北京市清水与再生水协同利用优化模型
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摘要
开展协同利用清水与再生水的城市供水系统优化研究具有重要的科学意义和广阔的应用前景.为促进城市水资源高效利用,基于多水源转换关系以及再生水生产能力和利用潜力,构建了面向多区域多部门的城市清水与再生水协同利用优化模型,并以水资源严重短缺的北京市为例进行实证研究.设置规划方案基准情景和规划替代方案情景,分别优化了清水与再生水的协同利用方案以及再生水厂群的运行方案.在规划方案基准情景下,再生水占研究区用水总量的32%,分别占农业、工业、环境用水量的60%、30%和42%.海淀区和石景山区再生水供给矛盾将较为突出.相比之下,规划替代方案情景可以获得更高的经济效益,总效益增加6. 21亿元,同时能增加再生水利用量36. 59%、减少清水用量14. 02%.规划替代方案能更加充分地利用现有设施,促进水资源循环利用.此外,还提供了在现有设施条件下,再生水利用量由政策规划值逐渐提升至最佳规模过程中再生水厂群的运行过渡方案.本文建立的研究方法具有较广泛的适用性,可用于解决其它具有再生水利用潜力地区的水资源短缺问题.
Coordinated utilization of clear and reclaimed water in urban water supply systems has attracted wide attention from both academic and industrial communities. Although the potential and impacts of water reuse have been explored in previous studies,there is still a lack of model-based research that can optimize the utilization of clear and reclaimed water among multiple sectors and at multiple locations and the associated operations of multiple water treatment plants. In this study,an optimization model was developed for supporting the coordinated supply of clear and reclaimed water in urban water supply systems. This model was formulated based on the conversion relationships among clear water,wastewaters,and reclaimed water resources as well as a number of constraints such as the water reclamation capacities of existing wastewater treatment plants. The developed model provides optimal plans for allocating clear and reclaimed water and for operating wastewater treatment plants in a complex water supply system. The optimization model was applied to a case study in the central districts of Beijing,China. Optimal results were generated under both business-as-usual( BAU)and alternative scenarios in which the utilization scale of reclaimed water was capped and not capped,respectively,according to the existing city plans. Under the BAU scenario,reclaimed water accounted for 32% of the total water used,and contributed 60%,30%,and 42% of agricultural,industrial,and environmental water consumption,respectively. The supply-demand contradiction of reclaimed water was apparent in Haidian and Shijingshan districts. Compared to the BAU scenario,the alternative scenario achieved 0. 621 billion yuan more in economic gain,consumed 36. 59% more reclaimed water,and reduced clear water use by 14. 02%. The alternative scenario also improved the use of the capacities of existing facilities and promoted water reuse. Moreover,the operation plans of wastewater treatment plants for increasing the utilization amount of reclaimed water was provided. The developed model could be widely applied to other water-scare cities with water reclamation potential without loss of generality.
Coordinated utilization of clear and reclaimed water in urban water supply systems has attracted wide attention from both academic and industrial communities. Although the potential and impacts of water reuse have been explored in previous studies,there is still a lack of model-based research that can optimize the utilization of clear and reclaimed water among multiple sectors and at multiple locations and the associated operations of multiple water treatment plants. In this study,an optimization model was developed for supporting the coordinated supply of clear and reclaimed water in urban water supply systems. This model was formulated based on the conversion relationships among clear water,wastewaters,and reclaimed water resources as well as a number of constraints such as the water reclamation capacities of existing wastewater treatment plants. The developed model provides optimal plans for allocating clear and reclaimed water and for operating wastewater treatment plants in a complex water supply system. The optimization model was applied to a case study in the central districts of Beijing,China. Optimal results were generated under both business-as-usual( BAU)and alternative scenarios in which the utilization scale of reclaimed water was capped and not capped,respectively,according to the existing city plans. Under the BAU scenario,reclaimed water accounted for 32% of the total water used,and contributed 60%,30%,and 42% of agricultural,industrial,and environmental water consumption,respectively. The supply-demand contradiction of reclaimed water was apparent in Haidian and Shijingshan districts. Compared to the BAU scenario,the alternative scenario achieved 0. 621 billion yuan more in economic gain,consumed 36. 59% more reclaimed water,and reduced clear water use by 14. 02%. The alternative scenario also improved the use of the capacities of existing facilities and promoted water reuse. Moreover,the operation plans of wastewater treatment plants for increasing the utilization amount of reclaimed water was provided. The developed model could be widely applied to other water-scare cities with water reclamation potential without loss of generality.
引文
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[15] Tan Q, Huang G H, Cai Y P. Multi-source multi-sector sustainable water supply under multiple uncertainties:an inexact fuzzy-stochastic quadratic programming approach[J]. Water Resources Management,2013,27(2):451-473.
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[19]王佳,李雪,潘涛,等.北京市再生水回用策略分析[J].给水排水,2013,39(S1):208-213.
[20] Liang X,van Dijk M P. Evaluating the interests of different stakeholders in Beijing wastewater reuse systems for sustainable urban water management[J]. Sustainability,2016,8(11):1098.
[21]徐华山,赵磊,孙昊苏,等.南水北调中线北京段水质状况分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1357-1365.Xu H S,Zhao L,Sun H S,et al. Water quality analysis of Beijing segment of South-to-North water diversion middle route project[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1357-1365.
[22]王丽亚.北京平原区地下水可持续利用模型研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
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[25]刘洪禄,吴文勇,师彦武,等.北京市再生水利用潜力与配置方案研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(S2):289-291.Liu H L,Wu W Y,Shi Y W,et al. Reclaimed wastewater use potential and collocation scheme for different industries in Beijing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(S2):289-291.
[26] DB11/890-2012,城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准[S].
[27]蒋勇,阜葳,毛联华,等.城市污水处理厂运行能耗影响因素分析[J].北京交通大学学报,2014,38(1):33-37.Jiang Y,Fu W,Mao L H,et al. Influence factors analysis of urban sewage treatment plant on energy consumption[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University,2014,38(1):33-37.
[28]许世伟,刘菲,白宇,等.北京市地方标准《污水单位产品能耗限额》的研究与思考[J].给水排水,2014,40(11):109-111.Xu S W,Liu F,Bai Y,et al. Study on Beijing local standard"Energy Consumption Limit of Sewage Unit Product"[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2014,40(11):109-111.
[29]杨敏,李亚明,魏源送,等.大型再生水厂不同污水处理工艺的能耗比较与节能途径[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2203-2209.Yang M, Li Y M, Wei Y S, et al. Energy consumption comparison and energy saving approaches for different wastewater treatment processes in a large-scale reclaimed water plant[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2203-2209.
[2] Kang S Z,Hao X M,Du T S,et al. Improving agricultural water productivity to ensure food security in China under changing environment:from research to practice[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2017,179:5-17.
[3] Lyu S D,Chen W P,Zhang W L,et al. Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China:opportunities and challenges[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,39:86-96.
[4]闫旭,邱德志,郭东丽,等.中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1256-1263.Yan X, Qiu D Z, Guo D L, et al. Emission inventory of greenhouse gas from urban wastewater treatment plants and its temporal and spatial distribution in China[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1256-1263.
[5]刘晓君,付汉良,孙伟.西北干旱缺水城市污水再生利用系统决策优化[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(1):211-217.Liu X J, Fu H L, Sun W. Optimized decision-making of reclaimed water reuse system of water resources constraint cities in northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(1):211-217.
[6]王骁,许素,陶文绮,等.再生水补水河道水质的生态修复示范工程及效能分析[J].环境工程学报,2018,12(7):2132-2140.Wang X,Xu S,Tao W Q,et al. Ecological restoration project of water quality in urban river supplied with reclaimed water and its efficiency analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2018,12(7):2132-2140.
[7] Wu W Y,Dandy G C,Maier H R,et al. Identification of optimal water supply portfolios for a major city[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2017,143(9):05017007.
[8] Zhang W L,Wang C,Li Y,et al. Seeking sustainability:multiobjective evolutionary optimization for urban wastewater reuse in China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(2):1094-1102.
[9] Pintilie L,Torres C M,Teodosiu C,et al. Urban wastewater reclamation for industrial reuse:An LCA case study[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,139:1-14.
[10] Ray P A,Kirshen P H,Vogel R M. Integrated optimization of a dual quality water and wastewater system[J]. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,2010,136(1):37-47.
[11]王永刚,王旭,孙长虹,等.再生水补给型城市河流水质改善效果模拟[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(6):54-60.Wang Y G,Wang X,Sun C H,et al. Assessment of water environmental control on reclaimed water supply-type river[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(6):54-60.
[12]李旭.北京市再生水利用的环境经济综合影响评价[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[13] Ye Q L,Li Y,Zhuo L,et al. Optimal allocation of physical water resources integrated with virtual water trade in water scarce regions:A case study for Beijing,China[J]. Water Research,2018,129:264-276.
[14] Dai C,Cai Y P,Liu Y,et al. A generalized interval fuzzy chance-constrained programming method for domestic wastewater management under uncertainty-A case study of Kunming,China[J]. Water Resources Management,2015,29(9):3015-3036.
[15] Tan Q, Huang G H, Cai Y P. Multi-source multi-sector sustainable water supply under multiple uncertainties:an inexact fuzzy-stochastic quadratic programming approach[J]. Water Resources Management,2013,27(2):451-473.
[16] He G Y,Yan J J,Sha J H,et al. Exploration of an optimal policy for water resources management including the introduction of advanced sewage treatment technologies in Zaozhuang City,China[J]. Water,2016,8(12):608.
[17]范育鹏,陈卫平.北京市再生水利用生态环境效益评估[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):4003-4008.Fan Y P,Chen W P. Assessment of ecological environment benefits of reclaimed water reuse in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(10):4003-4008.
[18]王强,刘京,王军.北京市中心城再生水利用规划探讨[J].给水排水,2012,38(10):47-51.Wang Q,Liu J,Wang J. Reclaimed water utilization potential in the central of Beijing[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2012,38(10):47-51.
[19]王佳,李雪,潘涛,等.北京市再生水回用策略分析[J].给水排水,2013,39(S1):208-213.
[20] Liang X,van Dijk M P. Evaluating the interests of different stakeholders in Beijing wastewater reuse systems for sustainable urban water management[J]. Sustainability,2016,8(11):1098.
[21]徐华山,赵磊,孙昊苏,等.南水北调中线北京段水质状况分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1357-1365.Xu H S,Zhao L,Sun H S,et al. Water quality analysis of Beijing segment of South-to-North water diversion middle route project[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1357-1365.
[22]王丽亚.北京平原区地下水可持续利用模型研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2014.
[23]北京市水务局.北京市水资源公报[R].北京:北京市水务局,2016. 1-19.
[24]北京市规划和国土资源管理委员会北京市政府.北京城市总体规划(2016-2035)[EB/OL]. http://bjghw. gov. cn/web/ztgh/ztgh100. html,2017-09-29.
[25]刘洪禄,吴文勇,师彦武,等.北京市再生水利用潜力与配置方案研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(S2):289-291.Liu H L,Wu W Y,Shi Y W,et al. Reclaimed wastewater use potential and collocation scheme for different industries in Beijing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(S2):289-291.
[26] DB11/890-2012,城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准[S].
[27]蒋勇,阜葳,毛联华,等.城市污水处理厂运行能耗影响因素分析[J].北京交通大学学报,2014,38(1):33-37.Jiang Y,Fu W,Mao L H,et al. Influence factors analysis of urban sewage treatment plant on energy consumption[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University,2014,38(1):33-37.
[28]许世伟,刘菲,白宇,等.北京市地方标准《污水单位产品能耗限额》的研究与思考[J].给水排水,2014,40(11):109-111.Xu S W,Liu F,Bai Y,et al. Study on Beijing local standard"Energy Consumption Limit of Sewage Unit Product"[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering,2014,40(11):109-111.
[29]杨敏,李亚明,魏源送,等.大型再生水厂不同污水处理工艺的能耗比较与节能途径[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2203-2209.Yang M, Li Y M, Wei Y S, et al. Energy consumption comparison and energy saving approaches for different wastewater treatment processes in a large-scale reclaimed water plant[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2203-2209.