超声场中亚共晶Al-5%Si合金的动态凝固及其力学性能
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摘要
将20 kHz、500 W的高强超声分别引入亚共晶Al-5%Si合金凝固过程的不同阶段,探索了超声场对于初生α(Al)相和枝晶间组织形成的作用机制。结果表明:超声作用下凝固组织中气孔率显著降低,初生α(Al)相从"粗大枝晶"演变为"等轴或碎断枝晶",枝晶间组织也呈现出细化趋势。在液相阶段施加超声,可以改善熔体中晶胚与杂质的润湿程度,促进晶粒细化。若在初生相形核和长大阶段施加超声,空化效应引发的晶体形核以及空化引起的枝晶碎断是超声场细化初生α(Al)相的主要机制。在共晶转变阶段施加超声,力学效应则是枝晶碎断的主要原因。在凝固过程的不同阶段施加超声,均能提高Al-5%Si合金的显微硬度和屈服强度。
High-intensity ultrasound at a resonant frequency of 20 kHz and power of 500 W was introduced into different solidification stages of hypoeutectic Al-5%Si alloy, and the formation mechanism of primary α(Al) phase and its interdendritic structure was explored. The results show that porosity in the solidified structure reduces remarkably, and the primary α(Al) phase transforms from coarse dendrites under static into equiaxed grains or fragmented dendrites by introducing power ultrasound during different solidification stages. Meanwhile, the interdendritic structure is also refined by ultrasound. When the power ultrasound is applied into liquid phase, it accelerates the nucleation of primary α(Al)phase by enhancing wetting status between the crystal embryos and impurities in the alloy melt. If ultrasound is employed during nucleation and growth of primary α(Al) phase, the cavitation-induced nucleation and cavitation-induced fragmentation take the responsibility of most remarkable grain refinement. Once the ultrasound is introduced in eutectic transformation, the dendritic fragmentation results from mechanical effect accounted for the reducing in grain size of primary α(Al) phase. Both microhardness and yield strength can be improved after ultrasound is applied at each solidification stage of Al-5%Si alloy, indicating that applying power ultrasound is an effective way to moderate the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys.
High-intensity ultrasound at a resonant frequency of 20 kHz and power of 500 W was introduced into different solidification stages of hypoeutectic Al-5%Si alloy, and the formation mechanism of primary α(Al) phase and its interdendritic structure was explored. The results show that porosity in the solidified structure reduces remarkably, and the primary α(Al) phase transforms from coarse dendrites under static into equiaxed grains or fragmented dendrites by introducing power ultrasound during different solidification stages. Meanwhile, the interdendritic structure is also refined by ultrasound. When the power ultrasound is applied into liquid phase, it accelerates the nucleation of primary α(Al)phase by enhancing wetting status between the crystal embryos and impurities in the alloy melt. If ultrasound is employed during nucleation and growth of primary α(Al) phase, the cavitation-induced nucleation and cavitation-induced fragmentation take the responsibility of most remarkable grain refinement. Once the ultrasound is introduced in eutectic transformation, the dendritic fragmentation results from mechanical effect accounted for the reducing in grain size of primary α(Al) phase. Both microhardness and yield strength can be improved after ultrasound is applied at each solidification stage of Al-5%Si alloy, indicating that applying power ultrasound is an effective way to moderate the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys.
引文
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[27]ESKIN G I.Influence of cavitation treatment of melts on the processes of nucleation and growth of crystals during solidification of ingots and castings from light alloys[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,1994,1(1):S59-S63.
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[29]蒋伟,胡恺琪,朱向镇,武玉英,刘相法.Al-Si合金力学行为对Si相形貌敏感性的差异[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(1):15-23.JIANG Wei,HU Kai-qi,ZHU Xiang-zhen,WU Yu-ying,LIUXiang-fa.Difference in sensitivity of mechanical behaviors for Al-Si alloys to Si phase morphologies[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(1):15-23.
[30]张勇,李红萍,康唯,张新明.高强铝合金时效微结构演变与性能调控[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(7):1323-1336.ZHANG Yong,LI Hong-ping,KANG Wei,ZHANG Xin-ming.Aging microstructure evolution in high strength aluminum alloys and performance controlling[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(7):1323-1336.
[31]GUAN R G,DI T.A review on grain refinement of aluminum alloys:Progresses,challenges and prospects[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2017,30(5):1-24.
[32]WANG Y X,GUAN R G,HOU D W,ZHANG Y,JIANG W S,LIU H N.The effects of eutectic silicon on grain refinement in an Al-Si alloy processed by accumulative continuous extrusion forming[J].Journal of Materials Science,2017,52(2):1137-1148.
[33]GUO W B,LUAN T M,LENG X S,HE J S,YAN J C.Interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al/Sn joints by ultrasonic-assisted soldering[J].Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(4):962-970.
[34]TURNBULL D,CECH R E.Microscopic observation of the solidification of small metal droplets[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21(8):804-810.
[35]CUI W,WANG C,YAN J,WANG Z,WEI D.Wetting and reaction promoted by ultrasound between sapphire and liquid Al-12Si alloy[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2013,20(1):196-201.
[36]JUNG J G,AHN T Y,CHO Y H,KIM S H,LEE J M.Synergistic effect of ultrasonic melt treatment and fast cooling on the refinement of primary Si in a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy[J].Acta Materialia,2017.
[37]WANG F,ESKIN D,CONNOLLEY T,MI J W.Influence of ultrasonic treatment on formation of primary Al3Zr in Al-0.4Zr alloy[J].Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(5):977-985.
[38]HICKLING R.Transient,high-pressure solidification associated with cavitation in water[J].Physical Review Letters,1994,73(21):2853-2856.
[39]BARBER B P,PUTTERMAN S J.Observation of synchronous picosecond sonoluminescence[J].Nature,1991,352(6333):318-320.
[40]GALE W F,TOTEMEIR T C.Smithells metals reference book[M].8th ed.Oxford:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,2004.
[2]JIAN X,XU H,MEEK T T,HAN Q.Effect of power ultrasound on solidification of aluminum A356 alloy[J].Materials Letters,2005,59(2):190-193.
[3]高学鹏,李新涛,郄喜望,吴亚萍,李喜孟,李廷举.功率超声对Al-Si合金凝固过程中溶质偏析的抑制效应[J].物理学报,2007,56(2):1188-1194.GAO Xue-peng,LI Xin-tao,QIE Xi-wang,WU Ya-ping,LIXi-meng,LI Ting-ju.Effect of high-intensity ultrasound on restraining solute segregation in Al-Si alloy casting process[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2007,56(2):1188-1194.
[4]JIA S,NASTAC L.The influence of ultrasonic stirring on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of A356alloy[J].Chemical and Materials Engineering,2013,1:69-73.
[5]ZHAI W,WEI B B.Peritectic solidification characteristics of Sb-Sn alloy under ultrasonic vibration[J].Materials Letters,2015,138:1-4.
[6]JIAN X,MEEK T T,HAN Q.Refinement of eutectic silicon phase of aluminum A356 alloy using high-intensity ultrasonic vibration[J].Scripta Materialia,2006,54(5):893-896.
[7]罗执,张杨,赵愈亮,张卫文.复合场作用下Al-5.0Cu-1.0Fe合金的显微组织和力学性能[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(4):707-714.LUO Zhi,ZHANG Yang,ZHAO Yu-liang,ZHANG Wei-wen.Microstructure and mechanical property of Al-5.0Cu-1.0Fe alloy treated by compound field[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2016,26(4):707-714.
[8]ESKIN G I.Improvement of the structure and properties of ingots and worked aluminum alloy semifinished products by melt ultrasonic treatment in a cavitation regime[J].Metallurgist,2010,54(7/8):505-513.
[9]FORN A,SILVA M D,BAILE M T,PICAS J A,FAURIA A.Effect of ultrasounds during the solidification process of the A357 aluminium alloy[J].Solid State Phenomena,2012,192/193:428-432.
[10]LIN J,BAI G,LIU Z,NIU L,LI G,WEN C.Effect of ultrasonic stirring on the microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ Mg2Si/Al composite[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2016,178:112-118.
[11]LIU Z,HAN Q,LI J.Fabrication of in situ Al3Ti/Al composites by using ultrasound assisted direct reaction between solid Ti powders and liquid Al[J].Powder Technology,2013,247:55-59.
[12]李新涛,高学鹏,李廷举,李喜孟,金俊泽,殷国茂.连铸过程中超声细晶技术研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(3):377-380.LI Xin-tao,GAO Xue-peng,LI Ting-ju,LI Xi-meng,JIN Jun-ze,YIN Guo-mao.A experimental study of grain refinement by ultrasonic treatment during continuous castin[J].Rare Materials and Engineering,2007,36(3):377-380.
[13]李军文,桃野正,付莹.超声波功率对铸锭内的气孔及组织细化的影响[J].铸造,2007,56(2):152-154.LI Jun-wen,MOMONO Tadashi,FU Ying.Effect of ultrasonic power on density and refinement in aluminum ingot[J].Foundry,2007,56(2):152-154.
[14]乐启炽,张志强,崔建忠,刘鸿明,高恩保.超声孕育处理对AS41镁合金凝固组织的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2010,20(5):813-819.LE Qi-chi,ZHANG Zhi-qiang,CUI Jian-zhong,LIU Hong-ming,GAO En-bao.Effect of ultrasonic inoculation treatment on solidification microstructure of AS41 magnesium alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(5):813-819.
[15]KOTADIA H R,DAS A,DOERNBERG E,SCHMID-FETZERR.A comparative study of ternary Al-Sn-Cu immiscible alloys prepared by conventional casting and casting under high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2011,131(1):241-249.
[16]LI Y L,FENG H K,CAO F R,CHEN Y B,GONG L Y.Effect of high density ultrasonic on the microstructure and refining property of Al-5Ti-0.25C grain refiner alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2008,487(1):518-523.
[17]PATEL B,CHAUDHARI G P,BHINGOLE P P.Microstructural evolution in ultrasonicated AS41 magnesium alloy[J].Materials Letters,2012,66(1):335-338.
[18]ADLER L,ROSE J H,MOBLEY C.Ultrasonic method to determine gas porosity in aluminum alloy castings:Theory and experiment[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1986,59(2):336-347.
[19]ABRAMOV O V.Action of high intensity ultrasound on solidifying metal[J].Ultrasonics,1987,25(2):73-82.
[20]CHEN R R,ZHENG D S,GUO J J,MA T F,DING H S,SU YQ,FU H Z.A novel method for grain refinement and microstructure modification in TiAl alloy by ultrasonic vibration[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,653:23-26.
[21]ZHENG D S,CHEN R R,MA T F,DING H S,SU Y Q,GUO JJ,FU H Z.Microstructure modification and mechanical performances enhancement of Ti44Al6Nb1Cr alloy by ultrasound treatment[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,710:409-417.
[22]CHEN R R,ZHENG D S,MA T F,DING H S,SU Y Q,GUO JJ,FU H Z.Effects and mechanism of ultrasonic irradiation on solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of binary TiAl alloys[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2017:120-133.
[23]WANG F,ESKIN D,MI J,CONNOLLEY T,LINDSAY J,MOUNIB M.A refining mechanism of primary Al3Ti intermetallic particles by ultrasonic treatment in the liquid state[J].Acta Materialia,2016,116:354-363.
[24]范金辉,翟启杰.物理场对金属凝固组织的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2002,12(S1):11-17.FAN Jin-hui,ZHAI Qi-jie.Effects of physical fields on solidification structure of metals[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2002,12(S1):11-17.
[25]HEM S L.The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on crystallization processes[J].Ultrasonics,1967,5(4):202-207.
[26]WANG G,DARGUSCH M S,QIAN M.,ESKIN D G,STJOHND H.The role of ultrasonic treatment in refining the as-cast grain structure during the solidification of an Al-2Cu alloy[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2014,408:119-124.
[27]ESKIN G I.Influence of cavitation treatment of melts on the processes of nucleation and growth of crystals during solidification of ingots and castings from light alloys[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,1994,1(1):S59-S63.
[28]ATAMANENKO T V,ESKIN D G,SLUITER M,KATGERMAN L.On the mechanism of grain refinement in Al-Zr-Ti alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2011,509(1):57-60.
[29]蒋伟,胡恺琪,朱向镇,武玉英,刘相法.Al-Si合金力学行为对Si相形貌敏感性的差异[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(1):15-23.JIANG Wei,HU Kai-qi,ZHU Xiang-zhen,WU Yu-ying,LIUXiang-fa.Difference in sensitivity of mechanical behaviors for Al-Si alloys to Si phase morphologies[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(1):15-23.
[30]张勇,李红萍,康唯,张新明.高强铝合金时效微结构演变与性能调控[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(7):1323-1336.ZHANG Yong,LI Hong-ping,KANG Wei,ZHANG Xin-ming.Aging microstructure evolution in high strength aluminum alloys and performance controlling[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(7):1323-1336.
[31]GUAN R G,DI T.A review on grain refinement of aluminum alloys:Progresses,challenges and prospects[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2017,30(5):1-24.
[32]WANG Y X,GUAN R G,HOU D W,ZHANG Y,JIANG W S,LIU H N.The effects of eutectic silicon on grain refinement in an Al-Si alloy processed by accumulative continuous extrusion forming[J].Journal of Materials Science,2017,52(2):1137-1148.
[33]GUO W B,LUAN T M,LENG X S,HE J S,YAN J C.Interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al/Sn joints by ultrasonic-assisted soldering[J].Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(4):962-970.
[34]TURNBULL D,CECH R E.Microscopic observation of the solidification of small metal droplets[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21(8):804-810.
[35]CUI W,WANG C,YAN J,WANG Z,WEI D.Wetting and reaction promoted by ultrasound between sapphire and liquid Al-12Si alloy[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2013,20(1):196-201.
[36]JUNG J G,AHN T Y,CHO Y H,KIM S H,LEE J M.Synergistic effect of ultrasonic melt treatment and fast cooling on the refinement of primary Si in a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy[J].Acta Materialia,2017.
[37]WANG F,ESKIN D,CONNOLLEY T,MI J W.Influence of ultrasonic treatment on formation of primary Al3Zr in Al-0.4Zr alloy[J].Transaction of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(5):977-985.
[38]HICKLING R.Transient,high-pressure solidification associated with cavitation in water[J].Physical Review Letters,1994,73(21):2853-2856.
[39]BARBER B P,PUTTERMAN S J.Observation of synchronous picosecond sonoluminescence[J].Nature,1991,352(6333):318-320.
[40]GALE W F,TOTEMEIR T C.Smithells metals reference book[M].8th ed.Oxford:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,2004.