水分和氮素对玉米苗期生长、根系形态及分布的影响
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摘要
【目的】东北地区春旱频发严重影响玉米出苗与苗期生长,明确水分、氮素对玉米苗期生长和根系发育的影响及其耦合效应,可为东北春玉米水、氮调控措施的优化提供依据。【方法】2016—2017连续2年设置水分、氮素两因素盆栽试验,土壤相对含水量设4个水平,分别为重度干旱(W0,30%)、适度干旱(W1,50%)、水分适宜(W2,70%)和水分过量(W3,90%);施氮量设3个水平,分别为不施氮(N0,0)、低氮(N1,0.12 g N·kg-1土)和高氮(N2,0.24 g N·kg-1土)。【结果】水分、氮素均显著影响玉米苗期的植株生长、根系发育、氮素吸收与利用,且两因素对植株干重、根系形态、吸氮量和氮肥利用率交互作用显著。土壤水分亏缺或过量均抑制了植株生长、干物质累积、根系发育和氮素吸收。W0处理的负面影响最为严重,其地上部干重、根系干重和植株吸氮量与W2处理相比分别降低55.5%、60.1%和47.4%,氮肥利用率下降6.4个百分点,根长和根表面积分别减少58.2%和59.5%。施氮显著促进玉米苗期植株生长与氮素吸收,降低根冠比,且不同水分条件下氮肥效应及对根系发育的影响存在明显差异。水分适宜条件下施氮促进根系生长,显著增加根长、根表面积和根体积,植株干重和吸氮量增幅最高。干旱胁迫条件下施氮抑制了根系发育,显著降低根长和根表面积,氮肥效应偏低。水分过量条件下施氮改善根系生长,但施氮效应仍低于W2处理。各水分条件下,N1处理的根长和根表面积均高于N2处理,而体积接近或更小,说明低氮增加了细根的比例。水分、氮素不仅显著影响根系形态,也导致根系空间分布出现明显差异。干旱胁迫促进根系下扎,增加深层土壤的根长分布,W0和W1处理0—12 cm土层根长比例相比W2处理分别下降11.0和8.3个百分点,而24—36 cm土层分别提高9.5和6.9个百分点。与干旱胁迫相反,水分过量趋向于增加根系在表层土壤的聚集。施氮显著促进表层土壤的根系分布,N1和N2处理0—12 cm土层根长比例相比N0处理分别增加16.3和13.7个百分点,而24—36 cm土层分别下降11.5和12.5个百分点。所有水-氮处理中,W1N1处理根系的空间分布最为均衡。【结论】水分、氮素对玉米苗期生长和根系发育有显著的耦合效应,适宜的水、氮措施可优化根系形态与空间分布,增加植株干重和氮素吸收利用。春玉米生产中建议降低氮肥基施用量以发挥水氮耦合效应,促进根系下扎和细根增殖,提高植株耐旱性和氮肥利用率。
【Objective】 The frequent spring drought has severely negative impacts on seed emergence and seedling growth in the maize production of Northeast China. It is necessary to understand the coupling effects of soil water condition and nitrogen(N) rate on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and further to provide reference for optimizing water and N management in maize production of Northeast China. 【Method】In this study, two pot experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017, with a two factor factorial design of soil water and N rates. The soil water condition included 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of field capacity, respectively, representing severe water-stress(W0), moderate water-stress(W1), well-watered(W2) and over-watered(W3), respectively. The N rates included 0, 0.12 and 0.24 g·kg-1 soil, representing N-omission(N0), low N(N1) and high N(N2), respectively. 【Result】 Soil water and N rate had significant individual effects on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and showed interactive effects on dry matter(DM), root morphology, N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency(NUE). Both soil water deficit and excess had negative impacts on maize plant growth, DM accumulation, root development, and N uptake at the seedling stage, and was especially serious under W0 treatment. Compared with W2 treatment, on average in two years, shoot and root DM and plant N uptake under W0 treatment decreased by 55.5%, 60.1% and 45.8%, respectively, NUE decreased by 7.8 percentage points. And root length(RL) and root surface area(RSA) decreased by 58.2% and 59.5%, respectively. The N fertilization improved significantly maize plant growth and N uptake but reduced root/shoot ratio at the seedling stage. Moreover, the plant and root growth responses of N fertilizer differed obviously with the different soil water conditions. The N fertilization improved root growth in terms of higher RL, RSA and root volume(RV) under W2 treatment, and therefore showed the highest plant DM and N uptake. However, N fertilization limited root growth and decreased significantly RL and RSA under W0 and W1 treatments. The N fertilization also improved root growth under W3 treatment, but the N fertilizer response was still lower than that under W2 treatment. Across all the soil water conditions, maize plants showed higher RL and RSA under N1 treatments than that under N2 treatments, but the RV was equal or smaller, indicating that low N supply induced fine root development at the seedling stage. Soil water and N rate not only affected significantly maize root morphology, but also had great effects on root system spatial distribution. The water-stress induced deeper root growth and RL distribution in subsoil. Compared with W2 treatment, on average, the distribution ratio of RL in 0-12 cm soil layer decreased by 11.0 percentage points under W0 treatment and 8.3 percentage points under W1 treatment, but their distribution ratio in 24-36 cm soil layer increased by 9.5 and 6.9 percentage points, respectively. In contrast to soil water-stress condition, maize root system showed a concentrated trend in topsoil under over-watered condition. The N fertilization improved significantly root distribution in topsoil. Compared with N0 treatment, the RL distribution ratio increased by 16.3 and 13.7 percentage points higher in 0-12 cm soil layer under N1 and N2 treatments, respectively, and the distribution ratio decreased by 11.5 and 12.5 percentage points lower in 24-36 cm soil layer, respectively. Across all the soil water-N treatments, maize root system showed the more balanced spatial distribution under the W1 N1 treatment.【Conclusion】Soil water condition and N rate had significant coupling effects on maize seedling growth and root development. The appropriate soil water and N management could optimize root morphology and spatial distribution, and improve plant DM accumulation and N uptake. Therefore, we suggested reducing basal N rate to stimulate deeper root growth with more fine root by inducing the water-N coupling effect, and further to enhance plant resistance to drought stress and to improve NUE in spring maize production of Northeast China.
【Objective】 The frequent spring drought has severely negative impacts on seed emergence and seedling growth in the maize production of Northeast China. It is necessary to understand the coupling effects of soil water condition and nitrogen(N) rate on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and further to provide reference for optimizing water and N management in maize production of Northeast China. 【Method】In this study, two pot experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017, with a two factor factorial design of soil water and N rates. The soil water condition included 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of field capacity, respectively, representing severe water-stress(W0), moderate water-stress(W1), well-watered(W2) and over-watered(W3), respectively. The N rates included 0, 0.12 and 0.24 g·kg-1 soil, representing N-omission(N0), low N(N1) and high N(N2), respectively. 【Result】 Soil water and N rate had significant individual effects on maize plant and root growth at the seedling stage, and showed interactive effects on dry matter(DM), root morphology, N uptake, and N fertilizer use efficiency(NUE). Both soil water deficit and excess had negative impacts on maize plant growth, DM accumulation, root development, and N uptake at the seedling stage, and was especially serious under W0 treatment. Compared with W2 treatment, on average in two years, shoot and root DM and plant N uptake under W0 treatment decreased by 55.5%, 60.1% and 45.8%, respectively, NUE decreased by 7.8 percentage points. And root length(RL) and root surface area(RSA) decreased by 58.2% and 59.5%, respectively. The N fertilization improved significantly maize plant growth and N uptake but reduced root/shoot ratio at the seedling stage. Moreover, the plant and root growth responses of N fertilizer differed obviously with the different soil water conditions. The N fertilization improved root growth in terms of higher RL, RSA and root volume(RV) under W2 treatment, and therefore showed the highest plant DM and N uptake. However, N fertilization limited root growth and decreased significantly RL and RSA under W0 and W1 treatments. The N fertilization also improved root growth under W3 treatment, but the N fertilizer response was still lower than that under W2 treatment. Across all the soil water conditions, maize plants showed higher RL and RSA under N1 treatments than that under N2 treatments, but the RV was equal or smaller, indicating that low N supply induced fine root development at the seedling stage. Soil water and N rate not only affected significantly maize root morphology, but also had great effects on root system spatial distribution. The water-stress induced deeper root growth and RL distribution in subsoil. Compared with W2 treatment, on average, the distribution ratio of RL in 0-12 cm soil layer decreased by 11.0 percentage points under W0 treatment and 8.3 percentage points under W1 treatment, but their distribution ratio in 24-36 cm soil layer increased by 9.5 and 6.9 percentage points, respectively. In contrast to soil water-stress condition, maize root system showed a concentrated trend in topsoil under over-watered condition. The N fertilization improved significantly root distribution in topsoil. Compared with N0 treatment, the RL distribution ratio increased by 16.3 and 13.7 percentage points higher in 0-12 cm soil layer under N1 and N2 treatments, respectively, and the distribution ratio decreased by 11.5 and 12.5 percentage points lower in 24-36 cm soil layer, respectively. Across all the soil water-N treatments, maize root system showed the more balanced spatial distribution under the W1 N1 treatment.【Conclusion】Soil water condition and N rate had significant coupling effects on maize seedling growth and root development. The appropriate soil water and N management could optimize root morphology and spatial distribution, and improve plant DM accumulation and N uptake. Therefore, we suggested reducing basal N rate to stimulate deeper root growth with more fine root by inducing the water-N coupling effect, and further to enhance plant resistance to drought stress and to improve NUE in spring maize production of Northeast China.
引文
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[2]王崇桃,李少昆.玉米生产限制因素评估与技术优先序.中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1136-1146.WANG C T,LI S K.Assessment of limiting factors and techniques prioritization for maize production in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1136-1146.(in Chinese)
[3]YIN X,OLESEN J E,WANG M,KERSEBAUM K C,CHEN H,MOHAN S,?ZTüRK I,CHEN F.Adapting maize production to drought in the Northeast Farming Region of China.European Journal of Agronomy,2016,77:47-58.
[4]张淑杰,张玉书,孙龙彧,纪瑞鹏,蔡福,武晋雯,李广霞.东北地区玉米生育期干旱分布特征及其成因分析.中国农业气象,2013,34(3):350-357.ZHANG S J,ZHANG Y S,SUN L Y,JI R P,CAI F,WU J W,LI G X.Analysis of distributional characteristics and primary causes of maize drought in Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34(3):350-357.(in Chinese)
[5]LIU Z,HUBBARD K G,LIN X,YANG X.Negative effects of climate warming on maize yield are reversed by the changing of sowing date and cultivar selection in Northeast China.Global Change Biology,2013,19:3481-3492.
[6]冯冬蕾,程志刚,吴琼,朱津辉,曲骅倩,李吉.基于MCI指数的东北地区1961-2014年气象干旱特征分析.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(10):118-124.FENG D L,CHENG Z G,WU Q,ZHU J H,QU H Q,LI J,Meteorological drought characteristics in Northeast China from 1961to 2014 based on the comprehensive monitoring index analysis.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(10):118-124.(in Chinese)
[7]张仁和,薛吉全,浦军,赵兵,张兴华,郑友军,卜令铎.干旱胁迫对玉米苗期植株生长和光合特性的影响.作物学报,2011,37(3):521-528.ZHANG R H,XUE J Q,PU J,ZHAO B,ZHANG X H,ZHENG Y J,BU L D.Influence of drought stress on plant growth and photosynthetic traits in maize seedlings.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(3):521-528.(in Chinese)
[8]FLEXAS J,BOTA J,CIFRE,J,MARIANO ESCALONA J,GALMES J,GULIAS J,LEFI E,MARTINEZ-CANELLAS S,MORENO M,RIBAS-CARBO M,RIERA D,SAMPOL B,MEDRANO H.Understanding down-regulation of photosynthesis under water stress:Future prospects and searching for physiological tools for irrigation management.Annals of Applied Biology,2004,144(3):273-283.
[9]马树庆,王琪,张铁林,于海,徐丽萍,纪玲玲.吉林省中部玉米出苗率和产量对播种-出苗期水分胁迫的反应及其气象评估.应用生态学报,2014,25(2):451-457.MA S Q,WANG Q,ZHANG T L,YU H,XU L P,JI L L.Response of maize emergence rate and yield to soil water stress in period of seeding emergence and its meteorological assessment in central area of Jilin province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):451-457.(in Chinese)
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