不同化控剂对藜麦农艺性状及产量的影响
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摘要
为探究降低藜麦倒伏率的有效农艺措施。本研究对比5种不同化控剂(多效唑、金得乐、矮壮素、缩节胺和乙烯利)和打顶措施对藜麦植株生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:1)与正常田间栽培的藜麦对照(CK)相比,喷施多效唑和矮壮素能够有效降低植株株高,提高植株叶片叶绿素含量;2)喷施矮壮素和打顶措施能增加藜麦单株叶面积,分别较CK高18.2%和9.7%,缩节胺处理抑制植株叶面积的增长,较CK处理降低12.1%。化控处理能够明显提高叶片光合速率和水分利用效率,其中矮壮素效果最佳;3)打顶能显著促进一级分枝数的增加,但侧枝折断率较高,喷施矮壮素显著降低一级分枝数和侧枝折断率;喷施化控剂能促进植株茎秆增粗,且金得乐和缩节胺处理茎秆增粗效果优于其他处理;4)化控处理显著增加单株籽粒重和产量,以矮壮素处理下产量最高,较对照高114.7%;喷施矮壮素、多效唑和打顶措施能显著提高藜麦千粒重。因此,喷施矮壮素能够显著控制株高,降低侧枝折断率,促进植株生长,提高叶片光合性能和产量,可作为藜麦高产栽培适宜的化控抗倒伏措施应用。
In order to find effective agronomic measures,which could reduce the lodging rate of quinoa.A field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of five chemical control agents(Paclobutrazol,JinDele,Chlormequat,Mepiquat chloride and Ethephon)and topping on the growth and yield of quinoa plants,the results showed that:1)Compared with the normal cultivated quinoa plant(CK),spraying paclobutrazol and chlormequat could effectively reduce the plant height and promote chlorophyll content of plant leaves;2)Spraying chlormequat and topping measures rapidly increased the leaf area per plant of quinoa,which were 18.2% and 9.7% higher than that of control,respectively.The treatment of mepiquat chloride inhibiteded the growth of plant leaf area,which was 12.11%less than that of control.Chemical control obviously improved photosynthetic rate and the water use efficiency of the leaves,among which chlormequat was the best;3)Topping increased the number of primary branches,but lateral lodging rate was higher.Chlormequat significantly reduced the number of primary branches and the rate of lateral lodging.Spraying chemical control agent could promote plant stem thickening,and Jin Dele treatment effect was obvious;4)The chemical control treatment could promote the grain weight and yield significantly.The yield of chlormequat treatment was the highest,and was 114.7% higher than that of control.Spraying chlormequat,paclobutrazol and topping measuressignificantly improved the thousand kernel weight of quinoa,which were conducive to yield.In conclusion,chlormequat significantly control plant height reduced the rate of side branch of quinoa,promoted plant growth and improved photosynthetic characteristics of leaves,which was also conducive to the formation the yield.It can be used as a suitable chemical resistance control mearsures for high yield cultivation of quinoa.
In order to find effective agronomic measures,which could reduce the lodging rate of quinoa.A field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of five chemical control agents(Paclobutrazol,JinDele,Chlormequat,Mepiquat chloride and Ethephon)and topping on the growth and yield of quinoa plants,the results showed that:1)Compared with the normal cultivated quinoa plant(CK),spraying paclobutrazol and chlormequat could effectively reduce the plant height and promote chlorophyll content of plant leaves;2)Spraying chlormequat and topping measures rapidly increased the leaf area per plant of quinoa,which were 18.2% and 9.7% higher than that of control,respectively.The treatment of mepiquat chloride inhibiteded the growth of plant leaf area,which was 12.11%less than that of control.Chemical control obviously improved photosynthetic rate and the water use efficiency of the leaves,among which chlormequat was the best;3)Topping increased the number of primary branches,but lateral lodging rate was higher.Chlormequat significantly reduced the number of primary branches and the rate of lateral lodging.Spraying chemical control agent could promote plant stem thickening,and Jin Dele treatment effect was obvious;4)The chemical control treatment could promote the grain weight and yield significantly.The yield of chlormequat treatment was the highest,and was 114.7% higher than that of control.Spraying chlormequat,paclobutrazol and topping measuressignificantly improved the thousand kernel weight of quinoa,which were conducive to yield.In conclusion,chlormequat significantly control plant height reduced the rate of side branch of quinoa,promoted plant growth and improved photosynthetic characteristics of leaves,which was also conducive to the formation the yield.It can be used as a suitable chemical resistance control mearsures for high yield cultivation of quinoa.
引文
[1]Zurita S A,Fuentes F,Zamora P,Jacobsen S E,Schwember A R.Breeding quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd):potential and perspectives[J].Molecular Breeding,2014,34(1):13-30
[2]Vega-Glvez A,Miranda M,Vergara J,Uribe E,Puente L,Martínez E A.Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa willd),an ancient Andean grain:A review[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2010,90(15):2541-2547
[3]Giuditta D S,Tiziana D,Michele R,Agata R.Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)genotypes in the Mediterranean environment[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2016,70:177-185
[4]F9ste M,Elgeti D,Brunner A K,Jekle M,Becke T.Isolation of quinoa protein by milling fractionation and solvent extraction[J].Food and Bioproducts Processing,2015,96:20-26
[5]Chillo S,Laverse J,Falcone P M,Del Nobile M A.Quality of spaghetti in base amaranthus wholemeal flour added with quinoa,broad bean and chick pea[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2008,84(1):101-107
[6]Mota C,Santos M,Mauro R,Samman N,Matos A S,Torres D,Castanheira I.Protein content and amino acids profile of pseudocereals[J].Food Chemistry,2015,193:55-61
[7]Abugoch J L E.Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd):composition,chemistry,nutritional,and functional properties[J].Advances in Food and Nutrition Research,2009,58(9):1-31
[8]Rubén V,Blanca H L.Nutritional and biological value of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J].Current Opinion in Food Science,2017,14:1-6
[9]Tang Y,Zhang B,Li X H,Chen P X,Zhang H,Liu R H,Tsao R.Bound phenolics of quinoa seeds released by acid,alkaline,and enzymatic treatments and their antioxidant andα-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(8):1712-1719
[10]Rizzello C G,Lorusso A,Montemurro M,Gobbetti M.Use of sourdough made with quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)flour and autochthonous selected lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the nutritional,textural and sensory features of white bread[J].Food Microbiology,2016,56:1-13
[11]Schlick G,Bubenheim D L.Quinoa:An emerging“new”crop with potential for CELSS[R].Washington:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,1993
[12]Jacobsen S E,Mujica A,Jensen C R.The resistance of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)to adverse abiotic factors[J].Food Reviews International,2003,19(1/2):99-109
[13]Jacobsen S E.The world potential for quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J].Food Reviews International,2003,19(1/2):167-177
[14]任贵兴,杨修仕,么杨.中国藜麦产业现状[J].作物杂志,2015(5):1-5Ren G X,Yang X S,Yao Y.Current situation of quinoa industry in china[J].Crops,2015(5):1-5(in Chinese)
[15]孟祥盟,孙宁,边少锋,方向前,闫伟平,彭涛涛,赵洪祥,谭国波,张丽华.化控技术对春玉米农艺性状及光合性能的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(4):78-83Meng X M,Sun N,Bian S F,Fang X Q,Yan W P,Peng T T,Zhao H X,Tan G B,Zhang L H.Effects of chemical control technology on agronomic characters and photosynthetic capacity of spring maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(4):78-83(in Chinese)
[16]史磊,尤丹,肖万欣,赵海岩,徐亮.化控剂对玉米光合作用、农艺性状和产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(5):59-63,70Shi L,You D,Xiao W X,Zhao H Y,Xu L.Effects of chemical regulators on photosyntheticcharacters,agronomic characters and yield characters of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(5):59-63,70(in Chinese)
[17]杨桂霞,赵广才,许轲,常旭虹,杨玉双,马少康.灌水及化控对不同粒色小麦籽粒灌浆及叶绿素含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(4):152-157Yang G X,Zhao G C,Xu K,Chang X H,Yang S Y,Ma S K.Effects of irrigation and chemical control on grain filling and chlorophyll content in wheat with different grain colors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2010,25(4):152-157(in Chinese)
[18]李振丽,程瑞婷,李瑞奇,李雁鸣.行距配置和化控对冬小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(3):507-513Li Z L,Cheng R T,Li R Q,Li Y M.Effects of spacing pattern and chemical control on stem quality and lodging resistance of winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(3):507-513(in Chinese)
[19]李军虎,张翠绵,杜义英,霍立勇,滕慧颖,赵会薇.化控条件下密度对夏玉米产量及产量性状的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(3):72-76Li J H,Zhang C M,Du Y Y,Huo L Y,Teng H Y,Zhao H W.Effect of density on summer maize yield and yield traits under chemical regulation[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(3):72-76(in Chinese)
[20]刘瑞芳,贠超,申为民,童燕,纪威,李海燕,刘少华.不同浓度矮壮素对藜麦株高的影响[J].现代农业科技,2015(23):156,160Liu R F,Yun C,Shen W M,Tong Y,Ji W,Li H Y,Liu S H.Effects of different concentrations ofchlormequat on the plant height of quinoa[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2015(23):156,160(in Chinese)
[21]张倩,张海燕,谭伟明,段留生.30%矮壮素&烯效唑微乳剂对水稻抗倒伏性状及产量的影响[J].农药学学报,2011,13(2):144-148Zhang Q,Zhang H Y,Tan W M,Duan L S.Effects of chlormequat-uniconazole 300 micro-emulsion on lodging resistance and yield of rice[J].Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,2011,13(2):144-148(in Chinese)
[22]边大红,张瑞栋,段留生,李建民,李召虎.局部化控夏玉米冠层结构、荧光特性及产量研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(3):139-145Bian D H,Zhang R D,Duan L S,Li J M,Li Z H.Effects of partial spraying of plant growth regulator on canopy structure,Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic and yield of summer maize(Zea mays L)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2011,26(3):139-145(in Chinese)
[23]李宁,李建民,翟志席,李召虎,段留生.化控技术对玉米植株抗倒伏性状、农艺性状及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2010,18(6):38-42Li N,Li J M,Zhai Z X,Li Z H,Duan L S.Effects of chemical regulator on the lodging resistance traits,agricultural characters and yield of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2010,18(6):38-42(in Chinese)
[24]White E M.Stem characteristics related to lodging in winter barley[J].European Journal of Agronomy,1995,4(3):327-334
[25]梁智,周勃,钟新才,杨涛.打顶、化控与磷肥耦合对长绒棉产量结构、蕾铃形成及脱落的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(2):149-153Liang Z,Zhou B,Zhong X C,Yang T.Effect of topping,chemcontrol and phosphorus fertilization on the yield components、forming and shedding of buds and bolls of long fiber cotton[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,44(2):149-153(in Chinese)
[26]卫晓铁,张明才,李召虎,段留生.不同基因型玉米对乙烯利调控反应敏感性的差异[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1819-1827Wei X D,Zhang M C,Li Z H,Duan L S.Differences in responding sensitivity to ethephon among different maize genotypes[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(10):1819-1827(in Chinese)
[27]张子学,朱仕燕,李文阳,刘正.化控剂:乙烯利对玉米植株主要性状和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(3):209-212Zhang Z X,Zhu S Y,Li W Y,Liu Z.Effect of chemical control agent-ethephon on main characters and yield of maize[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(3):209-212(in Chinese)
[28]杨振芳,孟瑶,顾万荣,王泳超,李丽杰,张翯,曾繁星,魏湜.化控和密度措施对东北春玉米叶片衰老及产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):117-125Yang Z F,Meng Y,Gu W R,Wang Y C,Li L J,Zhang H,Zeng F X,Wei D.Effect of chemical regulation and density on spring maize leaf senescence and yield in northeast china[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2015,30(4):117-125(in Chinese)
[29]Zhang F Z,Jin Z X,Ma G H,Shang W N,Liu H Y,Xu M L,Liu Y.Relationship between lodging resistance and chemical contents in culms and sheaths of japonica rice during grain filling[J].Rice Science,2010,17(4):311-318
[30]Esechie H A,Rodriguez V,Al-Asmi H.Comparison of local and exotic maize varieties for stalk lodging components in a desert climate[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2004,21(1):21-30
[2]Vega-Glvez A,Miranda M,Vergara J,Uribe E,Puente L,Martínez E A.Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa willd),an ancient Andean grain:A review[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2010,90(15):2541-2547
[3]Giuditta D S,Tiziana D,Michele R,Agata R.Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)genotypes in the Mediterranean environment[J].Journal of Cereal Science,2016,70:177-185
[4]F9ste M,Elgeti D,Brunner A K,Jekle M,Becke T.Isolation of quinoa protein by milling fractionation and solvent extraction[J].Food and Bioproducts Processing,2015,96:20-26
[5]Chillo S,Laverse J,Falcone P M,Del Nobile M A.Quality of spaghetti in base amaranthus wholemeal flour added with quinoa,broad bean and chick pea[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2008,84(1):101-107
[6]Mota C,Santos M,Mauro R,Samman N,Matos A S,Torres D,Castanheira I.Protein content and amino acids profile of pseudocereals[J].Food Chemistry,2015,193:55-61
[7]Abugoch J L E.Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd):composition,chemistry,nutritional,and functional properties[J].Advances in Food and Nutrition Research,2009,58(9):1-31
[8]Rubén V,Blanca H L.Nutritional and biological value of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J].Current Opinion in Food Science,2017,14:1-6
[9]Tang Y,Zhang B,Li X H,Chen P X,Zhang H,Liu R H,Tsao R.Bound phenolics of quinoa seeds released by acid,alkaline,and enzymatic treatments and their antioxidant andα-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(8):1712-1719
[10]Rizzello C G,Lorusso A,Montemurro M,Gobbetti M.Use of sourdough made with quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)flour and autochthonous selected lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the nutritional,textural and sensory features of white bread[J].Food Microbiology,2016,56:1-13
[11]Schlick G,Bubenheim D L.Quinoa:An emerging“new”crop with potential for CELSS[R].Washington:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,1993
[12]Jacobsen S E,Mujica A,Jensen C R.The resistance of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)to adverse abiotic factors[J].Food Reviews International,2003,19(1/2):99-109
[13]Jacobsen S E.The world potential for quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J].Food Reviews International,2003,19(1/2):167-177
[14]任贵兴,杨修仕,么杨.中国藜麦产业现状[J].作物杂志,2015(5):1-5Ren G X,Yang X S,Yao Y.Current situation of quinoa industry in china[J].Crops,2015(5):1-5(in Chinese)
[15]孟祥盟,孙宁,边少锋,方向前,闫伟平,彭涛涛,赵洪祥,谭国波,张丽华.化控技术对春玉米农艺性状及光合性能的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(4):78-83Meng X M,Sun N,Bian S F,Fang X Q,Yan W P,Peng T T,Zhao H X,Tan G B,Zhang L H.Effects of chemical control technology on agronomic characters and photosynthetic capacity of spring maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(4):78-83(in Chinese)
[16]史磊,尤丹,肖万欣,赵海岩,徐亮.化控剂对玉米光合作用、农艺性状和产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(5):59-63,70Shi L,You D,Xiao W X,Zhao H Y,Xu L.Effects of chemical regulators on photosyntheticcharacters,agronomic characters and yield characters of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(5):59-63,70(in Chinese)
[17]杨桂霞,赵广才,许轲,常旭虹,杨玉双,马少康.灌水及化控对不同粒色小麦籽粒灌浆及叶绿素含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(4):152-157Yang G X,Zhao G C,Xu K,Chang X H,Yang S Y,Ma S K.Effects of irrigation and chemical control on grain filling and chlorophyll content in wheat with different grain colors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2010,25(4):152-157(in Chinese)
[18]李振丽,程瑞婷,李瑞奇,李雁鸣.行距配置和化控对冬小麦茎秆质量和抗倒性能的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(3):507-513Li Z L,Cheng R T,Li R Q,Li Y M.Effects of spacing pattern and chemical control on stem quality and lodging resistance of winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(3):507-513(in Chinese)
[19]李军虎,张翠绵,杜义英,霍立勇,滕慧颖,赵会薇.化控条件下密度对夏玉米产量及产量性状的影响[J].玉米科学,2014,22(3):72-76Li J H,Zhang C M,Du Y Y,Huo L Y,Teng H Y,Zhao H W.Effect of density on summer maize yield and yield traits under chemical regulation[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(3):72-76(in Chinese)
[20]刘瑞芳,贠超,申为民,童燕,纪威,李海燕,刘少华.不同浓度矮壮素对藜麦株高的影响[J].现代农业科技,2015(23):156,160Liu R F,Yun C,Shen W M,Tong Y,Ji W,Li H Y,Liu S H.Effects of different concentrations ofchlormequat on the plant height of quinoa[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2015(23):156,160(in Chinese)
[21]张倩,张海燕,谭伟明,段留生.30%矮壮素&烯效唑微乳剂对水稻抗倒伏性状及产量的影响[J].农药学学报,2011,13(2):144-148Zhang Q,Zhang H Y,Tan W M,Duan L S.Effects of chlormequat-uniconazole 300 micro-emulsion on lodging resistance and yield of rice[J].Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,2011,13(2):144-148(in Chinese)
[22]边大红,张瑞栋,段留生,李建民,李召虎.局部化控夏玉米冠层结构、荧光特性及产量研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(3):139-145Bian D H,Zhang R D,Duan L S,Li J M,Li Z H.Effects of partial spraying of plant growth regulator on canopy structure,Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic and yield of summer maize(Zea mays L)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2011,26(3):139-145(in Chinese)
[23]李宁,李建民,翟志席,李召虎,段留生.化控技术对玉米植株抗倒伏性状、农艺性状及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2010,18(6):38-42Li N,Li J M,Zhai Z X,Li Z H,Duan L S.Effects of chemical regulator on the lodging resistance traits,agricultural characters and yield of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2010,18(6):38-42(in Chinese)
[24]White E M.Stem characteristics related to lodging in winter barley[J].European Journal of Agronomy,1995,4(3):327-334
[25]梁智,周勃,钟新才,杨涛.打顶、化控与磷肥耦合对长绒棉产量结构、蕾铃形成及脱落的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(2):149-153Liang Z,Zhou B,Zhong X C,Yang T.Effect of topping,chemcontrol and phosphorus fertilization on the yield components、forming and shedding of buds and bolls of long fiber cotton[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,44(2):149-153(in Chinese)
[26]卫晓铁,张明才,李召虎,段留生.不同基因型玉米对乙烯利调控反应敏感性的差异[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1819-1827Wei X D,Zhang M C,Li Z H,Duan L S.Differences in responding sensitivity to ethephon among different maize genotypes[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(10):1819-1827(in Chinese)
[27]张子学,朱仕燕,李文阳,刘正.化控剂:乙烯利对玉米植株主要性状和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(3):209-212Zhang Z X,Zhu S Y,Li W Y,Liu Z.Effect of chemical control agent-ethephon on main characters and yield of maize[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(3):209-212(in Chinese)
[28]杨振芳,孟瑶,顾万荣,王泳超,李丽杰,张翯,曾繁星,魏湜.化控和密度措施对东北春玉米叶片衰老及产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):117-125Yang Z F,Meng Y,Gu W R,Wang Y C,Li L J,Zhang H,Zeng F X,Wei D.Effect of chemical regulation and density on spring maize leaf senescence and yield in northeast china[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica,2015,30(4):117-125(in Chinese)
[29]Zhang F Z,Jin Z X,Ma G H,Shang W N,Liu H Y,Xu M L,Liu Y.Relationship between lodging resistance and chemical contents in culms and sheaths of japonica rice during grain filling[J].Rice Science,2010,17(4):311-318
[30]Esechie H A,Rodriguez V,Al-Asmi H.Comparison of local and exotic maize varieties for stalk lodging components in a desert climate[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2004,21(1):21-30