灌溉策略对冬小麦水分利用和生长的影响
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摘要
为探究不同灌溉策略下冬小麦水分利用和生长的情况,在总灌溉量相同的前提下设置拔节水+开花水单次参比蒸散30%灌溉(W1)、拔节水+开花水单次参比蒸散60%灌溉(W2)和拔节水+开花水大水漫灌(W3)3种灌溉策略,利用称重式蒸渗仪和diviner 2000研究了不同灌溉策略下冬小麦的耗水动态、蒸散特征和水分利用效率。结果表明,大水漫灌处理(W3)下冬小麦主要利用上层(0～50 cm)土壤水分,而低速率灌溉(W2和W1)处理增强了植株根系对深层(70～100 cm)土壤水分的吸收;同时,低速率灌溉可以降低蒸散速率,W3、W2和W1的日蒸散速率最大值在拔节水灌溉期间分别为13.20、10.82和10.58 mm·d~(-1),在开花水灌溉期间分别为15.10、10.57和9.10 mm·d~(-1),其中低速率灌溉主要降低了单日蒸散的午间高峰值,减少了无效耗水。大水漫灌处理不利于生长后期株高的增加,而低速率灌溉不仅有利于株高的形成,也有利于叶片维持较高水平且稳定的SPAD值,保证了籽粒灌浆,使得W2处理的穗粒数和千粒重较W3处理分别提高7.25%和3.93%。综合来看,低速率灌溉策略通过低量持续的供水改变了冬小麦植株根系对土壤水利用的层次,减少无效水蒸散,维持叶片稳定的光合能力,提高了产量和水分利用效率。
Reducing soil water evaporation is the important way to improve water use efficiency for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine whether the water use efficiency and growth of winter wheat could be influenced through the different irrigation speed under the same total irrigation amount. Treatments were 30% irrigation of reference evapotranspiration at every turn(W1) during the jointing and flowering,60% irrigation of reference evapotranspiration at every turn(W2) during the jointing and flowering,and flood irrigation(W3) during the jointing and flowering. Additionally,we monitored water use dynamics continuously by weighting lysimeters system,determined the change of soil moisture content in 0-100 cm by diviner 2000 in Nation Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture,Changping,Beijing. The results showed that either during the jointing or flowering irrigation period,plants mainly absorbed the surface(0-20 cm) soil moisture under flood irrigation. However,the root system of plants under low-rate irrigation enhanced the soil moisture absorption in deeper soil layer(70-100 cm). At the same time,the low speed irrigation reduced the evapotranspiration rate of winter wheat. During jointing irrigation,the maximal daily evapotranspiration rates of W3,W2,and W1 were 13.20 mm·d~(-1),10.82 mm·d~(-1),and 10.58 mm·d~(-1),respectively. The maximal daily evapotranspiration rates of W3,W2,and W1 were 15.10 mm·d~(-1),10.57 mm·d~(-1),and 9.10 mm·d~(-1),respectively during flowering irrigation. The low-rate irrigation mainly reduced the peak value of single-day evapotranspiration and reduced the ineffective water consumption.In addition,low-speed irrigation was beneficial to the formation of winter wheat height.In contrast,it was not enough to increase plant height at the later stage of W3 treatment under high irrigation(increasing degree: early jointing stage-late jointing stage: W1-19.80 cm,W2-19.07 cm,and W3-17.98 cm; late jointing stage-filling stage: W1-18.22 cm,W2-13.96 cm,and W3-9.39 cm). Simultaneously low-speed irrigation can maintain a stable and high level of leaf SPAD value,ensuring the leaf photosynthetic capacity during the grain filling stage. Spike grain number of W2(36.82) was increased by 7.25% than that of W3(34.33). And thousand-grain weight of W2(43.61 g) was increased by 3.93%,compared to that of W3(41.96 g). In summary,low-rate irrigation strategy changed the layer of plant roots to soil water utilization,reduced the evapotranspiration of ineffective water through continuous slight water supply,maintained the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and increased the yield and water use efficiency.
Reducing soil water evaporation is the important way to improve water use efficiency for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine whether the water use efficiency and growth of winter wheat could be influenced through the different irrigation speed under the same total irrigation amount. Treatments were 30% irrigation of reference evapotranspiration at every turn(W1) during the jointing and flowering,60% irrigation of reference evapotranspiration at every turn(W2) during the jointing and flowering,and flood irrigation(W3) during the jointing and flowering. Additionally,we monitored water use dynamics continuously by weighting lysimeters system,determined the change of soil moisture content in 0-100 cm by diviner 2000 in Nation Experiment Station for Precision Agriculture,Changping,Beijing. The results showed that either during the jointing or flowering irrigation period,plants mainly absorbed the surface(0-20 cm) soil moisture under flood irrigation. However,the root system of plants under low-rate irrigation enhanced the soil moisture absorption in deeper soil layer(70-100 cm). At the same time,the low speed irrigation reduced the evapotranspiration rate of winter wheat. During jointing irrigation,the maximal daily evapotranspiration rates of W3,W2,and W1 were 13.20 mm·d~(-1),10.82 mm·d~(-1),and 10.58 mm·d~(-1),respectively. The maximal daily evapotranspiration rates of W3,W2,and W1 were 15.10 mm·d~(-1),10.57 mm·d~(-1),and 9.10 mm·d~(-1),respectively during flowering irrigation. The low-rate irrigation mainly reduced the peak value of single-day evapotranspiration and reduced the ineffective water consumption.In addition,low-speed irrigation was beneficial to the formation of winter wheat height.In contrast,it was not enough to increase plant height at the later stage of W3 treatment under high irrigation(increasing degree: early jointing stage-late jointing stage: W1-19.80 cm,W2-19.07 cm,and W3-17.98 cm; late jointing stage-filling stage: W1-18.22 cm,W2-13.96 cm,and W3-9.39 cm). Simultaneously low-speed irrigation can maintain a stable and high level of leaf SPAD value,ensuring the leaf photosynthetic capacity during the grain filling stage. Spike grain number of W2(36.82) was increased by 7.25% than that of W3(34.33). And thousand-grain weight of W2(43.61 g) was increased by 3.93%,compared to that of W3(41.96 g). In summary,low-rate irrigation strategy changed the layer of plant roots to soil water utilization,reduced the evapotranspiration of ineffective water through continuous slight water supply,maintained the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and increased the yield and water use efficiency.
引文
[1]周凌云.华北地区节水农业问题探讨[J].农业现代化研究,1993,14(4):240. ZHOU L Y.Study on water saving agriculture in North China [J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,1993,14(4):240.
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[3]张兴娟,薛绪掌,郭文忠,等.有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2570. ZHANG X J,XUE X Z,GUO W Z,et al.Quantitative study of water consumption characteristics of winter wheat under deficit irrigation [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2570.
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[5]张胜全,方保停,王志敏,等.春灌模式对晚播冬小麦水分利用及产量形成的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(4):2037. ZHANG S Q,FANG B T,WANG Z M,et al.Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield for mation of late-sowing winter wheat [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(4):2037.
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[7]SCHILLINGER W F,SCHOFSTOLL S E,ALLDREDGE J R.Available water and wheat grain yield relations in a Mediterranean climate [J].Field Crops Research,2008,109(1/3):45.
[8]刘影,张玉龙,张凯,等.灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):141. LIU Y,ZHANG Y L,ZHANG K,et al.Effect of different irrigation patterns on yield and water use efficiency of tomato(Solanum tuberosum L.) in greenhouse [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2015,33(2):141.
[9]宋文品,王志敏,陈晓丽,等.深层渗灌对冬小麦蒸散动态及水分利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(7):896. SONG W P,WANG Z M,CHEN X L,et al.Effects of deep subsurface irrigation on evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of winter wheat based on weighting lysimeters [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(7):896.
[10]褚鹏飞,王东,张永丽,等.灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量及蛋白质组分含量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(4):1306. CHU P F,WANG D,ZHANG Y L,et al.Effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics,grain yield and content of protein components of wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(4):1306.
[11]陈绍民,张胜江,曹伟.不同灌溉方式对土壤水分及棉花光合特性的影响分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):26. CHEN S M,ZHANG S Q,CAO W.Effect of soil moisture and cotton photosynthetic characteristics under different irrigation methods [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2016,35(6):26.
[12]蒋桂英,刘建国,魏建军,等.灌溉频率对滴灌小麦土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):38. JIANG G Y,LIU J G,WEI J J,et al.Effect of irrigation frequency on soil water distribution and water use efficiency in wheat field under drip irrigation [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2013,31(4):38.
[13]黄仲冬,齐学斌,樊向阳.灌溉方式对土壤水分与灌水量影响的模拟研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):91. HUANG Z D,QI X B,FAN X Y.Simulation of soil water content and irrigation amount under different irrigation schemes [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2014,32(4):91.
[14]HURD E A.Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat [J].Developments in Agricultural & Managed Forest Ecology,1975,1(1):39.
[15]BARRACLOUGH P B,WEIR A H.Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth,water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat [J].Journal of Agricultural Science,Cambridge,1988,110(2):207.
[16]孙宏勇,刘昌明,张永强,等.不同时期干旱对冬小麦产量效应和耗水特性研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):14. SUN H Y,LIU C M,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Effects of water stress in different growth stage on water consumption and yield in winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):14.
[17]LHOMME J P,ELGUERO E,CHEHBOUNI A,et al.Stomatal control of transpiration:Examination of Monteith’s formulation of canopy resistance [J].Water Resources Research,1998,34(9):2301.
[18]JOHNSON I R,MELKONIAN J J,THORNLEY J H M,et al.A model of water flow through plants incorporating shoot/root ‘message’ control of stomatal conductance [J].Plant Cell and Environment,1991,14(6):531.
[19]张忠学,于贵瑞.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):1. ZHANG Z X,YU G R.Effect of irrigation scheduling on development and water use efficiency in winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):1.
[20]裴冬,孙振山,陈四龙,等.水分调亏对冬小麦生理生态的影响[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8):69. PEI D,SUN Z S,CHEN S L,et al.Effects of water stress on physiological and agronomic features of winter wheat [J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(8):69.
[21]李莎,李援农.水氮耦合对冬小麦生长的影响[J].节水灌溉,2012(4):2. LI S,LI Y N.Effect of water and nitrogen coupling on the growth of winter wheat [J].Water Saving Irrigation,2012(4):2.
[2]刘涛,周广胜,谭凯炎,等.华北地区冬小麦灌溉制度及其环境效应研究进展[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):5980. LIU T,ZHOU G S,TAN K Y,et al.Review on research of irrigation regime and its environmental effect in winter wheat field of North China Plain [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(19):5980.
[3]张兴娟,薛绪掌,郭文忠,等.有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(10):2570. ZHANG X J,XUE X Z,GUO W Z,et al.Quantitative study of water consumption characteristics of winter wheat under deficit irrigation [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2570.
[4]朱自玺,牛现增,付湘军.冬小麦耗水量和耗水规律的分析[J].气象,1987,13(2):31. ZHU Z X,NIU X Z,FU X J.An analysis of the amount and law of water consumption for winter wheat [J].Meteorological Monthly,1987,13(2):31.
[5]张胜全,方保停,王志敏,等.春灌模式对晚播冬小麦水分利用及产量形成的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(4):2037. ZHANG S Q,FANG B T,WANG Z M,et al.Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield for mation of late-sowing winter wheat [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(4):2037.
[6]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,等.灌溉对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(4):34. FANG Q X,CHENG Y H,LI Q Q,et al.Effect of irrigation on water use efficiency of winter wheat [J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(4):35.
[7]SCHILLINGER W F,SCHOFSTOLL S E,ALLDREDGE J R.Available water and wheat grain yield relations in a Mediterranean climate [J].Field Crops Research,2008,109(1/3):45.
[8]刘影,张玉龙,张凯,等.灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):141. LIU Y,ZHANG Y L,ZHANG K,et al.Effect of different irrigation patterns on yield and water use efficiency of tomato(Solanum tuberosum L.) in greenhouse [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2015,33(2):141.
[9]宋文品,王志敏,陈晓丽,等.深层渗灌对冬小麦蒸散动态及水分利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(7):896. SONG W P,WANG Z M,CHEN X L,et al.Effects of deep subsurface irrigation on evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of winter wheat based on weighting lysimeters [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(7):896.
[10]褚鹏飞,王东,张永丽,等.灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量及蛋白质组分含量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(4):1306. CHU P F,WANG D,ZHANG Y L,et al.Effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics,grain yield and content of protein components of wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(4):1306.
[11]陈绍民,张胜江,曹伟.不同灌溉方式对土壤水分及棉花光合特性的影响分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):26. CHEN S M,ZHANG S Q,CAO W.Effect of soil moisture and cotton photosynthetic characteristics under different irrigation methods [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2016,35(6):26.
[12]蒋桂英,刘建国,魏建军,等.灌溉频率对滴灌小麦土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):38. JIANG G Y,LIU J G,WEI J J,et al.Effect of irrigation frequency on soil water distribution and water use efficiency in wheat field under drip irrigation [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2013,31(4):38.
[13]黄仲冬,齐学斌,樊向阳.灌溉方式对土壤水分与灌水量影响的模拟研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):91. HUANG Z D,QI X B,FAN X Y.Simulation of soil water content and irrigation amount under different irrigation schemes [J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Area,2014,32(4):91.
[14]HURD E A.Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat [J].Developments in Agricultural & Managed Forest Ecology,1975,1(1):39.
[15]BARRACLOUGH P B,WEIR A H.Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth,water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat [J].Journal of Agricultural Science,Cambridge,1988,110(2):207.
[16]孙宏勇,刘昌明,张永强,等.不同时期干旱对冬小麦产量效应和耗水特性研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):14. SUN H Y,LIU C M,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Effects of water stress in different growth stage on water consumption and yield in winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):14.
[17]LHOMME J P,ELGUERO E,CHEHBOUNI A,et al.Stomatal control of transpiration:Examination of Monteith’s formulation of canopy resistance [J].Water Resources Research,1998,34(9):2301.
[18]JOHNSON I R,MELKONIAN J J,THORNLEY J H M,et al.A model of water flow through plants incorporating shoot/root ‘message’ control of stomatal conductance [J].Plant Cell and Environment,1991,14(6):531.
[19]张忠学,于贵瑞.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):1. ZHANG Z X,YU G R.Effect of irrigation scheduling on development and water use efficiency in winter wheat [J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):1.
[20]裴冬,孙振山,陈四龙,等.水分调亏对冬小麦生理生态的影响[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8):69. PEI D,SUN Z S,CHEN S L,et al.Effects of water stress on physiological and agronomic features of winter wheat [J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(8):69.
[21]李莎,李援农.水氮耦合对冬小麦生长的影响[J].节水灌溉,2012(4):2. LI S,LI Y N.Effect of water and nitrogen coupling on the growth of winter wheat [J].Water Saving Irrigation,2012(4):2.