汽车转向轴齿磨削裂纹产生的机理及预防措施
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摘要
采用化学成分分析、显微组织分析、显微硬度测试相结合的方法,对汽车转向轴齿渗碳后磨削产生裂纹的原因进行了分析。结果表明:转向轴齿磨削过程中产生裂纹主要是因为齿面产生了严重的二次淬火烧伤和磨削烧伤,表层形成了二次淬火马氏体和回火屈氏体组织;磨削过程中所产生的热应力和材料相变所产生的组织应力使齿面呈现拉应力状态,当局部应力超过了材料的抗拉强度时,磨削表面就会出现裂纹。对转向轴齿热处理工艺、磨削工艺参数进行了调整,避免了磨削裂纹的产生,根据液压助力转向系统齿轮齿条的啮合原理,提出了转向轴齿齿根不进行磨削的齿轮加工设计思路。
For the grinding cracks of automobile steering shaft tooth after carburizing,the produced causes were analyzed by combining chemical composition analysis,micro-structural analysis and micro-hardness test. The results show that the cracks in the grinding process of steering shaft tooth are mainly caused by severe secondary quenching burn and grinding burn on the tooth surface as well as the secondary quenching martensite and tempered troostite formed on the surface. Furthermore,the tooth surface presents a tensile stress state under the combined action of the thermal stress produced during the grinding process and the tissue stress produced by the phase transformation of material,and the cracks appear on the grinding surface when the local stress exceeds the tensile strength of material. Thus,the heat treatment process and grinding process parameters of steering shaft tooth were adjusted to avoid the grinding cracks. Finally,according to the meshing principle of the rack and pinion of hydraulic power steering system,the design idea of the root of steering shaft tooth without grinding was proposed.
For the grinding cracks of automobile steering shaft tooth after carburizing,the produced causes were analyzed by combining chemical composition analysis,micro-structural analysis and micro-hardness test. The results show that the cracks in the grinding process of steering shaft tooth are mainly caused by severe secondary quenching burn and grinding burn on the tooth surface as well as the secondary quenching martensite and tempered troostite formed on the surface. Furthermore,the tooth surface presents a tensile stress state under the combined action of the thermal stress produced during the grinding process and the tissue stress produced by the phase transformation of material,and the cracks appear on the grinding surface when the local stress exceeds the tensile strength of material. Thus,the heat treatment process and grinding process parameters of steering shaft tooth were adjusted to avoid the grinding cracks. Finally,according to the meshing principle of the rack and pinion of hydraulic power steering system,the design idea of the root of steering shaft tooth without grinding was proposed.
引文
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[11]胥军,卢文壮,王晗,等. TC4-DT钛合金磨削表面特性及其摩擦磨损性能[J].航空学报,2014,35(2):567-573.Xu J,Lu W Z,Wang H,et al. Characteristics and wear properties of grinding surface of titanium alloy TC4-DT[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica,2014,35(2):567-573.
[12]彭庚翠. 20CrMnMo钢重载齿轮磨削裂纹控制与热处理工艺改进[J].金属热处理,2011,36(4):93-95.Peng G C. Grinding cracks control and heat treatment process improvement for 20CrMnMo steel heavy-duty gear shaft[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals,2011,36(4):93-95.
[13]吴元徽.表面淬火滚珠丝杠磨削裂纹的预防与控制[J].热加工工艺,2011,40(6):204-206.Wu Y H. Prevention and controlling of ball screw cracks after surface quenching[J]. Hot Working Technology,2011,40(6):204-206.
[14]金荣植.齿轮的热处理畸变、裂纹与控制方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2014.Jin R Z. The Gear of Heat Treatment Distortion,Crack and Control Method[M]. Beijing:China Machine Press,2014.
[2]焦丽,葛保红,张燕明,等. 20CrMnTi钢凸轮轴表面磨削失效分析[J].金属热处理,2015,40(9):221-224.Jiao L,Ge B H,Zhang Y M,et al. Failure analysis on surface wear of 20CrMnTi steel camshaft[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals,2015,40(9):221-224.
[3]邓军伟,戴学忠,蔡婵婵,等. 48MnV钢曲轴裂纹分析[J].金属热处理,2017,42(5):205-208.Deng J W,Dai X Z,Cai C C,et al. Analysis on 48MnV steel crankshaft crack[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals,2017,42(5):205-208.
[4] GB/T 13320—2007,钢质模锻件金相组织评级图及评定方法[S].GB/T 13320—2007,Metellographic grading atlas and assessing method for steel die forgings[S].
[5]许鸿翔,王爱香,李双喜,等.渗碳淬火齿轮磨削烧伤成因分析及改善措施[J].金属热处理,2011,36(9):109-111.Xu H X,Wang A X,Li S X,et al. Analysis and prevention of grinding burns for carburized and quenched gear[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals,2011,36(9):109-111.
[6]郭春秋,王荣,李光福. GCr15钢磨削开裂的特征及影响因素[J].机械工程材料,2014,38(9):90-94.Guo C Q,Wang R,Li G F. Characteristics and effect factors of grinding cracking of GCr15 steel[J]. Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2014,38(9):90-94.
[7]吕红明,王琪,范能胜.汽车渗碳淬火齿轮磨削烧伤的研究[J].机械传动,2009,33(3):108-110.Lyu H M,Wang Q,Fan N S. Study on grinding burns of casehardened gear for automobile[J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission,2009,33(3):108-110.
[8]石德珂,金志浩.材料力学性能[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1998.Shi D K,Jin Z H. Mechanical Properties of Materials[M].Xi'an:Xi'an Jiaotong University Press,1998.
[9]郎庆斌,张航宇,郑三妹,等.渗碳淬火齿轮齿面裂纹的检测和分析[J].热加工工艺,2017,46(14):253-256.Lang Q B,Zhang H Y,Zheng S M,et al. Detection and analysis of tooth surface crack of carburized and quenched gears[J]. Hot Working Technology,2017,46(14):253-256.
[10]朱丽丹,娄铁群,王良,等.风电齿轮磨削裂纹分析和试验研究[J].重型机械,2015,(4):57-61.Zhu L D,Lou T Q,Wang L,et al. Analysis and experimental research of wind power gear grinding crack[J]. Heavy Machinery,2015,(4):57-61.
[11]胥军,卢文壮,王晗,等. TC4-DT钛合金磨削表面特性及其摩擦磨损性能[J].航空学报,2014,35(2):567-573.Xu J,Lu W Z,Wang H,et al. Characteristics and wear properties of grinding surface of titanium alloy TC4-DT[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica,2014,35(2):567-573.
[12]彭庚翠. 20CrMnMo钢重载齿轮磨削裂纹控制与热处理工艺改进[J].金属热处理,2011,36(4):93-95.Peng G C. Grinding cracks control and heat treatment process improvement for 20CrMnMo steel heavy-duty gear shaft[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals,2011,36(4):93-95.
[13]吴元徽.表面淬火滚珠丝杠磨削裂纹的预防与控制[J].热加工工艺,2011,40(6):204-206.Wu Y H. Prevention and controlling of ball screw cracks after surface quenching[J]. Hot Working Technology,2011,40(6):204-206.
[14]金荣植.齿轮的热处理畸变、裂纹与控制方法[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2014.Jin R Z. The Gear of Heat Treatment Distortion,Crack and Control Method[M]. Beijing:China Machine Press,2014.