution source of Zn,Ni,Cr,Mn and Pb in the basin was electronic and electroplating industry,and pollution source of mercury and copper came from other industries. The results of potential ecological risk indicated that the middle reaches of Danshui River had extremely high ecological hazard,Xizhijiang had low ecological hazard,Dongjiang had high ecological hazard but the value was close to the lower limit. The industrial zone in upper( middle) reaches and tributaries of Danshui River were the main source of pollution.
In order to comprehensively evaluate pollution level of Danshui River,the concentrations and distribution characteristics of seven heavy metals( Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Hg) were analyzed. Heavy metal pollution in the sediments from Danshui River and its tributaries was analyzed and evaluated using geo-accumulation index( Igeo) and potential ecological risk index( RI). The results indicated that the average concentrations of Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Hg in surface water were 305. 00,151. 50,67. 50,56. 50,28. 50,15. 00 and 0. 07 μg·L- 1,respectively,and were relatively low. The concentrations in the dry season were in most cases higher than those in the wet season. Their average concentrations in the sediments were 714. 00,993. 50,289. 50,188. 50,301. 50,118. 50 and 0. 43 mg·kg- 1,respectively. Copper and mercury were the most polluted metals in the sediment,while manganese and chromium pollution levels were relatively low. Except Cu,other six metals in the sediment did not show much seasonal variation. But the concentration of copper in the dry season was higher than wet season. The average contents of heavy metals in surface water and sediments of Danshui River were higher than Xizhijiang and Dongjiang,with high pollution sites occurred in the upstream of Danshui River. The prevalent pollution source of Zn,Ni,Cr,Mn and Pb in the basin was electronic and electroplating industry,and pollution source of mercury and copper came from other industries. The results of potential ecological risk indicated that the middle reaches of Danshui River had extremely high ecological hazard,Xizhijiang had low ecological hazard,Dongjiang had high ecological hazard but the value was close to the lower limit. The industrial zone in upper( middle) reaches and tributaries of Danshui River were the main source of pollution.
引文
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[23]Li S Y,Zhang Q F.Risk assessment and seasonal variations of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper Han River,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,181(1-3):1051-1058
[24]Harguinteguy C A,Cirelli A F and Pignata M L.Heavy metal accumulation in leaves of aquatic plant Stuckenia filiformis and its relationship with sediment and water in the Suquía river(Argentina)[J].Microchemical Journal,2014,114:111-118
[25]Islam M S,Ahmed M K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:282-291
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[28]Alonso E,Santos A,Callejón M,et al.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin[J].Chemosphere,2004,56(6):561-570
[29]应国光,彭平安,赵建亮,等.流域化学品生态风险评价—以东江流域为例[M].北京:科学出版社,2012
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[32]王方园,洪华娥,岑艳,等.东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险[J].环境化学,2012,31(9):1328-1334
[33]Liu C B,Xu J,Liu C G,et al.Heavy Metals in the surface sediments in Lanzhou reach of Yellow River,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,82(1):26-30
[34]Yang Z,Wang Y,Shen Z,et al.Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream,tributaries,and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2-3):1186-1194
[35]Yuan X Y.Zhang L J,Li J Z,et al.Sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the river,estuary and lake environments of a fluvial plain,China[J].CATENA,2014,119(0):52-60
[36]张霖琳,梁宵,魏复盛.汀江某河段底泥中重金属含量的测定及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2012,31(7):945-951
[37]de Paula Filho F J,de Lacerda L D,Marins R V,et al.Background values for evaluation of heavy metal contamination in sediments in the Parnaíba River Delta estuary,NE/Brazil[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,in press,doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.022
[38]Dhanakumar S,Solaraj G and Mohanraj R.Heavy metal partitioning in sediments and bioaccumulation in commercial fish species of three major reservoirs of river Cauvery delta region,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,113:145-151
[39]Zhu J Y,Zhang J X,Li Q,et al.Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial community composition in sediment contaminated with multiple heavy metals from the Xiangjiang River in China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,70(1-2):134-139
[40]Ahmad M K,Islam S,Rahman M S,et al.Heavy metals in water,sediment and some fishes of Buriganga River,Bangladesh[J].International Journal of Environmental Research,2010,4(2):321-332
[41]Rahman M S,Saha N,Molla A H.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and water body around Dhaka export processing zone,Bangladesh[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(5):2293-2308
[42]Akcay H,Oguz A and Karapire C.Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments[J].Water Research,2003,37(4):813-822
[43]Raphael E C,Augustina O C and Frank E O.Trace metals distribution in fish tissues,bottom sediments and water from Okumeshi River in Delta State,Nigeria[J].Environmental Research Journal,2011,5(1):6-10
[44]黄奕龙,王仰麟,岳隽.深圳市河流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境污染与防治,2005,27(9):711-715
[45]杭小帅,王火焰,周健民,等.电镀厂附近土壤重金属污染特征及其对微生物与酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2133-2138
[46]刘金铃,冯新斌,朱伟,等.东江沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):987-986
[47]胡国成,许振成,彭晓武,等.广东长潭水库表层沉积物重金属污染特征与潜在生态风险评价研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(6):1166-1171
[2]Nath B,Birch G,Chaudhuri P.Assessment of sediment quality in Avicennia marina-dominated embayments of Sydney Estuary:The potential use of pneumatophores(aerial roots)as a bio-indicator of trace metal contamination[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,472:1010-1020
[3]Fu J,Zhao C P,Luo Y P.Heavy metals in surface sediments of the Jialu River,China:Their relations to environmental factors[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,270:102-109
[4]Forstner U,Wittman G T.Metal Pollution in the Aquatic environment[M].Berlin:Springer Verleg Press,1979:110-112
[5]刘永伟,毛小苓,孙莉英,等.深圳市工业污染源重金属排放特征分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(2):279-285
[6]胡芳.东江流域惠州段水体富营养化调查与水生态风险预测[D].长沙:湖南农业大学硕士学位论文,2012
[7]环境保护部.《水质采样技术指导》(HJ 494—2009)[S]
[8]张鑫,周涛发,杨西飞.河流沉积物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28:1419-1423
[9]周秀艳,王恩德和朱恩静.辽东湾河口底泥中重金属的污染评价[J].环境化学,2004,23(3):321-325
[10]赵世民,王道玮,李晓铭,等.滇池及其河口沉积物中重金属污染评价[J].环境化学,2014,33(2):276-285
[11]余辉,张文斌和余建平.洪泽湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):437-444
[12]方明,吴友军,刘红,等.长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):563-569
[13]徐亚岩,宋金明,李学刚,等.渤海湾表层沉积物各形态重金属的分布特征与生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(3):732-740
[14]冯精兰,胡鹏抟,刘群,等.黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险[J].环境化学,2015,34(1):178-185
[15]Hilton J,Davison W,Ochsenbein U.A mathematical-model for analysis of sediment coke data:Implications for enrichment factor calculation and trace-mental transport mechanisms[J].Chemical Geology,1985,48(1-4):281-291
[16]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2(3):108-118
[17]许炼烽,刘腾辉.广东土壤环境背景值和临界含量的地带性分异[J].华南农业大学学报,1996,17(4):58-62
[18]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimen tological approach[J].Water research,1980,14(8):975-1001
[19]王益平.珠江流域广东段河水水质和重金属污染特征研究[D].华南理工大学硕士学位论文,2012
[20]Feng J L,Wang G L,Sun J H,et al.Metals in water and surface sediments from Henan reaches of the Yellow River,China[J].Science China Chemistry,2010,53(5):1217-1224
[21]李磊,平仙隐,沈新强.春、夏季长江口溶解态重金属的时空分布特征及其污染评价[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2011,38(5):541-549
[22]丁振华,王文华,刘彩娥,等.黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征[J].环境科学,2005,26(5):62-66
[23]Li S Y,Zhang Q F.Risk assessment and seasonal variations of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper Han River,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,181(1-3):1051-1058
[24]Harguinteguy C A,Cirelli A F and Pignata M L.Heavy metal accumulation in leaves of aquatic plant Stuckenia filiformis and its relationship with sediment and water in the Suquía river(Argentina)[J].Microchemical Journal,2014,114:111-118
[25]Islam M S,Ahmed M K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:282-291
[26]Hatje V,Apte S C,Hales L T,et al.Dissolved trace metal distributions in Port Jackson estuary(Sydney Harbour),Australia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,46:719-730
[27]Singh K P,Mohan D,Singh V K,et al.Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments-a tributary of the Ganges,India[J].Journal of hydrology,2005,312(1-4):14-27
[28]Alonso E,Santos A,Callejón M,et al.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin[J].Chemosphere,2004,56(6):561-570
[29]应国光,彭平安,赵建亮,等.流域化学品生态风险评价—以东江流域为例[M].北京:科学出版社,2012
[30]Wong C S C,Duzgoren-Aydin N S,Aydin A,et al.Evidence of excessive releases of metals from primitive e-waste processing in Guiyu,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,148(1):62-72
[31]胡雄星,韩中豪,张进,等.黄浦江表层沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生态风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17:109-112
[32]王方园,洪华娥,岑艳,等.东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险[J].环境化学,2012,31(9):1328-1334
[33]Liu C B,Xu J,Liu C G,et al.Heavy Metals in the surface sediments in Lanzhou reach of Yellow River,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2009,82(1):26-30
[34]Yang Z,Wang Y,Shen Z,et al.Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream,tributaries,and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2-3):1186-1194
[35]Yuan X Y.Zhang L J,Li J Z,et al.Sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the river,estuary and lake environments of a fluvial plain,China[J].CATENA,2014,119(0):52-60
[36]张霖琳,梁宵,魏复盛.汀江某河段底泥中重金属含量的测定及生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2012,31(7):945-951
[37]de Paula Filho F J,de Lacerda L D,Marins R V,et al.Background values for evaluation of heavy metal contamination in sediments in the Parnaíba River Delta estuary,NE/Brazil[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,in press,doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.022
[38]Dhanakumar S,Solaraj G and Mohanraj R.Heavy metal partitioning in sediments and bioaccumulation in commercial fish species of three major reservoirs of river Cauvery delta region,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,113:145-151
[39]Zhu J Y,Zhang J X,Li Q,et al.Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial community composition in sediment contaminated with multiple heavy metals from the Xiangjiang River in China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,70(1-2):134-139
[40]Ahmad M K,Islam S,Rahman M S,et al.Heavy metals in water,sediment and some fishes of Buriganga River,Bangladesh[J].International Journal of Environmental Research,2010,4(2):321-332
[41]Rahman M S,Saha N,Molla A H.Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment and water body around Dhaka export processing zone,Bangladesh[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(5):2293-2308
[42]Akcay H,Oguz A and Karapire C.Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments[J].Water Research,2003,37(4):813-822
[43]Raphael E C,Augustina O C and Frank E O.Trace metals distribution in fish tissues,bottom sediments and water from Okumeshi River in Delta State,Nigeria[J].Environmental Research Journal,2011,5(1):6-10
[44]黄奕龙,王仰麟,岳隽.深圳市河流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境污染与防治,2005,27(9):711-715
[45]杭小帅,王火焰,周健民,等.电镀厂附近土壤重金属污染特征及其对微生物与酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2133-2138
[46]刘金铃,冯新斌,朱伟,等.东江沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):987-986
[47]胡国成,许振成,彭晓武,等.广东长潭水库表层沉积物重金属污染特征与潜在生态风险评价研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(6):1166-1171