我国杨梅主产地土壤养分状况的分析
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摘要
【目的】果园土壤养分是果树高产稳产的基础,掌握果园土壤养分含量是实施科学施肥、保障果园产量和果品优质的前提条件。【方法】通过对我国南方8省(市、区)(浙江、福建、广东、广西、江苏、江西、云南和重庆)杨梅果园土壤基本养分及微量元素现状开展调查研究,在此基础上提出了针对当地杨梅的施肥建议。【结果】调查地区杨梅土壤p H整体呈酸性,平均值为4.95,测量值范围为3.87~8.15;土壤有机质和速效钾含量较低,尤其是福建、江苏和云南地区的速效钾,其最大含量均低于50 mg·kg-1;速效磷、全氮、全磷和全钾含量总体适宜,但不同省(市、区)际之间的差异较大。有机质均值为19.47 g·kg-1,测量值范围为5.421~35.83 g·kg-1;速效磷均值为24.65 mg·kg-1,测量值范围为1.271~67.36 mg·kg-1;速效钾均值62.0 mg·kg-1,测量值范围为29~182 mg·kg-1;全氮平均值为1.248 g·kg-1,测量值范围为0.191~3.368 g·kg-1;全磷平均值为0.258 g·kg-1,测量值范围为0.068~0.989 g·kg-1;全钾平均值为32.78 g·kg-1,测量值范围为5.831~62.55 g·kg-1。此外,中(微)量元素含量总体较为适宜,个别地区较低,部分采样点存在铜锌含量超标问题。【结论】杨梅果园在管理和施肥方面除了补充杨梅生长所需要的矿质营养外,还应考虑提高土壤有机质含量,适施钾肥控制氮肥、减少磷肥施用,并适当增加微肥以满足杨梅高产和质优的需求,同时根据轻简化杨梅栽培实用技术需求,提出新的杨梅专用肥开发利用策略。
【Objective】Soil nutrients in orchard is the basis for stable and high fruit yield. The soil nutri-ent content of orchard is the basis for fertilization and ensuring the yield and fruit quality of orchards.【Methods】Investigations of soil nutrient condition,soil medium and micro-element content of bayberryorchard in 8 southern provinces,which are Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Yunnan and Chongqing,were carried out in this paper.【Results】The results showed that soil p H value inbayberry orchard in 8 provinces was overall acidic;soil organic matter and available potassium was lowerand available potassium was much lower in Fujian,Jiangsu and Yunnan with the maximum of less than50 mg·kg-1;available phosphorus,total nitrogen and total phosphorus as well as total potassium contentwas overall appropriate,but there were significant differences among different provinces. The p H valuewas 4.95 on average and the range of measurement was 3.87-8.15;the value of soil organic matter on av-erage was 19.47 g·kg-1and the range of measurement was 5.421-35.83 g·kg-1;the value of soil availablephosphorus on average was 24.65 mg·kg-1and the range of measurement was 1.271-67.36 mg·kg-1;the value of soil available potassium on average was 62.0 mg·kg-1and the range of measurement was 29-182mg·kg- 1;the value of total nitrogen was 1.248 g·kg- 1on average and the range of measurement was0.191- 3.368 g·kg-1;the total phosphorus value was 0.258 g·kg-1on average and the range of measure-ment was 0.068-0.989 g·kg- 1;the total potassium value was 32.78 g·kg- 1on average and the range ofmeasurement was 5.831-62.55 g·kg-1. In addition,soil medium and micro-element contents in bayberryorchard were generally appropriate,and in some few regions the contents were poor. However,some sam-ples also showed that the levels of copper and zinc were excessive.【Conclusion】The results suggestedthat some measures should be taken to improve soil organic matter content,apply potassium fertilizer,control nitrogen fertilizer,reduce phosphate fertilizer,and increase in micro-nutrient fertilizer and spe-cific fertilizers for bayberry.
【Objective】Soil nutrients in orchard is the basis for stable and high fruit yield. The soil nutri-ent content of orchard is the basis for fertilization and ensuring the yield and fruit quality of orchards.【Methods】Investigations of soil nutrient condition,soil medium and micro-element content of bayberryorchard in 8 southern provinces,which are Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Yunnan and Chongqing,were carried out in this paper.【Results】The results showed that soil p H value inbayberry orchard in 8 provinces was overall acidic;soil organic matter and available potassium was lowerand available potassium was much lower in Fujian,Jiangsu and Yunnan with the maximum of less than50 mg·kg-1;available phosphorus,total nitrogen and total phosphorus as well as total potassium contentwas overall appropriate,but there were significant differences among different provinces. The p H valuewas 4.95 on average and the range of measurement was 3.87-8.15;the value of soil organic matter on av-erage was 19.47 g·kg-1and the range of measurement was 5.421-35.83 g·kg-1;the value of soil availablephosphorus on average was 24.65 mg·kg-1and the range of measurement was 1.271-67.36 mg·kg-1;the value of soil available potassium on average was 62.0 mg·kg-1and the range of measurement was 29-182mg·kg- 1;the value of total nitrogen was 1.248 g·kg- 1on average and the range of measurement was0.191- 3.368 g·kg-1;the total phosphorus value was 0.258 g·kg-1on average and the range of measure-ment was 0.068-0.989 g·kg- 1;the total potassium value was 32.78 g·kg- 1on average and the range ofmeasurement was 5.831-62.55 g·kg-1. In addition,soil medium and micro-element contents in bayberryorchard were generally appropriate,and in some few regions the contents were poor. However,some sam-ples also showed that the levels of copper and zinc were excessive.【Conclusion】The results suggestedthat some measures should be taken to improve soil organic matter content,apply potassium fertilizer,control nitrogen fertilizer,reduce phosphate fertilizer,and increase in micro-nutrient fertilizer and spe-cific fertilizers for bayberry.
引文
[1]QI Xingjiang.Disease and pests control and safe production tech-nology of red bayberry[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Science andTechnology Press,2014:1-2,132-133.戚行江.杨梅病虫害及安全生产技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2014:1-2,132-133.
[2]HE Xinhua,PAN Hong,SHE Jincai,GUO Yongze.The researchprogress of Myrica rubra[J].Fujian Fruits,2006(4):16-23.何新华,潘鸿,佘金彩,郭永泽.杨梅研究进展[J].福建果树,2006(4):16-23.
[3]LIU Hui,WANG Weimu,YANG Xiaohua,TANG Yumei.Cur-rent situation in the study of apple tree mineral nutrition[J].Jour-nal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edi-tion),2001,32(2):245-250.刘慧,王为木,杨晓华,唐玉梅.我国苹果矿质营养研究现状[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(2):245-250.
[4]LU Rukun.Chemical analysis method of soil in agriculture[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[5]ZHOU Pikao,YE Dayu,ZHOU Suzhen,YE Yuehua.Effects offertilization on yield and quality of Chinese Bayberry[J].XiandaiHorticulture,2013(7):7-8.周丕考,叶大余,周素珍,叶月花.配方施肥对杨梅产量与品质的影响[J].现代园艺,2013(7):7-8.
[6]MENG Cifu,CAO Zhihong,JIANG Peikun,XU Qiufang.Char-acteristics of potassium requirement of red bayberry and the yieldincrease effect of potassium application[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sci-ences in China,2006(5):46-48.孟赐福,曹志洪,姜培坤,徐秋芳.杨梅的需钾特性及施钾对杨梅的增产效应[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(5):46-48.
[7]ZHANG Yuejian.The analysis on mineral nutrient absorption ofChinese bayberry(Myrica rubra)Dongkui in whole year[J].ActaAgriculturae Zhejiangensis,1999,11(4):208-211.张跃建.东魁杨梅对主要矿质养分的年间吸收量[J].浙江农业学报,1999,11(4):208-211.
[8]ZHOU Bin,LI Yongxing,YAN Xiaolong,GUO Yue,ZENG Aip-ing.Preliminary report on formula fertilization of bayberry technol-ogy demonstration[J].South China Fruits,2007,36(3):55.周斌,李勇星,晏晓龙,郭悦,曾爱平.杨梅配方施肥技术示范初报[J].中国南方果树,2007,36(3):55.
[9]WANG Fei,ZHOU Zhifeng.Evaluation and improvement of culti-vated land productivity in Ningbo[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Univer-sity Press,2008:77-81.王飞,周志峰.宁波市耕地地力评价及培肥改良[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008:77-81.
[10]LI Zhizhen.Isolation,culture and infection of Frankia strainsfrom the root nodules of Myrica rubra[J].Journal of Fujian Collegeof Forestry,2008,28(3):247-251.李志真.杨梅共生菌Frankia的分离培养及侵染特性[J].福建林学院学报,2008,28(3):247-251.
[11]FIMBEL R A,KUSER J E.Competitive and mutualistic interac-tions between pitch,bayberry,and their symbionts[J].Soil sci-ence,1995,160(1):69-76.
[12]WU Xiaoli,GU Xiaoping.Effect of different fertilization on thegrowth nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Myrica rubra[J].ForestResearch,1993,6(6):708-710.吴晓丽,顾小平.不同肥料对杨梅生长和结瘤固氮的影响[J].林业科学研究,1993,6(6):708-710.
[13]LONG Wangfu.How to manage soil on Mycorrhizae fruit[J].FruitGrowers’Friend,2006(5):52.隆旺夫.有菌根的果树如何进行土壤管理[J].果农之友,2006(5):52.
[14]HUANG Wenxiao.Analysis and monitoring results of soil nutrientin Baise and Liujiang River county,Binyang city[J].Guangxi Ag-ricultural Sciences,2003(1):37-39.黄文校.宾阳百色和柳江县(市)土壤养分监测结果与分析[J].广西农业科学,2003(1):37-39.
[15]MA Chengze.Effect of organic matter content on several soil phys-ical properties[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1994,25(2):65-67.马成泽.有机质含量对土壤几项物理性质的影响[J].土壤通报,1994,25(2):65-67.
[16]WANG Liuhao,TONG Yan’an,LIU Jian.Assessment on cur-rent situation of soil organic matter of apple orchards in Weibei ar-eas[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2007,25(6):189-192.王留好,同延安,刘剑.陕西渭北地区苹果园土壤有机质现状评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(6):189-192.
[17]LIU Zilong,ZHANG Guangjun,ZHAO Zhengyang,LIANG Jun.Survey on the state of soil nutrient of apple orchards in the majorproduction area of Shaanxi[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry Uni-versity,2006,21(2):50-53.刘子龙,张广军,赵政阳,梁军.陕西苹果主产区丰产果园土壤养分状况的调查[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(2):50-53.
[18]LU Keguo,ZHU Shuhua,ZHANG Lianzhong.The effect of bio-fertilizer on soil property and fruit quality of red fuji apple[J].Jour-nal of Shihezi University(Natural Science Edition),2003,7(3):205-208.路克国,朱树华,张连忠.有机肥对土壤理化性质和红富士苹果果实品质的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2003,7(3):205-208.
[19]MENG Cifu,CAO Zhihong,JIANG Peikong,ZHOU,Guomo,LIN Xiangui,XU Qiufang.Effects of application of boron on growth,yields,and quality of red bayberry[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2007,30(7-9):1047-1058.
[2]HE Xinhua,PAN Hong,SHE Jincai,GUO Yongze.The researchprogress of Myrica rubra[J].Fujian Fruits,2006(4):16-23.何新华,潘鸿,佘金彩,郭永泽.杨梅研究进展[J].福建果树,2006(4):16-23.
[3]LIU Hui,WANG Weimu,YANG Xiaohua,TANG Yumei.Cur-rent situation in the study of apple tree mineral nutrition[J].Jour-nal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edi-tion),2001,32(2):245-250.刘慧,王为木,杨晓华,唐玉梅.我国苹果矿质营养研究现状[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(2):245-250.
[4]LU Rukun.Chemical analysis method of soil in agriculture[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[5]ZHOU Pikao,YE Dayu,ZHOU Suzhen,YE Yuehua.Effects offertilization on yield and quality of Chinese Bayberry[J].XiandaiHorticulture,2013(7):7-8.周丕考,叶大余,周素珍,叶月花.配方施肥对杨梅产量与品质的影响[J].现代园艺,2013(7):7-8.
[6]MENG Cifu,CAO Zhihong,JIANG Peikun,XU Qiufang.Char-acteristics of potassium requirement of red bayberry and the yieldincrease effect of potassium application[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sci-ences in China,2006(5):46-48.孟赐福,曹志洪,姜培坤,徐秋芳.杨梅的需钾特性及施钾对杨梅的增产效应[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(5):46-48.
[7]ZHANG Yuejian.The analysis on mineral nutrient absorption ofChinese bayberry(Myrica rubra)Dongkui in whole year[J].ActaAgriculturae Zhejiangensis,1999,11(4):208-211.张跃建.东魁杨梅对主要矿质养分的年间吸收量[J].浙江农业学报,1999,11(4):208-211.
[8]ZHOU Bin,LI Yongxing,YAN Xiaolong,GUO Yue,ZENG Aip-ing.Preliminary report on formula fertilization of bayberry technol-ogy demonstration[J].South China Fruits,2007,36(3):55.周斌,李勇星,晏晓龙,郭悦,曾爱平.杨梅配方施肥技术示范初报[J].中国南方果树,2007,36(3):55.
[9]WANG Fei,ZHOU Zhifeng.Evaluation and improvement of culti-vated land productivity in Ningbo[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Univer-sity Press,2008:77-81.王飞,周志峰.宁波市耕地地力评价及培肥改良[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008:77-81.
[10]LI Zhizhen.Isolation,culture and infection of Frankia strainsfrom the root nodules of Myrica rubra[J].Journal of Fujian Collegeof Forestry,2008,28(3):247-251.李志真.杨梅共生菌Frankia的分离培养及侵染特性[J].福建林学院学报,2008,28(3):247-251.
[11]FIMBEL R A,KUSER J E.Competitive and mutualistic interac-tions between pitch,bayberry,and their symbionts[J].Soil sci-ence,1995,160(1):69-76.
[12]WU Xiaoli,GU Xiaoping.Effect of different fertilization on thegrowth nodulation and nitrogen fixation of Myrica rubra[J].ForestResearch,1993,6(6):708-710.吴晓丽,顾小平.不同肥料对杨梅生长和结瘤固氮的影响[J].林业科学研究,1993,6(6):708-710.
[13]LONG Wangfu.How to manage soil on Mycorrhizae fruit[J].FruitGrowers’Friend,2006(5):52.隆旺夫.有菌根的果树如何进行土壤管理[J].果农之友,2006(5):52.
[14]HUANG Wenxiao.Analysis and monitoring results of soil nutrientin Baise and Liujiang River county,Binyang city[J].Guangxi Ag-ricultural Sciences,2003(1):37-39.黄文校.宾阳百色和柳江县(市)土壤养分监测结果与分析[J].广西农业科学,2003(1):37-39.
[15]MA Chengze.Effect of organic matter content on several soil phys-ical properties[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1994,25(2):65-67.马成泽.有机质含量对土壤几项物理性质的影响[J].土壤通报,1994,25(2):65-67.
[16]WANG Liuhao,TONG Yan’an,LIU Jian.Assessment on cur-rent situation of soil organic matter of apple orchards in Weibei ar-eas[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2007,25(6):189-192.王留好,同延安,刘剑.陕西渭北地区苹果园土壤有机质现状评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(6):189-192.
[17]LIU Zilong,ZHANG Guangjun,ZHAO Zhengyang,LIANG Jun.Survey on the state of soil nutrient of apple orchards in the majorproduction area of Shaanxi[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry Uni-versity,2006,21(2):50-53.刘子龙,张广军,赵政阳,梁军.陕西苹果主产区丰产果园土壤养分状况的调查[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(2):50-53.
[18]LU Keguo,ZHU Shuhua,ZHANG Lianzhong.The effect of bio-fertilizer on soil property and fruit quality of red fuji apple[J].Jour-nal of Shihezi University(Natural Science Edition),2003,7(3):205-208.路克国,朱树华,张连忠.有机肥对土壤理化性质和红富士苹果果实品质的影响[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2003,7(3):205-208.
[19]MENG Cifu,CAO Zhihong,JIANG Peikong,ZHOU,Guomo,LIN Xiangui,XU Qiufang.Effects of application of boron on growth,yields,and quality of red bayberry[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2007,30(7-9):1047-1058.