西北太平洋沿海国海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价
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摘要
根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的1950—2010年西北太平洋各沿海国的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级(TL)以及Sea Around Us Project Database提供的无脊椎动物营养级,探讨了61年来西北太平洋各沿海国渔获物平均营养级的变化情况,以此判定各沿海国海洋渔业资源可持续利用情况。结果表明:除朝鲜外,其他沿海国均出现"捕捞对象沿着海洋食物网向下移动"的现象;中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯渔获物平均营养级降低的速度分别为0.26/10a、0.21/10a、0.24/10a、0.15/10a;由于各国采取的渔业管理措施不同,导致各国渔业资源出现不同的现状。渔获物平均营养级的变化情况能够反映捕捞活动下各海域海洋生态系统的变化情况,建议西北太平洋各沿海国建立起基于渔获物统计的海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价监测系统,以掌握各国海洋生态系统结构和功能是否健康,为建立基于生态系统的渔业管理提供基础。
Based on the data provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,integrating with trophic level of related fish species collected from fishbase and trophic level of invertebrate provided by Sea Around Us Project database,this paper analyzed the fluctuation on mean trophic level of catch in coastal states of the northwest Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 2010in order to estimate the state of fishery resources in coastal states of the northwest Pacific Ocean.The results showed that all the coastal states except North Korea appeared the phenomenon of"fishing down the marine food web".The decreasing speed of mean trophic level in China,Japan,South Korea and Russian were 0.26/decade,0.21/decade,0.24/decade,0.15/decade respectively.Due to the different fisheries management measures adopted by the countries,the state of fishery resources in different countries were entirely different.Changes in mean trophic level can reflect changes in marine ecosystem under fishing activities.For the purpose of knowing whether the structure and function of marine ecosystem is healthy or not in realtime,we recommend that each country should establish a monitoring system which based on the catch data to evaluate the sustainable utilization of marine fishery resources,and it can also provide the basis for the establishment of ecosystem-based fisheries management.
Based on the data provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,integrating with trophic level of related fish species collected from fishbase and trophic level of invertebrate provided by Sea Around Us Project database,this paper analyzed the fluctuation on mean trophic level of catch in coastal states of the northwest Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 2010in order to estimate the state of fishery resources in coastal states of the northwest Pacific Ocean.The results showed that all the coastal states except North Korea appeared the phenomenon of"fishing down the marine food web".The decreasing speed of mean trophic level in China,Japan,South Korea and Russian were 0.26/decade,0.21/decade,0.24/decade,0.15/decade respectively.Due to the different fisheries management measures adopted by the countries,the state of fishery resources in different countries were entirely different.Changes in mean trophic level can reflect changes in marine ecosystem under fishing activities.For the purpose of knowing whether the structure and function of marine ecosystem is healthy or not in realtime,we recommend that each country should establish a monitoring system which based on the catch data to evaluate the sustainable utilization of marine fishery resources,and it can also provide the basis for the establishment of ecosystem-based fisheries management.
引文
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[2]Pikitch E K,Santora C,Babcock E A,et al.Ecosystem-based fishery management[J].Science Magazine,2004,305(5682):346-347.
[3]Pauly D,Christensen V,Dalsgaard J,et al.Fishing down marine food webs[J].Science Magazine,1998,279(5352):860-863.
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[7]Freire K F,Pauly D.Fishing down Brazilian marine food webs,with emphasis on the east Brazil large marine ecosystem[J].Fisheries Research,2010,105(1):57-62.
[8]Pinnegar J K,Jennings S O,Brien C M,et al.Long-term changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(3):377-390.
[9]Bhathal B,Pauly D.‘Fishing down marine food webs’and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India,1950-2000[J].Fisheries Research,2008,91(1):26-34.
[10]朱国平,周应祺,许柳雄.印度洋金枪鱼渔业平均营养级的长期变动[J].大连水产学院学报,2008,23(6):484-488.
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[14]Pauly D,Christensen V,Walters C.Ecopath,Ecosim,and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2000,57(3):697-706.
[15]Pauly D,Christensen V,Froese R,et al.Fishing down acquatic food webs[J].American Scientist,2000,88:46-51.
[16]Cury P M,Shannon L J,Roux J P,et al.Trophodynamic indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2005,3(62):430-442.
[17]陈新军.渔业资源可持续利用评价理论和方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:1-53.
[18]Scheffer M,Carpenter S,Young B.Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2005,20(11):579-581.
[19]Pauly D,Watson R.Background and interpretation of the“Marine Trophic Index”as a measure of biodiversity[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005,360(1454):415-423.
[20]Essington T E,Beaudreau A H,Wiedenmann J.Fishing through marine food webs[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(9):3171-3175.
[21]Caddy J F,Csirke J,Garcia S M,et al.How Pervasive is“Fishing Down Marine Food Webs”[J].Science,1998,282(5393):1383.
[22]Caddy J F,Garibaldi L.Apparent changes in the trophic composition of world marine harvests:the perspective from the FAO capture database[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2000,43(8-9):615-655.
[23]陈新军.海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价[D].南京:南京农业大学,2001.
[24]Food and agriculture Organization of the United nations.The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010[R].Rome:FAO,2010:13-21.
[25]Matsuda H,Makino M,Tomiyama M,et al.Fisheries management in Japan[J].Ecological Research,2010,25(5):899-907.
[26]焦桂英,刘洪滨,朱贤姬.新世纪的韩国海洋渔业管理[J].中国渔业经济,2008,26(1):87-92.
[27]焦桂英,孙丽,刘洪滨.韩国海洋渔业管理的启示[J].海洋开发与管理,2008,12:42-48.
[28]李芳芳,冷传慧.朝鲜半岛周边渔业资源及经济合作现状[J].世界农业,2008,10:52-56.
[29]崔亚平.俄罗斯远东渔业的现状与未来[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2011(1):43-45.
[30]Sethi S A,Branch T A,Watson R.Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(27):12163-12167.
[31]Milessi A C,Arancibia H,Neira S,et al.The mean trophic level of Uruguayan landings during the period 1990-2001[J].Fisheries Research,2005,74(1-3):223-231.
[2]Pikitch E K,Santora C,Babcock E A,et al.Ecosystem-based fishery management[J].Science Magazine,2004,305(5682):346-347.
[3]Pauly D,Christensen V,Dalsgaard J,et al.Fishing down marine food webs[J].Science Magazine,1998,279(5352):860-863.
[4]Pennino M G,Bellido J M,Conesa D,et al.Trophic indicators to measure the impact of fishing on an exploited ecosystem[J].Animal Biodiversity and Conservation,2011,34(1):123-131.
[5]Daskalov G M.Overfishing drives a trophic cascade in the Black Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2001,225(1):53-63.
[6]Jaureguizar A J,Milessi A C.Assessing the sources of the fishing down marine food web process in the Argentine-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone[J].Scientia Marina,2008,72(1):25-36.
[7]Freire K F,Pauly D.Fishing down Brazilian marine food webs,with emphasis on the east Brazil large marine ecosystem[J].Fisheries Research,2010,105(1):57-62.
[8]Pinnegar J K,Jennings S O,Brien C M,et al.Long-term changes in the trophic level of the Celtic Sea fish community and fish market price distribution[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(3):377-390.
[9]Bhathal B,Pauly D.‘Fishing down marine food webs’and spatial expansion of coastal fisheries in India,1950-2000[J].Fisheries Research,2008,91(1):26-34.
[10]朱国平,周应祺,许柳雄.印度洋金枪鱼渔业平均营养级的长期变动[J].大连水产学院学报,2008,23(6):484-488.
[11]朱国平,张衡,王家樵,等.大西洋金枪鱼渔业平均营养级的长期变动[J].生态科学,2009,28(2):97-101.
[12]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.FAO yearbook.Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2010[M].Rome:FAO,2012.
[13]Pauly D,Palomares M L.Fishing down marine food web:It is far more pervasive than we thought[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2005,76(2):197-211.
[14]Pauly D,Christensen V,Walters C.Ecopath,Ecosim,and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2000,57(3):697-706.
[15]Pauly D,Christensen V,Froese R,et al.Fishing down acquatic food webs[J].American Scientist,2000,88:46-51.
[16]Cury P M,Shannon L J,Roux J P,et al.Trophodynamic indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2005,3(62):430-442.
[17]陈新军.渔业资源可持续利用评价理论和方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:1-53.
[18]Scheffer M,Carpenter S,Young B.Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2005,20(11):579-581.
[19]Pauly D,Watson R.Background and interpretation of the“Marine Trophic Index”as a measure of biodiversity[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2005,360(1454):415-423.
[20]Essington T E,Beaudreau A H,Wiedenmann J.Fishing through marine food webs[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2006,103(9):3171-3175.
[21]Caddy J F,Csirke J,Garcia S M,et al.How Pervasive is“Fishing Down Marine Food Webs”[J].Science,1998,282(5393):1383.
[22]Caddy J F,Garibaldi L.Apparent changes in the trophic composition of world marine harvests:the perspective from the FAO capture database[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2000,43(8-9):615-655.
[23]陈新军.海洋渔业资源可持续利用评价[D].南京:南京农业大学,2001.
[24]Food and agriculture Organization of the United nations.The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010[R].Rome:FAO,2010:13-21.
[25]Matsuda H,Makino M,Tomiyama M,et al.Fisheries management in Japan[J].Ecological Research,2010,25(5):899-907.
[26]焦桂英,刘洪滨,朱贤姬.新世纪的韩国海洋渔业管理[J].中国渔业经济,2008,26(1):87-92.
[27]焦桂英,孙丽,刘洪滨.韩国海洋渔业管理的启示[J].海洋开发与管理,2008,12:42-48.
[28]李芳芳,冷传慧.朝鲜半岛周边渔业资源及经济合作现状[J].世界农业,2008,10:52-56.
[29]崔亚平.俄罗斯远东渔业的现状与未来[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2011(1):43-45.
[30]Sethi S A,Branch T A,Watson R.Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(27):12163-12167.
[31]Milessi A C,Arancibia H,Neira S,et al.The mean trophic level of Uruguayan landings during the period 1990-2001[J].Fisheries Research,2005,74(1-3):223-231.