白令海西部小区域声传播特征研究
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摘要
白令海是连接太平洋、北冰洋唯一要道,经济、军事地位极其重要。利用中国第5次北极科学考察CTD(Conductivity,Temperature,Depth)数据,在分析白令海西部小区域水文环境基础上,结合大陆坡地形,利用UMPE(University of Miami Parabolic Equation)抛物方程模型模拟声传播特征,并利用Bellhop射线声学模型分析其形成的物理机制。陆坡区域受流混合影响,50~350 m形成低温、低盐水团。声波沿陆坡向深海传播时,声能向500 m以上汇聚,次表层50 m左右形成声道,深层为声影区;声波沿陆坡向浅海传播时,50 m左右出现声道,深层传播损失较大,无声影区;"斜坡增强效应"使得声源置于浅水海域时,50 m声道强度大于声源置于深水海域。
The Bering Sea is the only channel connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, which is of great economy and military significance. The discussion in this paper is based on the CTD data from Chinese Fifth Arctic Research Expedition, and the characteristics of the area in the west of Bering Sea are analyzed. The acoustic transmission propagation feature is simulated by UMPE model, and Bellhop model is used to explain it. Low temperature and salt water mass exists between the layers of 50-350 m over the continental slope, resulted from vertical mixture. When the acoustic wave transmits along the slope from shallow-water to deep water, acoustic energy gathers to the upper 500 meters layer, underwater track appears in about 50 meters, the deep layer is shadow zone; When the acoustic wave transmits in the opposite direction, underwater track appears in about 50 meters, the transmission loss in deep layer is big with no shadow zone existing. Comparing the conditions as the source is putted in shallow water with in deep water, acoustic channel in 50 m of the former is stronger due to "slope swelling phenomenon".
The Bering Sea is the only channel connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, which is of great economy and military significance. The discussion in this paper is based on the CTD data from Chinese Fifth Arctic Research Expedition, and the characteristics of the area in the west of Bering Sea are analyzed. The acoustic transmission propagation feature is simulated by UMPE model, and Bellhop model is used to explain it. Low temperature and salt water mass exists between the layers of 50-350 m over the continental slope, resulted from vertical mixture. When the acoustic wave transmits along the slope from shallow-water to deep water, acoustic energy gathers to the upper 500 meters layer, underwater track appears in about 50 meters, the deep layer is shadow zone; When the acoustic wave transmits in the opposite direction, underwater track appears in about 50 meters, the transmission loss in deep layer is big with no shadow zone existing. Comparing the conditions as the source is putted in shallow water with in deep water, acoustic channel in 50 m of the former is stronger due to "slope swelling phenomenon".
引文
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[17]高飞,潘长明,冯盼盼,等.夏季白令海声速剖面分布特征[J].海洋通报,2014,33(2):180-187.GAO Fei,PAN Changming,FENG Panpan,et al.Characteristics of sound speed profile in bering sea in summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2014,33(2):180-187.
[18]Smith K B,Tappert F D.UMPE:The University of Miami Parabolic Equation Medal,Version 1.1[R].Marine Physical Laboratory Technical,1994.
[19]Tapper F D,Spiesberger J L,Wolfson M A.Study of a novel rangedependent propagation effect with application to the axial injection of signals from the Kaneohe source[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2002,111(2):757-762.
[20]孙磊,高飞,潘长明,等.基于Argo资料的生孩温跃层对水声传播的影响分析与仿真[J].声学技术,2014,33(2):111-116.SUN Lei,GAO Fei,PAN Changming,et al.Analysis and simulation of acoustic propagation affected by thermocline in deep water based on Argo data[J].Technical Acoustics,2014,33(2):111-116.
[21]Porter M B,Bucher H P.Gaussian bean sound propagation model for shallow water[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,1987,82(3):1349-1359.
[22]Urick R J.Principles of Underwater Sound(Third Edition)[M].Los Altos,California,USA:Peninsula Pub,1983,104-114.
[23]Rogers P H.Onboard prediction of propagation loss in shallow water[J].Nav.Res.Lab.,1981,21(3):1089-1094.
[24]Northorp J,Loughridge M S,Werner E W.Effect of near-source bottom conditions on long-range sound propagation in the ocean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1968,73(12):3905-3908.
[2]Schabetsberger L,Brodeur R D,Ciannelli L,et al.Diel vertical migration and interaction of zooplankton and juvenile walleye poolock(Theragra chalcogramma)at a frontal region near the Pribilof Islands,Bering Sea[J].Journal of Marine Science,2000,57(1):1283-1295.
[3]夏立平.北极环境变化对全球安全和中国国家安全的影响[J].世界经济与政治,2011,31(1):122-133.XIA Liping.The effects of arctic environment change to the safety of the global and china[J].World Economy and Politics,2011,31(1):122-133.
[4]潘敏,周娥栋.论北极环境变化对中国非传统安全的影响[J].极地研究,2010,22(4):415-422.PAN Min,ZHOU Edong.Discussion on the effects of environment change of arctic to China untraditional safety[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2010,22(4):415-422.
[5]高郭平,赵进平,董兆乾,等.白令海峡海域夏季温、盐分布及变化[J].极地研究,2004,16(3):229-239.GAO Guoping,ZHAO Jinping,DONG Zhaoqian,et al.Distribution and variation of temperature and salinity around the Bering Strait[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2004,16(3):229-239.
[6]王晓宇,赵进平.北白令海夏季冷水团的分布及其年纪变化研究[J].海洋学报,2011,33(2):1-10.WANG Xiaoyu,ZHAO Jinping.Distribution and inter-annual variations of the cold water on the northern shelf of Bering Sea in Summer[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,33(2):1-10.
[7]Drucker R,Marint S,Moritz R.Observations of ice thickness and frazil ice in the St.Lawrence Island polynya from satellite imagery,upward looking Sonar,and salinity/temperature moorings[J].J Geophys.Res.,2003,108(2):3149,doil:0.1029/200LJC001213.
[8]Mizobata K,Sairoh S I,Wang Jin.Interannual variability of summer biochemical enhancement in relation to mesoscale eddies at the shelf break in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands,Bering Sea[J].Deep Sea Research II,2008,55(3):1717-1728.
[9]Sean M W,Mark A M,Lisa M M,et al.Waveguide propagation allows range estimates for north pacific right whales in the Bering Sea[J].Canadian Acoustics/Acoustique canadience,2004,32(2):146-154.
[10]Stephane G,John K H.Acoustic characteristics of forage fish species in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea based on Kirchhoff approximation models[J].Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.,2004,60(117):1839-1850.
[11]Sara L H,David K M,Sharon L N,et al.Detecting humpback whale sounds in the Bering Sea:Confounding sounds in a caco-phony of noise[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2009,125(3):2647-2658.http://dx.doi:org/10.1121/1.478310.
[12]秦继兴,张仁和,骆文于,等.大陆坡海域二维声传播研究[J].声学学报,2014,39(2):145-153.QIN Jixing,ZHANG Renhe,LUO Wenyu,et al.Two-dimensional sound propagation over a continental slope[J].Acta Acustica,2014,39(2):145-153.
[13]张旭,刘艳,孙杰.典型东海黑潮锋环境下的声场分布异常分析[J].应用海洋学报,2013,32(3):324-331.ZHANG Xu,LIU Yan,SUN Jie.Analyze of abnormal sound field distribution in an environment of typical Kuroshio front in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Applied Oceanography,2013,32(3):324-331.
[14]Akima H.A new method of interpolation and smooth curve fitting based on local procedures[J].J.Associ.Comput.Maeh.,1970,17(2):589-602.
[15]Schumacher J D,Kinder T H,Pashinski D J,et al.A structural font over the continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,1979,9(1):79-87.
[16]高郭平,董兆乾,赵进平,等.1999年夏季白令海陆坡区海流动力分析[J].极地研究,2003,15(2):91-101.GAO Guoping,DONG Zhaoqian,ZHAO Jinping,et al.Dynamic analysis of current over the continental slope of the east bering sea in summer 1999[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2003,15(2):91-101.
[17]高飞,潘长明,冯盼盼,等.夏季白令海声速剖面分布特征[J].海洋通报,2014,33(2):180-187.GAO Fei,PAN Changming,FENG Panpan,et al.Characteristics of sound speed profile in bering sea in summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2014,33(2):180-187.
[18]Smith K B,Tappert F D.UMPE:The University of Miami Parabolic Equation Medal,Version 1.1[R].Marine Physical Laboratory Technical,1994.
[19]Tapper F D,Spiesberger J L,Wolfson M A.Study of a novel rangedependent propagation effect with application to the axial injection of signals from the Kaneohe source[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2002,111(2):757-762.
[20]孙磊,高飞,潘长明,等.基于Argo资料的生孩温跃层对水声传播的影响分析与仿真[J].声学技术,2014,33(2):111-116.SUN Lei,GAO Fei,PAN Changming,et al.Analysis and simulation of acoustic propagation affected by thermocline in deep water based on Argo data[J].Technical Acoustics,2014,33(2):111-116.
[21]Porter M B,Bucher H P.Gaussian bean sound propagation model for shallow water[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,1987,82(3):1349-1359.
[22]Urick R J.Principles of Underwater Sound(Third Edition)[M].Los Altos,California,USA:Peninsula Pub,1983,104-114.
[23]Rogers P H.Onboard prediction of propagation loss in shallow water[J].Nav.Res.Lab.,1981,21(3):1089-1094.
[24]Northorp J,Loughridge M S,Werner E W.Effect of near-source bottom conditions on long-range sound propagation in the ocean[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1968,73(12):3905-3908.