基于场地小气候特征的草本植物群落设计研究
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摘要
根据城市风景园林小气候与场地生境条件的联系,阐述了结合场地生境营造进行植物群落构建的必要性。基于西安建筑科技大学南门花园的场地小气候特征,通过对生境因子的计算机分析模拟与实验观测,确定日照条件、土壤水分条件和风环境是决定该场地生境类型划分的主要影响因子,在此基础上进行场地生境类型划分,并提出了适应降水、日照、气温、风等小气候因子的植物群落设计策略和目标,构建冬季"枯而不倒"的群落形态为主要建群种、形成以"地被层—季节主题层—结构层"为主体的草本植物群落分层组构模式。
According to the relationship between the microclimate of urban landscape and the habitat conditions of the site, this research proposed the necessity of constructing plant community with the habitat-site design. Based on the computer analysis simulation and experimental observation of the habitat of the South-gate Garden of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, this paper determines that the sunshine conditions, soil water conditions and wind environment are the main factors determining the habitat type division of the site. On this basis, this paper divides into the classification of site habitat types, puts forward the design strategies and objectives of plant communities suitable for microclimate factors such as precipitation, sunshine, air temperature and wind, builds a "dry but not fallen" community pattern in winter, which is the main building group and the stratified fabric model of the herbaceous plant community, which is mainly composed of "ground cover—season theme layer—structure layer".
According to the relationship between the microclimate of urban landscape and the habitat conditions of the site, this research proposed the necessity of constructing plant community with the habitat-site design. Based on the computer analysis simulation and experimental observation of the habitat of the South-gate Garden of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, this paper determines that the sunshine conditions, soil water conditions and wind environment are the main factors determining the habitat type division of the site. On this basis, this paper divides into the classification of site habitat types, puts forward the design strategies and objectives of plant communities suitable for microclimate factors such as precipitation, sunshine, air temperature and wind, builds a "dry but not fallen" community pattern in winter, which is the main building group and the stratified fabric model of the herbaceous plant community, which is mainly composed of "ground cover—season theme layer—structure layer".
引文
[1]刘晖,王晶懋,吴小辉.生境营造的实验性研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(3):5-9.LIU Hui,WANG Jingmao,WU Xiaohui.An Experimental Research Approach on the Habitat-site Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(3):5-9.
[2]HERBERT A.SIMON H A.The Sciences of the Artificial[M].MIT Press,1996.
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[4]刘滨谊,张德顺,张琳.上海城市开敞空间小气候适应性设计基础调查研[J].中国园林,2014(3):17-22.LIU Binyi,ZHANG Deshun,ZHANG Lin.Basic Investigation and Research of Microclimate Responsive Landscape Design in Shanghai Urban Open Spaces[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014(3):17-22.
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[6]朱春阳,李树华,纪鹏.城市带状绿地结构类型与温湿效应的关系[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1255-1260.ZHU Chunyang,LI Shuhua,JI Peng.Relationships between Urban Green Belt Structure and Temperature-Humidity Effect[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(5):1255-1260.
[7]刘晖,吴小辉,李仓拴.生境营造的实验性研究(二):场地生境类型划分与分区[J].中国园林,2017,33(7):46-53.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,LI Cangshuan.An Experimental Research Approach on Habitat-site DesignⅡ:Study on Habitat-site Types and Zoning in Urban Green Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(7):46-53.
[8]刘晖,吴小辉,薛治纲,等.场地生境营造的实验与计算机模拟设计研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(10):19-23.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,XUE Zhigang,et al.Research on the Site Habitat Construction Experiment and Computer Simulation Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(10):19-23.
[9]HOPKINS T M,MILLER C M.Systems and Methods for Detecting and Translating Sunlight Exposure Data:US,US20050230598[P].2005.
[10]胡永红,王丽勉,秦俊,等.不同群落结构的绿地对夏季微气候的改善效果[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):235-237.HU Yonghong,WANG Limian,QIN Jun,et al.The Improvement of Different Community Structure Green Lands on Summer Microclimate[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2006,34(2):235-237.
[11]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017(5):16-21.HANG Ye.Development and Application of Herbaceous Vegetation in New Naturalistic Ecological Planting Design[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):16-21.
[12]王云才,韩丽莹,王春平.群落生态设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.WANG Yuncai,HAN Liying,WANG Chunping.Ecological Design of Community[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2009.
[13]袁嘉,杜春兰.新自然主义草本植物景观在城市雨水花园中的应用与设计[J].风景园林,2017(5):22-27.YUAN Jia,DU Chunlan.The Application and Design of the New Naturalistic Herbaceous Planting in Urban Rain Gardens[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):22-27.
图1、6由王晶懋绘制;图2~5、7由吴小辉绘制;图8由李仓拴拍摄;图9由王晶懋拍摄;表1由王晶懋绘制。
[2]HERBERT A.SIMON H A.The Sciences of the Artificial[M].MIT Press,1996.
[3]埃维特·埃雷尔,戴维·珀尔穆特.城市小气候-建筑之间的空间设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014.ELREL E,PERLMUTTER D.Urban Microclimate:Pace Design between Buildings[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2014.
[4]刘滨谊,张德顺,张琳.上海城市开敞空间小气候适应性设计基础调查研[J].中国园林,2014(3):17-22.LIU Binyi,ZHANG Deshun,ZHANG Lin.Basic Investigation and Research of Microclimate Responsive Landscape Design in Shanghai Urban Open Spaces[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014(3):17-22.
[5]吴菲,李树华,刘娇妹.林下广场、无林广场和草坪的温、湿度及人体舒适度[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):2964-2971.WU Fei,LI Shuhua,LIU Jiaomei.The Effects of Greening,None-greening Square and Lawn on Temperature,Humidity and Human Comfort[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(7):2964-2971.
[6]朱春阳,李树华,纪鹏.城市带状绿地结构类型与温湿效应的关系[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(5):1255-1260.ZHU Chunyang,LI Shuhua,JI Peng.Relationships between Urban Green Belt Structure and Temperature-Humidity Effect[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(5):1255-1260.
[7]刘晖,吴小辉,李仓拴.生境营造的实验性研究(二):场地生境类型划分与分区[J].中国园林,2017,33(7):46-53.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,LI Cangshuan.An Experimental Research Approach on Habitat-site DesignⅡ:Study on Habitat-site Types and Zoning in Urban Green Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(7):46-53.
[8]刘晖,吴小辉,薛治纲,等.场地生境营造的实验与计算机模拟设计研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(10):19-23.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,XUE Zhigang,et al.Research on the Site Habitat Construction Experiment and Computer Simulation Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(10):19-23.
[9]HOPKINS T M,MILLER C M.Systems and Methods for Detecting and Translating Sunlight Exposure Data:US,US20050230598[P].2005.
[10]胡永红,王丽勉,秦俊,等.不同群落结构的绿地对夏季微气候的改善效果[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):235-237.HU Yonghong,WANG Limian,QIN Jun,et al.The Improvement of Different Community Structure Green Lands on Summer Microclimate[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2006,34(2):235-237.
[11]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017(5):16-21.HANG Ye.Development and Application of Herbaceous Vegetation in New Naturalistic Ecological Planting Design[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):16-21.
[12]王云才,韩丽莹,王春平.群落生态设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.WANG Yuncai,HAN Liying,WANG Chunping.Ecological Design of Community[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2009.
[13]袁嘉,杜春兰.新自然主义草本植物景观在城市雨水花园中的应用与设计[J].风景园林,2017(5):22-27.YUAN Jia,DU Chunlan.The Application and Design of the New Naturalistic Herbaceous Planting in Urban Rain Gardens[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):22-27.
图1、6由王晶懋绘制;图2~5、7由吴小辉绘制;图8由李仓拴拍摄;图9由王晶懋拍摄;表1由王晶懋绘制。