法治视域中的中国近代民主实践:阶段、进路与归因
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摘要
近代中国社会转型中,民主实践历经清末立宪政治改良运动、民国初期南北政治分裂军政嬗变及国民党施行军政训政三个不同阶段,执政当局、思想精英和政治实权人物曾经积极主导推动民主实践的法治化运作,分别提出有君行宪、再造新民、因人制宪、三民主义、联治民主五种进路,试图走出一条以施行宪制为依托的现代民主政治之路,但最终都以失败告终。这些民主实践的失败,固然与当时中国社会的政治、经济、文化发展阶段以及内乱外患交织的时势有关,但从法治视域观察,其根本的原因是在国家政治体制的构建中,违背了民主政治发展的基本规律,脱离了国情民意的宪制选择,导致宪法功能运用不当。由此可见,法治乃民主运行发展的稳控器,发挥以宪法为核心的良法善治法律体系功能,是民主稳定健康运行的保障。
% In the process of social transformation in modern China, democratic practice has gone through three different stages: the movement of constitutional political improvement at the end of Qing Dynasty, the evolution of military and political division between North and South in the early Republic of China, the military rule and political tutelage by the Kuomintang. The ruling authorities, ideological elites and political power figures have actively led the rule of law operation in promoting democratic practice, putting forward the following proposals: constitutional monarchy, rebuilding new citizens, constitution-making by-person, the Three People's Principles and Democratic Governance. The five approaches try to find a way of modern democratic politics based on the implementation of constitutionalism, but they all end in failure. Although the failure of these democratic practices was related to the political, economic and cultural development stage of Chinese society at that time, as well as the intertwined situation of civil strife and foreign invasion,the fundamental reason from the perspective of the rule of law was that in the construction of the national political system,it violated the basic law of democratic political development, departed from the constitutional choice of national conditions and public opinion, and resulted in the improper use of constitutional functions. This shows that the rule of law is the stabilizer of democratic operation and development. It is the guarantee of stable and healthy operation of democracy to give full play to the function of the legal system of good law and good governance centered on the Constitution.
% In the process of social transformation in modern China, democratic practice has gone through three different stages: the movement of constitutional political improvement at the end of Qing Dynasty, the evolution of military and political division between North and South in the early Republic of China, the military rule and political tutelage by the Kuomintang. The ruling authorities, ideological elites and political power figures have actively led the rule of law operation in promoting democratic practice, putting forward the following proposals: constitutional monarchy, rebuilding new citizens, constitution-making by-person, the Three People's Principles and Democratic Governance. The five approaches try to find a way of modern democratic politics based on the implementation of constitutionalism, but they all end in failure. Although the failure of these democratic practices was related to the political, economic and cultural development stage of Chinese society at that time, as well as the intertwined situation of civil strife and foreign invasion,the fundamental reason from the perspective of the rule of law was that in the construction of the national political system,it violated the basic law of democratic political development, departed from the constitutional choice of national conditions and public opinion, and resulted in the improper use of constitutional functions. This shows that the rule of law is the stabilizer of democratic operation and development. It is the guarantee of stable and healthy operation of democracy to give full play to the function of the legal system of good law and good governance centered on the Constitution.
引文
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[10]姚琦.民初内阁风潮述论[J].贵州文史丛刊,1996,(1):1-23.
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