药品强制许可与国家利益建构——以雅培公司纠纷案为例
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摘要
通过对雅培公司与泰国政府的药品强制许可纠纷案例分析,刻画出建构国家利益的内源性途径。国内的政治制度、政治过程在国家利益建构问题上起着举足轻重的作用。美国政治当中,私人利益是其国家利益的内核。通过其特有的政治制度,即政治捐献与游说,将私人利益上升为国际利益。但在此过程中,非国家行为体的影响力量也不容忽视。因此,私人利益部门、国内政治制度、国内政治过程、非国家行为体都是影响国家利益建构的重要变量。
Through the case analysis of the disputes between Abbott Laboratories and the Thai government on compulsory licensing of drug, this paper describes the endogenous ways to construct national interests. Domestic political system and process play an important role in the construction of national interests. In American politics, private interest is the core of its national interests. Through its unique political system, namely political donation and lobbying, private interests are raised to international interests. But in this process, the influence of non-state actors can not be ignored. Therefore, the private interests sector, domestic political system, domestic political process and non-state actors are all important variables affecting the construction of national interests.
Through the case analysis of the disputes between Abbott Laboratories and the Thai government on compulsory licensing of drug, this paper describes the endogenous ways to construct national interests. Domestic political system and process play an important role in the construction of national interests. In American politics, private interest is the core of its national interests. Through its unique political system, namely political donation and lobbying, private interests are raised to international interests. But in this process, the influence of non-state actors can not be ignored. Therefore, the private interests sector, domestic political system, domestic political process and non-state actors are all important variables affecting the construction of national interests.
引文
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[2] ELLISON S F,WOLFRAM C.Pharmaceutical Prices and Political Activity[R/OL].Cambridge,M.A.:National Bureau of Economic Research.(2001-09)[2018-09-23].https://www.nber.org/papers/w8482.pdf.
[3] Public Citizen.The Other Drug War:Big Pharma's 625 Washington Lobbyists[R/OL].Washington,D.C.:Public Citizen.(2001-07-23)[2011-10-23].https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/otherdrugwar.pdf.
[4] ABRAHAM J.The pharmaceutical industry as a political player[J].Lancet,2002,360(9344):1498-1502.
[5] LANDERS S H,SEHGAL A R.Health Care Lobbying in the United States[J].Am J Med,2004,116(7):474-477.
[6] HENRY D A,HILL S R,HARRIS.A.Drug Prices and Value for Money:the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme[J].JAMA,2005,294(20):2630-2632.
[7] STEINBROOK R.Election 2008-Campaign Contributions,Lobbying,and the U.S.Health Sector[J].N Eng J Med,2007,357(8):736-739.
[8] Abbott.Abbott 2018 Annual Reports[EB/OL].(2019-03-04)[2019-03-27].https://www.abbottinvestor.com/static-files/9f7cf4e4-5ca1-43cf-9034-97cdd1256cf3.
[9] Abbott.Corporate Political Participation[EB/OL].[2018-09-23].https://www.abbott.com/investors/governance/corporate-political-participation.html.
[10] Anon.The Drug Wars[EB/OL].(2007-05-04) [2018-08-23].https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/the-drug-wars/.
[11] 克遮特瓦查库.生命的权利:泰国的艾滋病药物倡导经验[M].胡元琼,贾平,王翔宇,译.北京:第三世界网络,2009:75.
[12] KAND R,SMITH A,TAUSCHER E,et al.Letter to USTR from 12 Members of Congress opposing Thai compulsory licenses[EB/OL].(2007-03-15)[2018-10-23].http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/house03152007.pdf.
[13] SKEES S.Thai-ing up the TRIPS Agreement:Are Compulsory Licenses the Answer to Thailand's AIDS Epidemic?[J].Pace Intl L Rev,2007,19(2):233-285.
[14] Center for Responsive Politics.Top 100 Contributors to Campaign Committee & Leadership PAC Combined [EB/OL].[2018-03-03].https://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/contributors?cid=N00012508&cycle=2010&newMem=N&recs=100&type=C.
[15] Pharma Times.Thailand looking to buy more HIV/AIDS drugs from India[EB/OL].(2007-06-27)[2018-10-23].http://www.pharmatimes.com/news/thailand_looking_to_buy_more_hivaids_drugs_from_india_990248.
[16] Abbott's Greed.Days of Action[EB/OL].(2007-04-26)[2018-10-23].http://www.abbottsgreed.com/index.php?title=days_of_action.
[17] Abbott's Greed.AIDS activists call for boycott of Abbott products[EB/OL].(2007-04-25)[2018-07-23].http://www.abbottsgreed.com/index.php?title=aids_activists_call_for_boycott_of_abbott_products.
[18] Act Up Paris.Dossier abbott:Retour de baton[EB/OL].(2007-10-14)[2018-10-23].http://site-2003-2017.actupparis.org/spip.php?article3160.
[19] Office of the United State Trade Representative.2007 Special 301 Report[R/OL].Washington,D.C.:Office of the United State Trade Representative.(2007-04-01)[2018-08-23].https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/asset_upload_file230_11122.pdf.
[20] Office of the United State Trade Representative.2008 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers[EB/OL].(2008-03-27)[2018-08-23].https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/reports-and-publications/archives/2008/2008-national-trade-estimate-report-fo-0.
[21] WU T.Jump-Starting Our Tech Policy[EB/OL].(2008-04-01)[2011-10-23].https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/04/jump-starting-our-tech-policy.html.
[22] VAUGHAN M.New Language Would Give Developing Countries Leeway on Pharmaceuticals[EB/OL].(2007-06-21)[2018-10-23].http://www.essentialaction.org/access/?p=89.
[23] Hicomrade.Thailand to Hire U.S.Firm to Burnish Image[EB/OL].(2007-04-30)[2018-08-23].https://hicomrade.wordpress.com/2007/04/30/thai-coup-leaders-hire-pr-company/.