机器翻译研究进展对翻译职业化的影响
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摘要
世界全球化、国际化进程的加速,尤其是随着我国"一带一路"倡议和"中国企业和文化走出去"战略的深入推进,加深了世界各国之间政治、经济、文化交往,进而加剧了世界各国对语言和翻译服务的需求。现代计算机、互联网、大数据、云计算等技术的日新月异给机器翻译技术和翻译职业化提供了诸多机遇,也提出了巨大的挑战。本文回顾性分析了机器翻译研究进展和翻译职业化的现状,从译者素养、翻译方式、翻译方法等多维视角探讨了机器翻译研究对翻译职业化的影响,指出这对翻译工作者、翻译职业乃至翻译产业都将是一次巨大的挑战和机遇。
With the quick pace of globalization and internationalization,especially the expansion and promotion of "The Belt and Road"and"Chinese Enterprises and Culture Going Out"strategies,the communication in politics,economy and culture between different countries around the world has been promoted,which boosts the increasing needs of language and translation service between different countries around the world. The technology of modern computer,Internet,big data and cloud computing has been changed rapidly,which brings about both opportunities and challenges. Research development in machine translation and the status quo of translation professionalization have been reviewed and analyzed. The influence of research development in machine translation on translation professionalization has been discussed in this paper from the perspectives of translators' literacy,mode of translation and translation methods,which generates great opportunities and challenges for translators,translation profession as well as translation industry.
With the quick pace of globalization and internationalization,especially the expansion and promotion of "The Belt and Road"and"Chinese Enterprises and Culture Going Out"strategies,the communication in politics,economy and culture between different countries around the world has been promoted,which boosts the increasing needs of language and translation service between different countries around the world. The technology of modern computer,Internet,big data and cloud computing has been changed rapidly,which brings about both opportunities and challenges. Research development in machine translation and the status quo of translation professionalization have been reviewed and analyzed. The influence of research development in machine translation on translation professionalization has been discussed in this paper from the perspectives of translators' literacy,mode of translation and translation methods,which generates great opportunities and challenges for translators,translation profession as well as translation industry.
引文
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Bahdanau,D.,Cho,K.,Bengio,Y.2016-05-19.Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate[EB/OL].[2017-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473v7.
Canzani,C.2016.An Overview of the Translation and Interpreting Industries[R].The Symposium on Professionalization in Translation and Interpreting.New York:John Jay College of Criminal Justice,City University of New York.
Chan,A.L.J.2009.Effectiveness of Translator Certification as a Signaling Device:Views from the Translator Recruiters[J].Translation and Interpreting Studies,4(2):155-171.
Chan,S.W.2004.A Dictionary of Translation Technology[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press.
Chan,S.W.2015.The Development of Translation Technology 1967-2013[G]∥Chan Sin-wai.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,3-31.
De Palma,D.A.et al.2016.The Language Service Market:2016[R].Cambridge,MA:Commense Advisory.
Hutchins,J.&Lovtsky,E.2000.Petr Petrovich Trojanskii(1894-1950):A Forgotten Pioneer of Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,15(3):187-221.
Hutchins,J.&H.Somers.1992.An Introduction to Machine Translation[M].London/San Diego:Academic Press.
Hutchins,J.1986.Machine Translation:Past,Present,Future[M].Chichester:Ellis Horwood Limited.
Hutchins,J.1988.Recent Developments in Machine Translation:A Review of the Last Five Years[G]∥Maxwell,D.et al.New Directions in Machine Translation,9-63.
Hutchins,J.1993.The First MT Patents[J].MT News International(5):14-15.
Hutchins,J.1997.Fifty Years of the Computer and Translation[J].MT News International(16):14-15.
Hutchins,J.1998.Milestones in Machine Translation.No.2:Weaver’s 1949 Memorandum[J].Language Today(6):22-23.
Hutchins,J.1999.Milestones in Machine Translation.No.5:The IBM-Georgetown demonstration,January 1954[J].Language Today(16):19-20.
Hutchins,J.2000.Early Years in Machine Translation:Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers[G].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Hutchins,J.2001.Machine Translation over Fifty Years[J].Historire,Epistemologie,Langage,22(1):7-31.
Hutchins,J.2004.The Georgetown-IBM Experiment Demonstrated in January 1954[G]∥Robert E.Frederking&Kathryn B.Taylor.Machine Translation:From Real Users to Research:6thConference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas.Berlin:Springer,102-114.
Hutchins,J.2010.Machine Translation:A Concise History[J].Journal of Translation Studies(13):1-21.
Hutchins,J.2015.Machine Translation:History of Research and Applications[G]∥Chan Sin-wai.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,120-136.
Johnson,M.,Schuster,M.,Le,Q.et al.2017-08-21.Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System:Enabling ZeroShot Translation[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558v2.
Ju,E.M.L.2009.The Professionalization of Interpreting in Taiwan:A Critical Review of Tseng’s Model[J].Compilation and Translation Review,2(2):105-125.
Kastberg,P.2012.Machine Translation Tools:Tools of the Translator’s Trade[J].Communication&Language at Work(1):34-45.
Kay,M.1982.Machine Transaltion[J].American Journal of Computational Linguistics,8(2):74-78.
Quah,C.K.2006.Translation and Technology[M].Hingham:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Quah,K.2006.Machine Translation Systems[G]∥Quah K.Translation and Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,57-92.
Somers,H.1992.Current Research in Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,7(4):231-246.
Somers,H.1998.Machine Translation[G]∥Mona Baker.Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation.London/New York:Routledge,140-149.
Somers,H.1999.Example-based Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,14(2):113-158.
Somers,H.2003.Computers and Translation[G].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Somers,H.2005.Machine Translation:Latest Developments[G]∥Ruslan Mitkov.The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics.Oxford:Oxford University Press,512-528.
Sutskever,I.,Vinyals,O.,Le,Q.2014-12-14.Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1409.3215v3.
Tyulenev,S.,Zheng,B.H.&P.Johnson.2017.A Comparative Study of Translation or Interpreting as a Profession in Russia,China and Spain[J].Translation and Interpreting Studies,12(2):332-354.
Warwick,S.1987.An Overview of Post-ALPAC Developments[G]∥Margaret King.Machine Translation Today:The State of the Art.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,22-37.
Wu,Y.H.,Schuster,M.,Chen,Z.F.et al..2016-10-08.Google’s Neural Machine Translation System:Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144v2.
方梦之.2012.ESP与翻译职业化[J].上海理工大学学报(社会科学版)(1):1-6.
冯志伟.1999.机器翻译---从梦想到现实[J].中国翻译(4):37-40.
国家信息中心“一带一路”大数据中心.2017.“一带一路”大数据报告(2017)[M].北京:商务印书馆.
哈里旦木·阿布都克里木,刘洋,孙茂松.2017.神经机器翻译系统在维吾尔语-汉语翻译中的性能对比[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),57(8):878-883.
刘洋.2017.神经机器翻译前沿进展[J].计算机研究与发展,54(6):1144-1149.
陆艳.2013.云计算下的翻译模式研究[J].上海翻译(3):55-59.
钱多秀.2011.计算机辅助翻译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
陶李春.2016.道技融合,学以为用:《计算机辅助翻译实践》评介[J].外语教学(5):111-113.
王华树.2017.语言服务的协同创新与规范发展---2016中国语言服务业大会暨中国译协年会综述[J].中国翻译(1):85-88.
王家义,李德凤,李丽青.2018.大数据背景下的互联网翻译---开源理念与模式创新[J].中国翻译(2):78-82.
王少爽.2017.职业化时代译者信息素养研究:需求分析、概念阐释与模型构建[J].外语界(1):55-63.
谢天振,何绍斌.2013.简明中西翻译史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
谢天振,等.2009.中西翻译简史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
谢天振.2014.论翻译的职业化时代[J].东方翻译(2):4-9.
袁于飞.2016-01-18.大数据时代:机器翻译能否取代人工[N/OL].光明日报.[2018-10-14].http:∥epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2016-01/18/nw.D110000gmrb_20160118_2-05.htm.
张政.2010.计算语言学与机器翻译导论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
祝朝伟.2018.机器翻译要取代作为人的译者了吗?---兼谈翻译人才培养中科技与人文的关系[J].外国语文(3):101-109.
(1)参见黄慧雯. 2018-03-16. AI里程碑:微软中翻英机器水准“媲美人类”[N/OL].中时电子报,[2018-10-23]. https:∥www. chinatimes. com/cn/realtimenews/20180316001580-260412.
Bahdanau,D.,Cho,K.,Bengio,Y.2016-05-19.Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate[EB/OL].[2017-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473v7.
Canzani,C.2016.An Overview of the Translation and Interpreting Industries[R].The Symposium on Professionalization in Translation and Interpreting.New York:John Jay College of Criminal Justice,City University of New York.
Chan,A.L.J.2009.Effectiveness of Translator Certification as a Signaling Device:Views from the Translator Recruiters[J].Translation and Interpreting Studies,4(2):155-171.
Chan,S.W.2004.A Dictionary of Translation Technology[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press.
Chan,S.W.2015.The Development of Translation Technology 1967-2013[G]∥Chan Sin-wai.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,3-31.
De Palma,D.A.et al.2016.The Language Service Market:2016[R].Cambridge,MA:Commense Advisory.
Hutchins,J.&Lovtsky,E.2000.Petr Petrovich Trojanskii(1894-1950):A Forgotten Pioneer of Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,15(3):187-221.
Hutchins,J.&H.Somers.1992.An Introduction to Machine Translation[M].London/San Diego:Academic Press.
Hutchins,J.1986.Machine Translation:Past,Present,Future[M].Chichester:Ellis Horwood Limited.
Hutchins,J.1988.Recent Developments in Machine Translation:A Review of the Last Five Years[G]∥Maxwell,D.et al.New Directions in Machine Translation,9-63.
Hutchins,J.1993.The First MT Patents[J].MT News International(5):14-15.
Hutchins,J.1997.Fifty Years of the Computer and Translation[J].MT News International(16):14-15.
Hutchins,J.1998.Milestones in Machine Translation.No.2:Weaver’s 1949 Memorandum[J].Language Today(6):22-23.
Hutchins,J.1999.Milestones in Machine Translation.No.5:The IBM-Georgetown demonstration,January 1954[J].Language Today(16):19-20.
Hutchins,J.2000.Early Years in Machine Translation:Memoirs and Biographies of Pioneers[G].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Hutchins,J.2001.Machine Translation over Fifty Years[J].Historire,Epistemologie,Langage,22(1):7-31.
Hutchins,J.2004.The Georgetown-IBM Experiment Demonstrated in January 1954[G]∥Robert E.Frederking&Kathryn B.Taylor.Machine Translation:From Real Users to Research:6thConference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas.Berlin:Springer,102-114.
Hutchins,J.2010.Machine Translation:A Concise History[J].Journal of Translation Studies(13):1-21.
Hutchins,J.2015.Machine Translation:History of Research and Applications[G]∥Chan Sin-wai.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,120-136.
Johnson,M.,Schuster,M.,Le,Q.et al.2017-08-21.Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System:Enabling ZeroShot Translation[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558v2.
Ju,E.M.L.2009.The Professionalization of Interpreting in Taiwan:A Critical Review of Tseng’s Model[J].Compilation and Translation Review,2(2):105-125.
Kastberg,P.2012.Machine Translation Tools:Tools of the Translator’s Trade[J].Communication&Language at Work(1):34-45.
Kay,M.1982.Machine Transaltion[J].American Journal of Computational Linguistics,8(2):74-78.
Quah,C.K.2006.Translation and Technology[M].Hingham:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Quah,K.2006.Machine Translation Systems[G]∥Quah K.Translation and Technology.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,57-92.
Somers,H.1992.Current Research in Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,7(4):231-246.
Somers,H.1998.Machine Translation[G]∥Mona Baker.Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation.London/New York:Routledge,140-149.
Somers,H.1999.Example-based Machine Translation[J].Machine Translation,14(2):113-158.
Somers,H.2003.Computers and Translation[G].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Somers,H.2005.Machine Translation:Latest Developments[G]∥Ruslan Mitkov.The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics.Oxford:Oxford University Press,512-528.
Sutskever,I.,Vinyals,O.,Le,Q.2014-12-14.Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1409.3215v3.
Tyulenev,S.,Zheng,B.H.&P.Johnson.2017.A Comparative Study of Translation or Interpreting as a Profession in Russia,China and Spain[J].Translation and Interpreting Studies,12(2):332-354.
Warwick,S.1987.An Overview of Post-ALPAC Developments[G]∥Margaret King.Machine Translation Today:The State of the Art.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,22-37.
Wu,Y.H.,Schuster,M.,Chen,Z.F.et al..2016-10-08.Google’s Neural Machine Translation System:Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation[EB/OL].[2018-09-18].hpps:∥arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144v2.
方梦之.2012.ESP与翻译职业化[J].上海理工大学学报(社会科学版)(1):1-6.
冯志伟.1999.机器翻译---从梦想到现实[J].中国翻译(4):37-40.
国家信息中心“一带一路”大数据中心.2017.“一带一路”大数据报告(2017)[M].北京:商务印书馆.
哈里旦木·阿布都克里木,刘洋,孙茂松.2017.神经机器翻译系统在维吾尔语-汉语翻译中的性能对比[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),57(8):878-883.
刘洋.2017.神经机器翻译前沿进展[J].计算机研究与发展,54(6):1144-1149.
陆艳.2013.云计算下的翻译模式研究[J].上海翻译(3):55-59.
钱多秀.2011.计算机辅助翻译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
陶李春.2016.道技融合,学以为用:《计算机辅助翻译实践》评介[J].外语教学(5):111-113.
王华树.2017.语言服务的协同创新与规范发展---2016中国语言服务业大会暨中国译协年会综述[J].中国翻译(1):85-88.
王家义,李德凤,李丽青.2018.大数据背景下的互联网翻译---开源理念与模式创新[J].中国翻译(2):78-82.
王少爽.2017.职业化时代译者信息素养研究:需求分析、概念阐释与模型构建[J].外语界(1):55-63.
谢天振,何绍斌.2013.简明中西翻译史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
谢天振,等.2009.中西翻译简史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
谢天振.2014.论翻译的职业化时代[J].东方翻译(2):4-9.
袁于飞.2016-01-18.大数据时代:机器翻译能否取代人工[N/OL].光明日报.[2018-10-14].http:∥epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2016-01/18/nw.D110000gmrb_20160118_2-05.htm.
张政.2010.计算语言学与机器翻译导论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
祝朝伟.2018.机器翻译要取代作为人的译者了吗?---兼谈翻译人才培养中科技与人文的关系[J].外国语文(3):101-109.
(1)参见黄慧雯. 2018-03-16. AI里程碑:微软中翻英机器水准“媲美人类”[N/OL].中时电子报,[2018-10-23]. https:∥www. chinatimes. com/cn/realtimenews/20180316001580-260412.