公众网络反腐败参与研究——以全国网络问政平台的大数据分析为例
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摘要
贪腐问题不仅是党和政府致力于解决的重大社会问题,也是民众网络政治参与的重要诉求内容。本文通过网络问政平台获得的民众网络举报腐败投诉的海量信息,综合应用自动文本分析、空间分析和统计分析方法,描述和统计了民众网络投诉的数量变化、议题类型分布状况以及不同身份的投诉主体的诉求内容。民众通过网络这一信息平台进行腐败投诉的行为不仅是新媒介环境下实现政治参与的有效手段,而且也是观察十八大以来反腐倡廉工作成效的渠道。
This paper explores the problem of public participation in anti-corruption through the internet. Based on the big data from the Message Board for Local Leaders in China, the text analysis, unsupervised learning methods and Spatial analysis method are employed to answer what and how the public participate in the anti-corruption activities. We find that different features on the reporting issues about corruption exist in different groups. It is more efficient for the public to report corruption.
This paper explores the problem of public participation in anti-corruption through the internet. Based on the big data from the Message Board for Local Leaders in China, the text analysis, unsupervised learning methods and Spatial analysis method are employed to answer what and how the public participate in the anti-corruption activities. We find that different features on the reporting issues about corruption exist in different groups. It is more efficient for the public to report corruption.
引文
[1]孟天广,郭凤林.大数据政治学:新信息时代的政治现象及其探析路径[J].国外理论动态,2015(1).
[2][7]孟天广,李锋.网络空间的政治互动:公民诉求与政府回应性[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015(3).
[3]Chadwick A.Internet Politics:States,Citizens,and New Communication Technologies.New York:Oxford University Press,2006.
[4][5][6]王明生,杨涛.改革开放以来我国政治参与研究的回顾与展望[J].清华大学学报,2011(6).
[8]Gong,T..The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China:An Analysis of Policy Outcomes.Westport,CT:Praeger,1994;Sun,Y..Corruption and Market in Contemporary China.Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2004;Lu,X.B..Cadre and Corruption:the Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party.Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,2000;Kwong,J..The Political Economy of Corruption in China.New York:M.E.Sharpe,1997;White,G..Corruption and Market Reform in China,IDSBulletin,1996,27(2);Wedeman,A..Corruption and Politics,China Review,1996,61-94;Wedeman,A..The Intensification of Corruption in China.China Quarterly,2004,180,895-921;Wedeman,A..Anticorruption Campaigns and the Intensification of Corruption in China.Journal of Contemporary China,2005,14(42);Guo,Y..Corruption in Transitional China:An Empirical Analysis.China Quarterly,2008.194,349-364;He,Z.K..Corruption and AntiCorruption in Reform China.Communist and PostCommunist Studies,2000,33(2).
[9]Gong,T..The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China:An Analysis of Policy Outcomes.Westport,CT:Praeger,1994;Lu,X.B..Cadre and Corruption:the Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party.Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,2000.
[10]Gong,T..Forms and Characteristics of China’s Corruption in the 1990s:Change with Continuity.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,1997,30,278-286.
[11]Sun,Y..Corruption and Market in Contemporary China,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2004;Ma,S.K..Reform Corruption:A Discussion on China’s Current Development.Pacific Affairs,1989,62(1).
[12]Wedeman,A..Anticorruption Campaigns and the Intensification of Corruption in China.Journal of Contemporary China,2005,14(42);Manion,M..Corruption by Design:Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing.Journal of Law,Economics and Organization,1996(12).
[13]Quade,E.A..The Logic of Anticorruption Enforcement Campaigns in Contemporary China.Journal of Contemporary China,2007,16(50);Chan,H.S.,Gao J..Old Wine in New Bottles:ACounty-Level Case Study of Anti-Corruption Reform in the People’s Republic of China.Crime Law and Social Change,2008,49(2).
[14]倪星.专栏:制度转向、智力共识与中国的反腐败活动.公共行政评论,2012(5).
[15]Manion,M..Taking China’s Anticorruption Campaign Seriously.Economic and Political Studies,2016(4);Huihua Nie&Mengqi Wang..Are Foreign Monks Better at Chanting?The Effect of‘Airborne’SDICs on AntiCorruption.Economic and Political Studies,2016(4).
[16]Manion,M..Corruption by Design:Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong.Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2004.
[17]Chan,H.S.,Gao J..Old Wine in New Bottles:ACounty-Level Case Study of Anti-Corruption Reform in the People’s Republic of China.Crime Law and Social Change,2008,49(2).
[18]丛玉飞.反腐模式转型之社会向度--基于多元治理视角的理解[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2014(3).
[19]李辉.超越国家中心主义:中国腐败治理的历史梳理[J].文化纵横,2013(3).
[20][25]李传军,符丽丽,刘伟.公民参与视角下的网络反腐研究--基于2008-2012年网络反腐典型案件的分析[J].电子政务,2014(1).
[21][22]http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0902/14/2457585_311603782.shtml
[23]程宇.从技术治理到制度建设:网络反腐的路径选择[J].山东行政学院学报,2014(2).
[24]杜治洲,任建明.我国网络反腐特点与趋势的实证研究[J].河南社会科学,2011(10).
[26][27]Justin Grimmer and Brandon M-Stewart.,“Text as data:The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts”,Political Analysis,2013,21(03).
[28]李培林.2014年中国社会形势分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.
(1)在本文的分析中,关于腐败的界定是较为狭义的刑法定义下的概念及犯罪类型,即仅包括贪污、受贿、索贿、渎职四种。但下文中将“以权谋私、官商勾结、三公消费、挪用公款和涉黑腐败”划为与腐败紧密相关的一些行为,这些行为在严格意义上并不能构成刑法规定下的腐败犯罪,但却与腐败紧密相关,属于腐败的灰色行为。
(2)所有表格加起来都不等于100%,因为大数据分析是混合分类,比如一个投诉既涉及经济腐败,也可能同时涉及司法腐败。所以类别之间不是互斥、穷尽的。
[2][7]孟天广,李锋.网络空间的政治互动:公民诉求与政府回应性[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015(3).
[3]Chadwick A.Internet Politics:States,Citizens,and New Communication Technologies.New York:Oxford University Press,2006.
[4][5][6]王明生,杨涛.改革开放以来我国政治参与研究的回顾与展望[J].清华大学学报,2011(6).
[8]Gong,T..The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China:An Analysis of Policy Outcomes.Westport,CT:Praeger,1994;Sun,Y..Corruption and Market in Contemporary China.Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2004;Lu,X.B..Cadre and Corruption:the Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party.Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,2000;Kwong,J..The Political Economy of Corruption in China.New York:M.E.Sharpe,1997;White,G..Corruption and Market Reform in China,IDSBulletin,1996,27(2);Wedeman,A..Corruption and Politics,China Review,1996,61-94;Wedeman,A..The Intensification of Corruption in China.China Quarterly,2004,180,895-921;Wedeman,A..Anticorruption Campaigns and the Intensification of Corruption in China.Journal of Contemporary China,2005,14(42);Guo,Y..Corruption in Transitional China:An Empirical Analysis.China Quarterly,2008.194,349-364;He,Z.K..Corruption and AntiCorruption in Reform China.Communist and PostCommunist Studies,2000,33(2).
[9]Gong,T..The Politics of Corruption in Contemporary China:An Analysis of Policy Outcomes.Westport,CT:Praeger,1994;Lu,X.B..Cadre and Corruption:the Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party.Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,2000.
[10]Gong,T..Forms and Characteristics of China’s Corruption in the 1990s:Change with Continuity.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,1997,30,278-286.
[11]Sun,Y..Corruption and Market in Contemporary China,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2004;Ma,S.K..Reform Corruption:A Discussion on China’s Current Development.Pacific Affairs,1989,62(1).
[12]Wedeman,A..Anticorruption Campaigns and the Intensification of Corruption in China.Journal of Contemporary China,2005,14(42);Manion,M..Corruption by Design:Bribery in Chinese Enterprise Licensing.Journal of Law,Economics and Organization,1996(12).
[13]Quade,E.A..The Logic of Anticorruption Enforcement Campaigns in Contemporary China.Journal of Contemporary China,2007,16(50);Chan,H.S.,Gao J..Old Wine in New Bottles:ACounty-Level Case Study of Anti-Corruption Reform in the People’s Republic of China.Crime Law and Social Change,2008,49(2).
[14]倪星.专栏:制度转向、智力共识与中国的反腐败活动.公共行政评论,2012(5).
[15]Manion,M..Taking China’s Anticorruption Campaign Seriously.Economic and Political Studies,2016(4);Huihua Nie&Mengqi Wang..Are Foreign Monks Better at Chanting?The Effect of‘Airborne’SDICs on AntiCorruption.Economic and Political Studies,2016(4).
[16]Manion,M..Corruption by Design:Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong.Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2004.
[17]Chan,H.S.,Gao J..Old Wine in New Bottles:ACounty-Level Case Study of Anti-Corruption Reform in the People’s Republic of China.Crime Law and Social Change,2008,49(2).
[18]丛玉飞.反腐模式转型之社会向度--基于多元治理视角的理解[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2014(3).
[19]李辉.超越国家中心主义:中国腐败治理的历史梳理[J].文化纵横,2013(3).
[20][25]李传军,符丽丽,刘伟.公民参与视角下的网络反腐研究--基于2008-2012年网络反腐典型案件的分析[J].电子政务,2014(1).
[21][22]http://www.360doc.com/content/13/0902/14/2457585_311603782.shtml
[23]程宇.从技术治理到制度建设:网络反腐的路径选择[J].山东行政学院学报,2014(2).
[24]杜治洲,任建明.我国网络反腐特点与趋势的实证研究[J].河南社会科学,2011(10).
[26][27]Justin Grimmer and Brandon M-Stewart.,“Text as data:The promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts”,Political Analysis,2013,21(03).
[28]李培林.2014年中国社会形势分析与预测[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.
(1)在本文的分析中,关于腐败的界定是较为狭义的刑法定义下的概念及犯罪类型,即仅包括贪污、受贿、索贿、渎职四种。但下文中将“以权谋私、官商勾结、三公消费、挪用公款和涉黑腐败”划为与腐败紧密相关的一些行为,这些行为在严格意义上并不能构成刑法规定下的腐败犯罪,但却与腐败紧密相关,属于腐败的灰色行为。
(2)所有表格加起来都不等于100%,因为大数据分析是混合分类,比如一个投诉既涉及经济腐败,也可能同时涉及司法腐败。所以类别之间不是互斥、穷尽的。