中国标准化政策演进研究:基于文本量化分析
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摘要
标准从现代化的生产手段已经转变成为涉及国家安全、关系国家生态发展、经济生活变化的重要工具。伴随着标准化在社会经济发展中的作用不断显现,标准治理的问题也日益受到重视。标准化政策是标准化管理工作的最直接体现,改革开放以来,我国颁布了一系列标准化政策,是我国标准体制改革的重要依据。基于不同时期政策的发文数量、府际关系、主题变迁等文本特征,本文搜集了1979-2017年国家层面的标准化政策,通过R、Gephi等软件,进行社会网络分析,研究其发文单位府际关系网络,挖掘发文单位之间的合作情况;利用对应分析研究不同阶段的主题演变;最后进行内容分析,对每一阶段的政策文本进行主题词分析和关键政策分析,从而研究标准化政策的演进路线,探究我国标准化管理的发展轨迹和一般规律。研究结果表明:政府对标准化政策的供给能力不断加强,政策发文效力扩大;标准体制改革,呈现与创新、产业协同发展的趋势;不同时期的标准化政策重点随技术变革而不断扩散,渗透到更多领域;政府积极引导标准化成为新技术及产业发展价值链中的重要环节。
Standards have been transformed from modern means of production to important tools related to national security,national ecological development and changes in economic life. Along with the role of standardization in social and economic development,the number of standards shows blowout growth,involving all trades and professions. However,the quality of the new standards is not uniform,so more and more attention has been paid to the governance of standards. Standardization policy is the most direct manifestation of standardization management. Since the reform and opening up,China has promulgated a series of relevant national standardization policies,which is an important basis for the reform of China's standardization system.This paper collects 245 standardization policies at the national level from 1979 to 2017. Based on the textual characteristics of policies in different periods( number of papers,intergovernmental relations,theme changes),the process of standardization reform is analyzed from the policy level. Based on the typical key events or key documents in the process of standardization development in China,this paper divides the period of 1979-2017 into four main stages: the establishment stage of institutional framework from 1979 to 2001; the innovation stage from 2002 to 2008; the multi-level diversification stage from 2009 to 2014;and the open governance stage from 2015 to 2017.Through the information of the publishing units of standardization policy texts,this paper uses Gephi to analyze the social network of the publishing units in which co-publishing exists,so as to study the inter-governmental relationship network among the publishing units and excavate the cooperation among the publishing units. Subsequently,the R language package is used to segment policy texts,remove irrelevant words,obtain annual high-frequency words,and draw overall word cloud. In this paper,the high-frequency words in different stages are analyzed and the evolution process of standardization policy theme is preliminarily understood. Finally,this paper uses content analysis to analyze the keywords and key policies of each stage of standardization policy,so as to study the evolution route of standardization policy and explore the development track and general rules of standardization management in China.The results show that from the analysis of the number of policies and the publishing units,we can see that the government's supply capacity for standardization policies has been continuously strengthened,the effectiveness of policy issuance has been expanded,and the application fields of standards have been expanded; from the analysis of inter-governmental cooperation relations among publishing units,we can see that the standardization system has gradually been reformed,and standards have become the link between technological innovation and market innovation,showing synergistic development with innovation and industry;from the corresponding analysis results of the keywords,we can see that the focus of standardization policy in different periods is spreading with the technological change,penetrating into more levels,the emergence of standards stimulates the burst of market vitality; from the analysis of the evolution of the theme of standardization policy,we can see that the government is actively guiding standardization to become an important link in the value chain of new technology and industrial development,and standards become one of the driving forces behind the rise of emerging markets.
Standards have been transformed from modern means of production to important tools related to national security,national ecological development and changes in economic life. Along with the role of standardization in social and economic development,the number of standards shows blowout growth,involving all trades and professions. However,the quality of the new standards is not uniform,so more and more attention has been paid to the governance of standards. Standardization policy is the most direct manifestation of standardization management. Since the reform and opening up,China has promulgated a series of relevant national standardization policies,which is an important basis for the reform of China's standardization system.This paper collects 245 standardization policies at the national level from 1979 to 2017. Based on the textual characteristics of policies in different periods( number of papers,intergovernmental relations,theme changes),the process of standardization reform is analyzed from the policy level. Based on the typical key events or key documents in the process of standardization development in China,this paper divides the period of 1979-2017 into four main stages: the establishment stage of institutional framework from 1979 to 2001; the innovation stage from 2002 to 2008; the multi-level diversification stage from 2009 to 2014;and the open governance stage from 2015 to 2017.Through the information of the publishing units of standardization policy texts,this paper uses Gephi to analyze the social network of the publishing units in which co-publishing exists,so as to study the inter-governmental relationship network among the publishing units and excavate the cooperation among the publishing units. Subsequently,the R language package is used to segment policy texts,remove irrelevant words,obtain annual high-frequency words,and draw overall word cloud. In this paper,the high-frequency words in different stages are analyzed and the evolution process of standardization policy theme is preliminarily understood. Finally,this paper uses content analysis to analyze the keywords and key policies of each stage of standardization policy,so as to study the evolution route of standardization policy and explore the development track and general rules of standardization management in China.The results show that from the analysis of the number of policies and the publishing units,we can see that the government's supply capacity for standardization policies has been continuously strengthened,the effectiveness of policy issuance has been expanded,and the application fields of standards have been expanded; from the analysis of inter-governmental cooperation relations among publishing units,we can see that the standardization system has gradually been reformed,and standards have become the link between technological innovation and market innovation,showing synergistic development with innovation and industry;from the corresponding analysis results of the keywords,we can see that the focus of standardization policy in different periods is spreading with the technological change,penetrating into more levels,the emergence of standards stimulates the burst of market vitality; from the analysis of the evolution of the theme of standardization policy,we can see that the government is actively guiding standardization to become an important link in the value chain of new technology and industrial development,and standards become one of the driving forces behind the rise of emerging markets.
引文
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[10]周银玲.国际法视野下的标准治理[J].时代法学,2014,12(6):100-110.Zhou Yinling.Governance by standards:International law perspective[J].Presentday Law Science,2014,12(6):100-110.
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[13]王珊珊,刘雪松,林艳.技术标准化的政府功能定位与行为模式[J].科技管理研究,2016,36(19):40-44+51.Wang Shanshan,Liu Xuesong,Lin Yan.Research on government’s function orientation and behavior patterns in technology standardization[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2016,36(19):40-44+51.
[14]郑卫华.让数字做见证,从变化看发展---中国标准化六十年的发展与创新[J].标准生活,2009(10):16-21.Zheng Weihua.Let the numbers bear witness to the development from the perspective of change-The development and innovation of China’s standardization in the past 60 years[J].Standard Living,2009(10):16-21.
[15]黄萃,任弢,张剑.政策文献量化研究:公共政策研究的新方向[J].公共管理学报,2015,12(2):129-137+158-159.Huang Cui,Ren Xu,Zhang Jian.Policy documents quantitative research:A new direction for public policy study[J].Journal of Public Management,2015,12(2):129-137+158-159.
[16]王洛忠,李奕璇.2015年度中国公共政策研究现状与未来展望---基于对“四刊”公共政策类论文的分析[J].北京行政学院学报,2016(3):50-60.Wang Luozhong,Li Yixuan.Research status and future prospects of China’s public policy in 2015:Based on the analysis of"Four Journals"of public policy papers[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2016(3):50-60.
[17]Nassirtoussi AK,Aghabozorgi S,Wah TY,et al.Text mining for market prediction:A systematic review[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2014,41(16):7653-7670.
[18]Choudhary A K,Oluikpe P I,Harding J A,et al.The needs and benefits of text mining applications on post-project reviews[J].Computers in Industry,2009,60(9):728-740.
[19]杨慧,杨建林.融合LDA模型的政策文本量化分析---基于国际气候领域的实证[J].现代情报,2016,36(5):71-81.Yang Hui,Yang Jianlin.Quantitative analysis of policy text merged with LDA model:Based on the field of international climate as demonstration[J].Journal of Modern Information,2016,36(5):71-81.
[20]张雯雯,许鑫.文本挖掘工具述评[J].图书情报工作,2012,56(8):26-31+55.Zhang Wenwen,Xu Xin.Review of text mining tools[J].Library and Information Service,2012,56(8):26-31+55.
[21]李解,王建平,许娜,周哲.基于文本挖掘的地铁施工安全风险事故致险因素分析[J].隧道建设,2017,37(2):160-166.Li Jie,Wang Jianping,Xu Na,et al.Analysis of safety risk factors for metro construction based on text mining method[J].Tunnel Construction,2017,37(2):160-166.
[22]康东.中文文本挖掘基本理论与应用[D].苏州:苏州大学,2014.Kang Dong.Basic theory and application of Chinese text mining[D].Suzhou:Soochow University,2014.
[23]孙瑞英.从定性、定量到内容分析法---图书、情报领域研究方法探讨[J].现代情报,2005(1):02-06.Sun Ruiying.From qualitative analysis,quantitative analysis to content analysis,a study of research methods in the field of books and information[J].Modern Information,2005(1):02-06.
[2]徐湘林.公共政策研究基本问题与方法探讨[J].新视野,2003(6):50-52.Xu Xianglin.Basic issues and methods of public policy research[J].Expanding Horizons,2003(6):50-52.
[3]Woodrow Wilson.The study of administration[J].American Political Science Review,2009,2(1):197-222.
[4]Eastind.The political system[M].New York:Knopf,1953:129.
[5]严荣.公共政策研究方法:演进路径与发展[A].中国行政管理学会.全国首次公共行政管理方法论创新学术研讨会资料文集[C].中国行政管理学会:,2004:9.Yan Rong.Research methods of public policy:Evolution path and development[A].China Administration Society.Data Collection of the First National Symposium on Innovation of Public Administration Methodology[C].China Administration Society,2004:09.
[6]刘文,卢凤君,周飞跃,刘俊华.促使我国技术标准与科技研发协调发展[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2003(9):23-25.Liu Wen,Lu Fengjun,Zhou Feiyue,Liu Junhua.Promoting the coordinated development of China’s technical standards and R&D in science and technology[J].World Standardization and Quality Management,2003(9):23-25.
[7]李贵宝,窦以松,张征,高本虎.技术标准与科技研发协调发展的若干思考[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005(1):29-33.Li Guibao,Dou Yisong,Zhang Zheng,Gao Benhu.Comments on development of coordination between technical standards and research and development practice[J].Journal of China Institute of Water,2005(1):29-33.
[8]周永根.科技计划与科技标准协同创新模式研究[J/OL].科技进步与对策:1-4[2018-05-31].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1224.G3.20180515.0913.054.html.Zhou Yonggen.Research on model of synergetic innovation of plan&standards of science and technology[J/OL].Science&Technology Progress and Policy:1-4[2018-08-15].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1224.G3.20180515.0913.054.html.
[9]方放,吴慧霞.团体标准设定的公共治理模式研究[J].中国软科学,2017(2):66-75.Fang Fang,Wu Huixia.Research on the modes of public governance of social organization standardization[J].China Soft Science,2017(2):66-75.
[10]周银玲.国际法视野下的标准治理[J].时代法学,2014,12(6):100-110.Zhou Yinling.Governance by standards:International law perspective[J].Presentday Law Science,2014,12(6):100-110.
[11]刘三江,刘辉.中国标准化体制改革思路及路径[J].中国软科学,2015(7):01-12.Liu Sanjiang,Liu Hui.Considerations and path for the reform of China’s standardization system[J].China Soft Science,2015(7):01-12.
[12]李志军.我国标准化管理体制改革的目标、原则与重点[J].科学与管理,2004(2):28-30.Li Zhijun.Objectives,principles and key points of standardization management system reform in China[J].Science and Management,2004(2):28-30.
[13]王珊珊,刘雪松,林艳.技术标准化的政府功能定位与行为模式[J].科技管理研究,2016,36(19):40-44+51.Wang Shanshan,Liu Xuesong,Lin Yan.Research on government’s function orientation and behavior patterns in technology standardization[J].Science and Technology Management Research,2016,36(19):40-44+51.
[14]郑卫华.让数字做见证,从变化看发展---中国标准化六十年的发展与创新[J].标准生活,2009(10):16-21.Zheng Weihua.Let the numbers bear witness to the development from the perspective of change-The development and innovation of China’s standardization in the past 60 years[J].Standard Living,2009(10):16-21.
[15]黄萃,任弢,张剑.政策文献量化研究:公共政策研究的新方向[J].公共管理学报,2015,12(2):129-137+158-159.Huang Cui,Ren Xu,Zhang Jian.Policy documents quantitative research:A new direction for public policy study[J].Journal of Public Management,2015,12(2):129-137+158-159.
[16]王洛忠,李奕璇.2015年度中国公共政策研究现状与未来展望---基于对“四刊”公共政策类论文的分析[J].北京行政学院学报,2016(3):50-60.Wang Luozhong,Li Yixuan.Research status and future prospects of China’s public policy in 2015:Based on the analysis of"Four Journals"of public policy papers[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2016(3):50-60.
[17]Nassirtoussi AK,Aghabozorgi S,Wah TY,et al.Text mining for market prediction:A systematic review[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2014,41(16):7653-7670.
[18]Choudhary A K,Oluikpe P I,Harding J A,et al.The needs and benefits of text mining applications on post-project reviews[J].Computers in Industry,2009,60(9):728-740.
[19]杨慧,杨建林.融合LDA模型的政策文本量化分析---基于国际气候领域的实证[J].现代情报,2016,36(5):71-81.Yang Hui,Yang Jianlin.Quantitative analysis of policy text merged with LDA model:Based on the field of international climate as demonstration[J].Journal of Modern Information,2016,36(5):71-81.
[20]张雯雯,许鑫.文本挖掘工具述评[J].图书情报工作,2012,56(8):26-31+55.Zhang Wenwen,Xu Xin.Review of text mining tools[J].Library and Information Service,2012,56(8):26-31+55.
[21]李解,王建平,许娜,周哲.基于文本挖掘的地铁施工安全风险事故致险因素分析[J].隧道建设,2017,37(2):160-166.Li Jie,Wang Jianping,Xu Na,et al.Analysis of safety risk factors for metro construction based on text mining method[J].Tunnel Construction,2017,37(2):160-166.
[22]康东.中文文本挖掘基本理论与应用[D].苏州:苏州大学,2014.Kang Dong.Basic theory and application of Chinese text mining[D].Suzhou:Soochow University,2014.
[23]孙瑞英.从定性、定量到内容分析法---图书、情报领域研究方法探讨[J].现代情报,2005(1):02-06.Sun Ruiying.From qualitative analysis,quantitative analysis to content analysis,a study of research methods in the field of books and information[J].Modern Information,2005(1):02-06.