近自然森林经营在德国的应用成效分析
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摘要
[目的]分析德国推行近自然森林经营20年来的经营效果,总结德国推行近自然森林经营的经验。[方法]在明晰近自然森林经营原则的基础上,基于两期(间隔期10年)资源清查数据对比,对德国大面积推行近自然森林经营20年的经营效果进行分析。[结果]两期资源清查数据表明,德国采用近自然经营20年后,针叶林如挪威云杉和欧洲赤松的面积显著减少,阔叶林和针阔混交林面积持续增加;阔叶树种蓄积平均增长量约为15 m~3·hm~(-2),针叶树种蓄积平均增长4 m~3·hm~(-2),挪威云杉是唯一蓄积下降的树种,下降了5 m~3·hm~(-2);近自然度等级变化表明,人工林面积在减少,而近自然森林的面积在增加,甚至符合原始林等级的森林面积也在增加。[结论]实现近自然森林经营的目标是一个长期的过程,联邦政府促进和保护森林的政策以及林场主所采用的先进的森林经营技术也是德国森林每公顷蓄积达到336 m~3的重要原因;在近自然森林经营的原则下,德国森林中针阔混交林比例显著增加;将近自然程度不高的人工林经营转化为近自然的森林生态系统是德国森林经营所面临的主要问题。
[Objective] To analyze the effect of 20 years' practice of close-to-nature forest management, and summarize the experiences of implementing close-to-nature forest management in Germany. [Method] Based on the data of two forest inventories(interval of 10 years), this paper emphatically analyzes the effect of 20 years' close-to-nature forest management practice in Germany. [Result] The area of coniferous forests, such as Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, has been significantly reducing in the past 20 years under close-to-nature forest management, while that of broadleaved forests and coniferous mixed forests continues to increase. All broadleaf species shows an volume increase of about 15 m~3·hm~(-2) in average, and all conifer species combined also shows a positive change of additional 4 m~3·hm~(-2), whereas Picea abies is the only species with a decline in volume of 5 m~3·hm~(-2). Most strikingly is the decrease in area of artificial forests and the increase in the classes close-to-nature and even pristine. [Conclusion] Achieving the objective of close-to-nature forest management is a long-term process. Two major factors contributing to the high stock volume of 336 m~3·hm~(-2) are federal policies which promote and conserve forests and advanced forest management measures adopted by private forest owners. Close-to-nature forest management practice has resulted in an increase of mixed forests; the major challenge faced by German forestry is to convert plantation forests with a lower close-to-nature management level to the close-to-nature forest ecosystem.
[Objective] To analyze the effect of 20 years' practice of close-to-nature forest management, and summarize the experiences of implementing close-to-nature forest management in Germany. [Method] Based on the data of two forest inventories(interval of 10 years), this paper emphatically analyzes the effect of 20 years' close-to-nature forest management practice in Germany. [Result] The area of coniferous forests, such as Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, has been significantly reducing in the past 20 years under close-to-nature forest management, while that of broadleaved forests and coniferous mixed forests continues to increase. All broadleaf species shows an volume increase of about 15 m~3·hm~(-2) in average, and all conifer species combined also shows a positive change of additional 4 m~3·hm~(-2), whereas Picea abies is the only species with a decline in volume of 5 m~3·hm~(-2). Most strikingly is the decrease in area of artificial forests and the increase in the classes close-to-nature and even pristine. [Conclusion] Achieving the objective of close-to-nature forest management is a long-term process. Two major factors contributing to the high stock volume of 336 m~3·hm~(-2) are federal policies which promote and conserve forests and advanced forest management measures adopted by private forest owners. Close-to-nature forest management practice has resulted in an increase of mixed forests; the major challenge faced by German forestry is to convert plantation forests with a lower close-to-nature management level to the close-to-nature forest ecosystem.
引文
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[24] 王懿祥,张守攻,陆元昌,等.干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应[J].林业科学,2014,50(10):67-73.
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[27] 贺志龙,张芸香,郭晋平.我国近自然森林经营技术与效果评价研究进展[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(9):1566-1570.
[28] 曾伟生.近自然森林经营是提高我国森林质量的可行途径[J].林业资源管理,2009,(2):6-11.
[29] 董伯骞,黄选瑞,夏明瑞.退化华北落叶松林枯落物对近自然经营的短期响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):52-58.
[30] 丁磊,胡万良,丁国泉,等.近自然森林经营在辽东山区次生林恢复中的应用效果评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(3):30-34.
[31] 周建云,李荣,何景峰,等.近自然经营对辽东栎林优势乔木更新的影响[J] .林业科学,2013,49(8):15-20.
[32] Thünen-Institut.Dritte Bundeswaldinventur – Ergebnisdatenbank[M/OL].https://bwi.info,2014.
[33] R?hrig E,Bartsch N,Lüpke B V.Waldbau auf ?kologischer Grundlage[M].Heidelberg:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2006.
[34] 惠刚盈,赵中华,胡艳波,等.我国西北主要天然林经营模式设计[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(2):155-161.
[2] 惠刚盈,胡艳波,徐海,等.结构化森林经营[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.
[3] Bieling C.Non-industrial private-forest owners:possibilities for increasing adoption of close-to-nature forest management[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2004,123(4):293-303.
[4] Bundesministerium für Ern?hrung und Landwirtschaft.Bericht ueber die Lage und Entwicklung der Forst- und Holzwirtschaft[M/OL]:https://www.bmel.de/DE/Wald-Fischerei/Waldpolitik/_texte/Bundeswaldgesetz.html,2017.
[5] Carlowitz,H C,Sylvicultura Oeconomica[M].Braun Leipzig.1713.
[6] 黄清麟.浅谈德国的“近自然森林经营”[J].世界林业研究,2005,18(3):73-77.
[7] 陆元昌.近自然森林经营的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[8] 李慧卿,江泽平,雷静品,等.近自然森林经营探讨[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(4):6-11.
[9] 惠刚盈,赵中华,胡艳波.结构化森林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2010.
[10] Bundesministerium für Ern?hrung,Landwirtschaft und Forst,Bericht über die Lage und Entwicklung der Forst-und Holzwirtschaft[M].Bonn,1997.
[11] ANW.Arbeitsgemeinschaft naturgem?βe Waldwirtschaft[M/OL].http://www.anw-deutschland.de/media/pdf/oekol.%20Grund- saetze%20naturgem.%20Waldwirtschaft%20(05.06.2013).pdf.2013.
[12] 惠刚盈.森林经营模式评价方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[13] Schmidt P A .Potential natural vegetation as an objective of close-to-natural forest management[J].Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt,1998,117(4):193-205.
[14] 宁金魁,陆元昌,赵浩彦,等.北京西山地区油松人工林近自然化改造效果评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37 (7):42-44.
[15] 惠刚盈,Klaus von Gadow,赵中华,等.结构化森林经营原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016.
[16] 陆元昌,张守攻,雷相东,等.人工林近自然化改造的理论基础和实施技术[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(1):20-27.
[17] Miller G W,Stringer J W,Mercker D C.Technical guide to crop tree release in hardwood forests[R].The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service Publication Series PB1774.Knoxville:University of Tennessee,USA.2007,12:1-24.
[18] Schuler T M.Crop tree release improves competitiveness of northern red oak growing in association with black cherry[J].Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,2006,23(2):77-82.
[19] 惠刚盈,胡艳波,赵中华.结构化森林经营研究进展[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):85-93.
[20] 陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东,等.基于目标树经营的抚育采伐对云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构的影响[J].林业科学研究,2017,30(5):718-726.
[21] Trimble G R.Early crop-tree release in even-aged stands of Appalachian hardwoods:Northeastern Forest Experiment Station research paper NE-203[R].Radnor,PA:USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,1971,1-12.
[22] 张晓红,张会儒,卢军,等.美国目标树经营体系及其经营效果研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2016,29(2):91-96.
[23] Ward J S.Intensity of precommercial crop tree release increases diameter growth and survival of upland oaks[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2009,39(1):118-130.
[24] 王懿祥,张守攻,陆元昌,等.干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应[J].林业科学,2014,50(10):67-73.
[25] Nieders?chsisches Ministerium für Ern?hrung,Landwirtschaft und Forsten.Unser Land,unser Wald.Wald und Forstwirtschaft in Niedersachsen[R].Schriftenreihe Waldentwicklung in Niedersachsen,Heft 9.2000.
[26] 陆元昌,雷相东,洪玲霞,等.近自然森林经理计划技术体系研究[J].西南林业大学学报:自然科学,2010,30(1):1-5.
[27] 贺志龙,张芸香,郭晋平.我国近自然森林经营技术与效果评价研究进展[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(9):1566-1570.
[28] 曾伟生.近自然森林经营是提高我国森林质量的可行途径[J].林业资源管理,2009,(2):6-11.
[29] 董伯骞,黄选瑞,夏明瑞.退化华北落叶松林枯落物对近自然经营的短期响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):52-58.
[30] 丁磊,胡万良,丁国泉,等.近自然森林经营在辽东山区次生林恢复中的应用效果评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(3):30-34.
[31] 周建云,李荣,何景峰,等.近自然经营对辽东栎林优势乔木更新的影响[J] .林业科学,2013,49(8):15-20.
[32] Thünen-Institut.Dritte Bundeswaldinventur – Ergebnisdatenbank[M/OL].https://bwi.info,2014.
[33] R?hrig E,Bartsch N,Lüpke B V.Waldbau auf ?kologischer Grundlage[M].Heidelberg:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2006.
[34] 惠刚盈,赵中华,胡艳波,等.我国西北主要天然林经营模式设计[J].林业科学研究,2016,29(2):155-161.