基于电磁超声爬波法对空腔结构部位裂纹缺陷的检测
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摘要
空腔结构部位的缺陷在缺陷检测中往往被漏检,是无损检测中的难点。爬波是一种在材料的曲面上传播的压缩波,对腔体表面和近表面缺陷非常敏感,为空腔结构部位的缺陷检测提供了可能。因此求解了爬波的频散方程,分析了爬波的频散特性和衰减特性;基于有限元方法(FEM)研究了电磁超声爬波和空腔的相互作用,分析了爬波对构件内部空腔缺陷的检测能力;对空腔结构中典型的三种内部缺陷进行了研究。最后采用电磁超声爬波检测系统对内部空腔上的裂纹进行了检测实验。仿真和实验结果表明:爬波不仅能够对空腔中难以检测的缺陷进行识别,还可以对缺陷进行定位,为高压电气设备的螺栓孔等空腔部位缺陷检测提供了新方法。
Detecting defects in cavity structures is a challenging task in the field of nondestructive testing and the defects are often missed in the testing process. Creeping wave is a type of compressional wave propagating along curved surface,which is sensitive to surface and near-surface defects. Creeping wave detection provides a possibility to recognize defects in the cavity structures. Consequently, we analyzed the dispersion and attenuation characteristics of creeping wave by solving dispersion equations. A numerical model based on FEM was developed to simulate the interaction of the electromagnetic ultrasonic creeping wave with the cavity crack, and the detection ability of creeping wave to internal defect was researched. Three common crack defects were analyzed in the structure of cavity. An electromagnetic ultrasonic creeping wave detection experimental system was successfully applied to validate the observed phenomena in the simulation results. The simulation and test results show that the creeping wave can not only identify the defects that are difficult to detect in the cavity, but also locate the defects, which provides a new method for the cavity structure defect(such as bolt holes) in high voltage electrical equipment.
Detecting defects in cavity structures is a challenging task in the field of nondestructive testing and the defects are often missed in the testing process. Creeping wave is a type of compressional wave propagating along curved surface,which is sensitive to surface and near-surface defects. Creeping wave detection provides a possibility to recognize defects in the cavity structures. Consequently, we analyzed the dispersion and attenuation characteristics of creeping wave by solving dispersion equations. A numerical model based on FEM was developed to simulate the interaction of the electromagnetic ultrasonic creeping wave with the cavity crack, and the detection ability of creeping wave to internal defect was researched. Three common crack defects were analyzed in the structure of cavity. An electromagnetic ultrasonic creeping wave detection experimental system was successfully applied to validate the observed phenomena in the simulation results. The simulation and test results show that the creeping wave can not only identify the defects that are difficult to detect in the cavity, but also locate the defects, which provides a new method for the cavity structure defect(such as bolt holes) in high voltage electrical equipment.
引文
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[21]王小民,安志武,廉国选.圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波检测方法[J].声学学报,2015,40(2):234-239.WANG Xiaomin,AN Zhiwu,LIAN Guoxuan.Testing of cracks on a cylindrical cavity by creeping wave[J].Acta acustica,2015,40(2):234-239.
[2]WILSON J W,TIAN G Y.3D magnetic field sensing for magnetic flux leakage defect characterization[J].Insight Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring,2006,48(6):357-359.
[3]LI Q,REN S.A real-time visual inspection system for discrete surface defects of rail heads[J].IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2012,61(8):2189-2199.
[4]PEI C,FUKUCHI T,ZHU H,et al.A study of internal defect testing with the laser-EMAT ultrasonic method[J].IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics,Ferroelectrics,and Frequency Control,2012,59(12):2702-2708.
[5]HAN S W,CHO S H,JANG G W,et al.Non-contact inspection of rail surface and internal defects based on electromagnetic ultrasonic transducers[J].Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,2016,27(3):427-434.
[6]DOHERTY C C,CHIU W K.Three-dimensional finite element modelling of ultrasonic-guided wave scattering from fuel weep holes[J].Structural Health Monitoring,2012,11(4):442-451.
[7]UETA G,WADA J,OKABE S,et al.Insulation characteristics of epoxy insulator with internal crack-shaped micro-defects study on the equivalence of accelerated degradation by frequency acceleration test[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics&Electrical Insulation,2014,21(3):1216-1225.
[8]VIKTOROV I A.Rayleigh type waves on a cylindrical surface[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,Transactions ASME,1993,60(4):857-865.
[9]YAMABUCHI T,KAGAWA Y.Finite element simulation of a composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan,1978,34(2):81-87.
[10]WANG T,KOBAYASHI T,LEE C.Highly sensitive piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer operated in air[J].IET Micro&Nano Letters,2016,11(10):558-562.
[11]CHEN X,STRATOUDAKI T,SHARPLES S D,et al.A laser-activated MEMS transducer for efficient generation of narrowband longitudinal ultrasonic waves[J].IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics&Frequency Control,2011,58(2):470-476.
[12]XIE Y,YIN L,LIU Z,et al.A novel variable-length meander-line-coil EMAT for side lobe suppression[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2016,16(16):6279-6287.
[13]刘素贞,张严伟,张闯,等.电磁超声管道周向兰姆波仿真分析及缺陷检测特性研究[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(22):266-273.LIU Suzhen,ZHANG Yanwei,ZHANG Chuang,et al.Research on simulation analysis of electromagnetic ultrasonic circumferential lamb waves and defect feature detection in pipeline[J].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(22):266-273.
[14]RULF B.Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1969,45(2):493-499.
[15]应崇福,张守玉,王丽生.固体中圆柱形空腔上爬波的光弹法实验研究[J].中国科学,1981,6(1):681-686.YING Chongfu,ZHANG Shouyu,WANG Lisheng.Study on creeping wave propagating on cylindrical cavity by the dynamic photo elastic method[J].Scientia Sinica,1981,6(1):681-686.
[16]WALED H,NAGY P B.Circumferential creeping waves around a fluid-filled cylindrical cavity in an elastic medium[J].Acoustical Society of America,1997,101(5):2496-2501.
[17]PEI C,FUKUCHI T,ZHU H,et al.A study of internal defect testing with the laser-EMAT ultrasonic method[J].IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics&Frequency Control,2012,59(12):2702-2708.
[18]NAGY P B,BLODGETT M,GOLIS M.Weep hole inspection by circumferential creeping waves[J].NDT&E International,1994,27(3):131-142.
[19]孙继华,赵扬,马健,等.钢轨螺孔伤损激光声磁检测系统研究[J].光电子·激光,2014,25(6):1165-1170.SUN Jihua,ZHAO Yang,MA Jian,et al.Researchon laser-EMA ultrasonic detection system for the defects of rail screw hole[J].Journal of Optoelectronics Laser,2004,25(6):1165-1170.
[20]赵扬,郭锐,宋江峰,等.激光EMAT法非接触式无损检测金属内部缺陷研究[J].激光技术,2013,37(3):277-280.ZHAO Yang,GUO Yue,SONG Jiangfeng,et al.Noncontact nondestructive detection of inner metal defects based on laser-EMATtechnique[J].Laser Technology,2013,37(3):277-280.
[21]王小民,安志武,廉国选.圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波检测方法[J].声学学报,2015,40(2):234-239.WANG Xiaomin,AN Zhiwu,LIAN Guoxuan.Testing of cracks on a cylindrical cavity by creeping wave[J].Acta acustica,2015,40(2):234-239.