负性情绪背景和延迟对时间性前瞻记忆的影响
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摘要
采用2(情绪效价:负性、中性)×2(延迟设置:短延迟、长延迟)的实验设计,探究负性情绪对时间性前瞻记忆的干扰效应。结果显示在短延迟条件下,负性情绪组的前瞻记忆成绩差于中性情绪组,负性情绪组的总时间监控次数和监控后期的时间监控次数均少于中性情绪组;在长延迟条件下,负性情绪组的前瞻记忆成绩和监控后期的时间监控次数与中性情绪组均无差异。结果说明负性情绪会干扰时间性前瞻记忆,而给予较长延迟可以消除这种干扰效应。
Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to carry out the planned event or activity in a given time or situation in the future.According to the nature of the clue, prospective memory is generally divided into event-based prospective memory and time-based prospective memory. We focus on time-based prospective memory which needs to be executed at a specific time period or a specific time point. Prospective memory is easily influenced by external factors, such as negative emotion. Negative emotion is an unpleasant state, which usually disintegrates our cognitive processing. A large number of studies have found that negative emotion interferes with prospective memory performance. Some evidence shows that interference of negative emotion to prospective memory may be influenced by cognitive resources. However, some researchers argue that delay can provide participants with more cognitive resource for processing prospective memory tasks. Our aim is to explore whether the interference of negative emotion on prospective memory can be eliminated through adding the delay.We directly explored two problems:(1) Whether negative emotion had an impact on prospective memory;(2) Whether the delay could eliminate the interference effect. Emotional pictures were selected from Chinese Affective Picture System(CAPS). The procedure was written in E-Prime 1.0.Ongoing task was n-back(n=1) tasks. We adopted multiple indicators as a basis for judgment. Firstly, the comparison of the results of prospective memory indicated whether negative emotion interfered with prospective memory. Secondly, comparison of the difference of time monitoring reflected the cognitive processing degree of prospective memory tasks to a certain extent. In addition, the number of attentions in the later period of time monitoring reflected the effectiveness of time monitoring. The results of were as follows:(1) The score of prospective memory in negative emotional group was worse than that in neutral emotional group when there was short delay. However, in the long delay condition, there was no difference between the negative emotional group and neutral emotional group.(2) The number of time monitoring in total in negative emotion group was less than that of neutral group.(3) The number of time monitoring in the later period of negative emotion group was worse than that of neutral emotional group when there was short delay. However, in the delay condition, there was no difference between neutral emotional group and negative emotion group in the same index.(4) The reaction speed of negative emotion group was slower than that of neutral emotion group in ongoing tasks.The above analysis shows that negative emotion can interfere with time-based prospective memory. However, long delay can eliminate the interference effect. The interference of negative emotion on prospective memory is mainly influenced by attention inputs and effectiveness of monitoring. The elimination of interference effect through adding the delay is mainly due to the improvement of monitoring effectiveness. However,long delay does not eliminate the interference of negative emotions on ongoing tasks.In conclusion, negative emotion interferes with prospective memory. The setting of long delay can eliminate the interference effect through improving the effectiveness of time monitoring.
Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to carry out the planned event or activity in a given time or situation in the future.According to the nature of the clue, prospective memory is generally divided into event-based prospective memory and time-based prospective memory. We focus on time-based prospective memory which needs to be executed at a specific time period or a specific time point. Prospective memory is easily influenced by external factors, such as negative emotion. Negative emotion is an unpleasant state, which usually disintegrates our cognitive processing. A large number of studies have found that negative emotion interferes with prospective memory performance. Some evidence shows that interference of negative emotion to prospective memory may be influenced by cognitive resources. However, some researchers argue that delay can provide participants with more cognitive resource for processing prospective memory tasks. Our aim is to explore whether the interference of negative emotion on prospective memory can be eliminated through adding the delay.We directly explored two problems:(1) Whether negative emotion had an impact on prospective memory;(2) Whether the delay could eliminate the interference effect. Emotional pictures were selected from Chinese Affective Picture System(CAPS). The procedure was written in E-Prime 1.0.Ongoing task was n-back(n=1) tasks. We adopted multiple indicators as a basis for judgment. Firstly, the comparison of the results of prospective memory indicated whether negative emotion interfered with prospective memory. Secondly, comparison of the difference of time monitoring reflected the cognitive processing degree of prospective memory tasks to a certain extent. In addition, the number of attentions in the later period of time monitoring reflected the effectiveness of time monitoring. The results of were as follows:(1) The score of prospective memory in negative emotional group was worse than that in neutral emotional group when there was short delay. However, in the long delay condition, there was no difference between the negative emotional group and neutral emotional group.(2) The number of time monitoring in total in negative emotion group was less than that of neutral group.(3) The number of time monitoring in the later period of negative emotion group was worse than that of neutral emotional group when there was short delay. However, in the delay condition, there was no difference between neutral emotional group and negative emotion group in the same index.(4) The reaction speed of negative emotion group was slower than that of neutral emotion group in ongoing tasks.The above analysis shows that negative emotion can interfere with time-based prospective memory. However, long delay can eliminate the interference effect. The interference of negative emotion on prospective memory is mainly influenced by attention inputs and effectiveness of monitoring. The elimination of interference effect through adding the delay is mainly due to the improvement of monitoring effectiveness. However,long delay does not eliminate the interference of negative emotions on ongoing tasks.In conclusion, negative emotion interferes with prospective memory. The setting of long delay can eliminate the interference effect through improving the effectiveness of time monitoring.
引文
白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制--在46名中国大学生中的试用.中国心理卫生杂志,19(11),719-722.
郭云飞,干加裙,张哲,黄婷红,陈幼贞.(2016).编码方式、认知负荷和线索数量对前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,39(5),1058-1063.
刘伟.(2014).前瞻记忆:社会心理学的视野.北京:北京大学出版社.
卢家楣,孙俊才,刘伟.(2008).诱发负性情绪时人际情绪调节与个体情绪调节对前瞻记忆的影响.心理学报,40(12),1258-1265.
尹杰,黄希庭.(2015).时间性前瞻记忆的理论模型及神经机制.西南大学学报(社会科学版),41(1),107-117.
尹杰,黄希庭.(2016).情绪对前瞻记忆的影响及其神经基础.心理学进展,6(4),464-471.
尹杰,刘培朵,杨波,黄希庭.(2018).情绪刺激对前瞻记忆的影响.心理学探新,38(2),117-122.
袁宏,黄希庭.(2011).A/b型人格对时间性前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,34(4),770-774.
袁宏,袁祥勇,尹天子,陈幼贞,黄希庭.(2011).背景任务刺激间的时距对前瞻干扰效应的影响.心理学报,43(5),500-508.
Ballhausen,N.,Rendell,P.G.,Henry,J.D.,Joeffry,S.,&Kliegel,M.(2015).Emotional valence differentially affects encoding and retrieval of prospective memory in older adults.Aging,Neuropsychology,and Cognition,22(5),544-559.
Einstein,G.O.,&McDaniel,M.A.(1990).Normal aging and prospective memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,16(4),717-726.
Graf,P.,&Grondin,S.(2006).Time perception and time-based prospective memory.In J.Glicksohn&M.S.Myslobodsky(Eds.),Timing the future:The case for a time-based prospective memory(pp.1-24).London:World Scientific Publishing.
Heathcote,A.,Loft,S.,&Remington,R.W.(2015).Slow down and remember to remember!A delay theory of prospective memory costs.Psychological Review,122(2),376-410.
Jeong,J.M.,&Cranney,J.(2009).Motivation,depression,and naturalistic timebased prospective remembering.Memory,17(7),732-741.
Kahneman,D.,Ben-Ishai,R.,&Lotan,M.(1973).Relation of a test of attention to road accidents.Journal of Applied Psychology,58(1),113-115.
Keogh,E.,&French,C.C.(1999).The effect of trait anxiety and mood manipulation on the breadth of attention.European Journal of Personality,13(3),209-223.
Loft,S.,&Remington,R.W.(2013).Wait a second:Brief delays in responding reduce focality effects in event-based prospective memory.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(7),1432-1447.
M?ki-Marttunen,V.,Kuusinen,V.,Brause,M.,Per?kyl?,J.,Polvivaara,M.,dos Santos Ribeiro,R.,et al.(2015).Enhanced attention capture by emotional stimuli in mild traumatic brain injury.Journal of Neurotrauma,32(4),272-279.
Maniscalco,B.,McCurdy,L.Y.,Odegaard,B.,&Lau,H.(2017).Limited cognitive resources explain a trade-off between perceptual and metacognitive vigilance.Journal of Neuroscience,37(5),1213-1224.
Rude,S.S.,Hertel,P.T.,Jarrold,W.,Covich,J.,&Hedlund,S.(1999).Depression-related impairments in prospective memory.Cognition and Emotion,13(3),267-276.
Schnitzspahn,K.M.,Thorley,C.,Phillips,L.,Voigt,B.,Threadgold,E.,Hammond,E.R.,et al.(2014).Mood impairs time-based prospective memory in young but not older adults:The mediating role of attentional control.Psychology and Aging,29(2),264-270.
Strickland,L.,Heathcote,A.,Remington,R.W.,&Loft,S.(2017).Accumulating evidence about what prospective memory costs actually reveal.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,43(10),1616-1629.
郭云飞,干加裙,张哲,黄婷红,陈幼贞.(2016).编码方式、认知负荷和线索数量对前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,39(5),1058-1063.
刘伟.(2014).前瞻记忆:社会心理学的视野.北京:北京大学出版社.
卢家楣,孙俊才,刘伟.(2008).诱发负性情绪时人际情绪调节与个体情绪调节对前瞻记忆的影响.心理学报,40(12),1258-1265.
尹杰,黄希庭.(2015).时间性前瞻记忆的理论模型及神经机制.西南大学学报(社会科学版),41(1),107-117.
尹杰,黄希庭.(2016).情绪对前瞻记忆的影响及其神经基础.心理学进展,6(4),464-471.
尹杰,刘培朵,杨波,黄希庭.(2018).情绪刺激对前瞻记忆的影响.心理学探新,38(2),117-122.
袁宏,黄希庭.(2011).A/b型人格对时间性前瞻记忆的影响.心理科学,34(4),770-774.
袁宏,袁祥勇,尹天子,陈幼贞,黄希庭.(2011).背景任务刺激间的时距对前瞻干扰效应的影响.心理学报,43(5),500-508.
Ballhausen,N.,Rendell,P.G.,Henry,J.D.,Joeffry,S.,&Kliegel,M.(2015).Emotional valence differentially affects encoding and retrieval of prospective memory in older adults.Aging,Neuropsychology,and Cognition,22(5),544-559.
Einstein,G.O.,&McDaniel,M.A.(1990).Normal aging and prospective memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,16(4),717-726.
Graf,P.,&Grondin,S.(2006).Time perception and time-based prospective memory.In J.Glicksohn&M.S.Myslobodsky(Eds.),Timing the future:The case for a time-based prospective memory(pp.1-24).London:World Scientific Publishing.
Heathcote,A.,Loft,S.,&Remington,R.W.(2015).Slow down and remember to remember!A delay theory of prospective memory costs.Psychological Review,122(2),376-410.
Jeong,J.M.,&Cranney,J.(2009).Motivation,depression,and naturalistic timebased prospective remembering.Memory,17(7),732-741.
Kahneman,D.,Ben-Ishai,R.,&Lotan,M.(1973).Relation of a test of attention to road accidents.Journal of Applied Psychology,58(1),113-115.
Keogh,E.,&French,C.C.(1999).The effect of trait anxiety and mood manipulation on the breadth of attention.European Journal of Personality,13(3),209-223.
Loft,S.,&Remington,R.W.(2013).Wait a second:Brief delays in responding reduce focality effects in event-based prospective memory.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(7),1432-1447.
M?ki-Marttunen,V.,Kuusinen,V.,Brause,M.,Per?kyl?,J.,Polvivaara,M.,dos Santos Ribeiro,R.,et al.(2015).Enhanced attention capture by emotional stimuli in mild traumatic brain injury.Journal of Neurotrauma,32(4),272-279.
Maniscalco,B.,McCurdy,L.Y.,Odegaard,B.,&Lau,H.(2017).Limited cognitive resources explain a trade-off between perceptual and metacognitive vigilance.Journal of Neuroscience,37(5),1213-1224.
Rude,S.S.,Hertel,P.T.,Jarrold,W.,Covich,J.,&Hedlund,S.(1999).Depression-related impairments in prospective memory.Cognition and Emotion,13(3),267-276.
Schnitzspahn,K.M.,Thorley,C.,Phillips,L.,Voigt,B.,Threadgold,E.,Hammond,E.R.,et al.(2014).Mood impairs time-based prospective memory in young but not older adults:The mediating role of attentional control.Psychology and Aging,29(2),264-270.
Strickland,L.,Heathcote,A.,Remington,R.W.,&Loft,S.(2017).Accumulating evidence about what prospective memory costs actually reveal.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,43(10),1616-1629.