2015～2017年北京及近周边平房燃煤散烧及其污染排放遥感测算
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摘要
利用2015～2017年8～9月2 m级高分辨率遥感影像,对北京市平原区平房面积和分布进行遥感监测,其中2017年增加北京周边地区(廊坊、保定)的监测,获取平房信息,并利用平房采暖面积调查、燃煤量入户抽样调查等技术手段,估算了北京及周边地区平房燃煤总量,同时结合排放因子,测算了燃煤PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_x的排放量.结果表明2015～2017年,北京市平原区平房燃煤量大幅度下降,燃煤总量下降了75%,煤改电(气)措施效果显著.现阶段(2017年)北京城六区、南部平原城乡地区基本实现"无煤化",燃煤散烧主要集中在北部平原区,其中昌平、顺义区燃煤量均超过30万t,平谷、延庆区的燃煤量在15万t以上.从空间分布来看,2015年燃煤量空间呈环状分布,2016年呈半环状,燃煤集中在位于环面区域的昌平、顺义、通州、大兴区. 2017年各区平房燃煤所产生的大气污染物排污量差别明显,其中昌平区的SO_2和NO_x排放量最高,分别为1 113. 3 t和279. 2 t. 2017年保定、廊坊市煤改清洁能源工作初见成效,但燃煤总量依然较大,煤质差、使用方式粗放,燃煤强度由北至南逐渐增大.保定、廊坊市平原区燃煤量分别约为1 043万t和407万t.保定市近郊村庄燃煤量普遍较少,北市、南市和新市区村庄燃煤量均低于5万t.廊坊市平原区燃煤量空间分布较为平均,其中文安县平原区燃煤量最多,为69万t,大厂回族自治县燃煤量最低.
Spatial distribution of bungalow areas in the plain area of Beijing was interpreted using high resolution remote sensing images from 2015-2017,and data for the nearby surrounding areas was added in 2017. The bungalow development areas were then refined by a combination of field sampling and imagery interpretation. A statistical model was developed to estimate the coal consumption in bungalow areas based on statistical records of the developed areas. Emissions associated with coal burning emissions,namely,particulate matter( PM_(2.5)),sulfur dioxide( SO_2),and nitrogen oxide( NO_x),were estimated from emission factors collected from the relevant research. The results showed that residential coal burning decreased drastically by 75% during the period 2015-2017 in Beijing. The effect of coal modification( gas) measures is remarkable. Beijing's six downtown districts,and the urban and rural areas of the southern plain,have eliminated coal use at this stage. The districts in which coal burning is centered are located in the northern plains of Beijing. Coal consumption is greater than 300 000 t in the Changping,Shunyi district,and greater than 150 000 t in the Pinggu,Yanqing District. The spatial distribution of coal consumption in 2015 was focused in the city center,then became a circular and later a semi-circular distribution. Coal burning was centered in the districts of Changping,Shunyi,Tongzhou,and Daxing,which are all located on the ring perimeter. The emissions of SO_2 and NO_xin the plain areas of Beijing were obviously different. The highest emissions of SO_2 and NO_xwere observed in the Changping district,and reached 1 113. 3 t and 279. 2 t,respectively. The Coal Clean Energy Policy in Baoding,Langfang in 2017 has achieved initial success. However,the coal consumption is very large; the quality of the coal was poor and coal was used extensively. The coal burning intensity showed an increasing trend from north to south in Baoding and Langfang. The coal consumption in Baoding and Langfang totaled 1 043 × 10~4 t and 407 × 10~4 t respectively. The villages in the suburbs of Baoding and Langfang used less coal,with a coal consumption of less than 5 × 10~4 t in Beishi,Nanshi,and Xinshi villages.The spatial distribution of coal consumption for the Langfang plain was relatively even and uniform. The highest coal consumption was found in Wen'an,with a value of 69 × 10~4 t,and the lowest was observed in Dachang.
Spatial distribution of bungalow areas in the plain area of Beijing was interpreted using high resolution remote sensing images from 2015-2017,and data for the nearby surrounding areas was added in 2017. The bungalow development areas were then refined by a combination of field sampling and imagery interpretation. A statistical model was developed to estimate the coal consumption in bungalow areas based on statistical records of the developed areas. Emissions associated with coal burning emissions,namely,particulate matter( PM_(2.5)),sulfur dioxide( SO_2),and nitrogen oxide( NO_x),were estimated from emission factors collected from the relevant research. The results showed that residential coal burning decreased drastically by 75% during the period 2015-2017 in Beijing. The effect of coal modification( gas) measures is remarkable. Beijing's six downtown districts,and the urban and rural areas of the southern plain,have eliminated coal use at this stage. The districts in which coal burning is centered are located in the northern plains of Beijing. Coal consumption is greater than 300 000 t in the Changping,Shunyi district,and greater than 150 000 t in the Pinggu,Yanqing District. The spatial distribution of coal consumption in 2015 was focused in the city center,then became a circular and later a semi-circular distribution. Coal burning was centered in the districts of Changping,Shunyi,Tongzhou,and Daxing,which are all located on the ring perimeter. The emissions of SO_2 and NO_xin the plain areas of Beijing were obviously different. The highest emissions of SO_2 and NO_xwere observed in the Changping district,and reached 1 113. 3 t and 279. 2 t,respectively. The Coal Clean Energy Policy in Baoding,Langfang in 2017 has achieved initial success. However,the coal consumption is very large; the quality of the coal was poor and coal was used extensively. The coal burning intensity showed an increasing trend from north to south in Baoding and Langfang. The coal consumption in Baoding and Langfang totaled 1 043 × 10~4 t and 407 × 10~4 t respectively. The villages in the suburbs of Baoding and Langfang used less coal,with a coal consumption of less than 5 × 10~4 t in Beishi,Nanshi,and Xinshi villages.The spatial distribution of coal consumption for the Langfang plain was relatively even and uniform. The highest coal consumption was found in Wen'an,with a value of 69 × 10~4 t,and the lowest was observed in Dachang.
引文
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