嵌入社会网络的技术:区块链在著作权交易中的应用再检讨
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摘要
区块链可以变革著作权交易模式的观点自这一技术出现以来已为多方论述,但这些讨论将区块链技术视为脱离社会网络的物质工具,低估了行动者互动的复杂性。本文基于复杂科学理论,重新思考区块链技术在著作权领域的应用,关注技术应用者及其互动关系。从社会网络视角来看,区块链技术面临着中心化风险。这是因为,在真实世界中,存在社会资本不均等和信息不对称等现象,由此,技术使用者经由自身努力改变节点状态并实现了网络结构的变化,中心化节点在重尾分布中出现。据此,区块链难以从根本上改变目前著作权领域中心化交易模式。有关区块链音乐平台的案例分析支持了我们的观点。在著作权交易中,中心机构还发挥着信息过滤等其他作用,是否应当借由区块链技术实现去中心化交易模式仍有待商榷。
The idea that blockchain can change the mode of copyright transaction has been discussed in many ways since the emergence of this technology, but these discussions regard blockchain as a physical tool divorced from social network and underestimate the complexity of the interaction between actors. Based on the theory of complexity, this paper rethinks the application of blockchain technology in copyright transaction, and pays attention to the technology users and their interaction. From the perspective of social network, blockchain is facing the risk of centralization because in the real world there is social capital inequality and information asymmetry. Based on this, technology users try to change the state of nodes to achieve changes in the network structure, and centralized nodes appear because of heavy-tail distribution. Accordingly, blockchain is difficult to fundamentally change the current centralized mode in copyright transaction. The cases of music platform based on blockchain support the idea of this article. In copyright transaction, the centralized institutions also play other roles like information filtering. Whether the blockchain should be used to realize the decentralized transaction mode remains to be discussed.
The idea that blockchain can change the mode of copyright transaction has been discussed in many ways since the emergence of this technology, but these discussions regard blockchain as a physical tool divorced from social network and underestimate the complexity of the interaction between actors. Based on the theory of complexity, this paper rethinks the application of blockchain technology in copyright transaction, and pays attention to the technology users and their interaction. From the perspective of social network, blockchain is facing the risk of centralization because in the real world there is social capital inequality and information asymmetry. Based on this, technology users try to change the state of nodes to achieve changes in the network structure, and centralized nodes appear because of heavy-tail distribution. Accordingly, blockchain is difficult to fundamentally change the current centralized mode in copyright transaction. The cases of music platform based on blockchain support the idea of this article. In copyright transaction, the centralized institutions also play other roles like information filtering. Whether the blockchain should be used to realize the decentralized transaction mode remains to be discussed.
引文
① S. Oh and S. Wallsten, “Is Blockchain Hype, Revolutionary, or Both? What We Need to Know”,https://techpolicyinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Is-Blockchain-Hype-Revolutionary-or-Both_What-We-Need-to-Know.pdf, 2018-04-03.
② 布莱恩·阿瑟:《技术的本质:技术是什么,它是如何进化的》,曹东溟、王健译,浙江人民出版社,2014年。
③ A. Back, M. Corallo, L. Dashjr, et al., “Enabling Blockchain Innovations With Pegged Sidechains”, http://www.opensciencereview. com/papers/123/enablingblockchain-innovations-with-pegged-sidechains, 2014-10-22.
④ N.T. Courtois and L. Bahack, “On Subversive Miner Strategies and Block Withholding Attack in Bitcoin Digital Currency”, Eprint Arxiv, 2014,1:1402.1718.
(1)Satoshi Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System”, http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, 2008.
(2)杨昊:《波动之后的全球化新进程与全球治理的新议题——区块链、人的流动与权威的跨国耦合》,载《学术界》,2018年第4期,第150-160页。
(3)王珍珍、陈婷:《区块链真的可以颠覆世界吗——内涵、应用场景、改革与挑战》,载《中国科技论坛》,2018年第2期,第112-119页。
(4)“The Promise of the Blockchain: The Trust Machine”, The Economist, 2015, 31.
(5)区块链1.0为虚拟货币阶段(Currency),2.0为智能合约阶段(Contracts)。参见:Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy, O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2015.
(6)聂静:《基于区块链的数字出版版权保护》,载《出版发行研究》,2017年第9期,第33-36页。
(7)J. Silver, “Blockchain or the Chaingang? Challenges, Opportunities and Hype: The Music Industry and Blockchain Technologies”, https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2016/05/12/blockchain-or-the-chaingang/, 2016-05-12.
(8)陈一稀:《区块链技术的“不可能三角”及需要注意的问题研究》,载《浙江金融》,2016年第2期,第17-20页。
(9)I. Eyal and E G. Sirer, “Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable”, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 436-454.
(10)M. Atzori, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(11)林南、孙准模、高柏:《嵌入在社会网络中的经济——以网络社会网与经济为例》,安真真译,载《社会学评论》,2018年第2期,第3-18页。
(12)马克·格兰诺维特、理查德·斯威德伯格:《经济生活中的社会学》,瞿铁鹏、姜志辉译,上海人民出版社,2014年,第56页。
(13)周雪光:《组织社会学十讲》,社会科学文献出版社,2003年,第114页。
(14)H. C. White, “Where do Markets Come From?” American Journal of Sociology, 1981, 87(3), pp. 517-547.
(15)在伯特的研究中,企业家填补了社会网络的结构洞,因而对组织网络的影响更为显著。参见:罗纳德·伯特:《结构洞:竞争的社会结构》,任敏、李璐、林虹译,上海人民出版社,2008年。
(16)林南、孙准模、高柏:《嵌入在社会网络中的经济——以网络社会网与经济为例》,载《社会学评论》,2018年第2期,第3-18页。
(17)杨玉波、李备友、李守伟:《嵌入性理论研究综述:基于普遍联系的视角》,载《山东社会科学》,2014年第3期。
(18)梅拉妮·米歇尔:《复杂》,唐璐译,湖南科学技术出版社,2011年,第3-13页。
(19)培顿·杨:《个人策略与社会结构:制度的演化理论》,王勇译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第183页。
(20)布莱恩·阿瑟:《复杂经济学:经济思想的新框架》,浙江人民出版社,2018年,第51-53页。
(21)G. Corso, L. S. Lucena and Z. D. Thomé, “The Small-world of Economy: A Speculative Proposal”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 324(1-2), pp. 430-436.
(22)袁勇、王飞跃:《区块链技术发展现状与展望》,载《自动化学报》,2016年第4期,第481-494页。
(23)A. Back, “Hashcash — A Denial of Service Counter-Measure”, USENIX Technical Conference, 2002.
(24)J. Potts and E. Rennie, “Blockchains and Creative Industries”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3072129, 2017-11-16.
(25)S. Davidson, P. De Filippi and J. Potts, Economics of Blockchain, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2744751, 2016-03-08.
(26)R. Pass, L. Seeman and A. Shelat, “Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks”, International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer, Cham,pp.643-673.
(27)S. Bhattacharyya and S. Ohlsson, “Social Creativity as a Function of Agent Cognition and Network Properties: A Computer Model”, Social Networks, 2010,32(4), pp. 263-278.
(28)汪丁丁:《行为经济学讲义:演化论的视角》,上海人民出版社,2011年,第24页。
(29)C. Dwork, A. Goldberg and M. Naor, “On Memory-bound Functions for Fighting Spam”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003, 2729, pp. 426-444.
(30)Ben Laurie, Richard Clayton, “Proof-of-work Proves Not to Work; Version 0.2”, Workshop on Economics and Information, Security, 2004.
(31)M. Atzori, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(32)N. T. Courtois, “On the Longest Chain Rule and Programmed Self-destruction of Crypto Currencies”, Computer Science, Arxiv Preprint Arxiv: 1405.0534.
(33)I. Eyal and E. G. Sirer, “Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable”, Communications of the ACM, 2018, 61(7), pp. 95-102.
(34)D.J. Watts, “The ‘New’ Science of Networks, Annu, Rev”, Social, 2004,30, pp. 243-270.
(35)Jean. Tirole, “Incomplete Contracts: Where do We Stand? ” Econometrica, 1999, 67(4), pp. 741-781.
(36)A. L. Barabási and R. Albert, “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks”, Science,1999, 286(5439), pp. 509-512.
(37)朱建明、付永贵:《区块链应用研究进展》,载《科技导报》,2017年第13期,第70-76页。
(38)D. Liu and J. Camp, “Proof of Work Can Work”, Weis, https://www.econinfosec.org/archive/weis 2006/docs/50.pdf.
(39)袁勇、王飞跃:《区块链技术发展现状与展望》,载《自动化学报》,2016年第4期,第481-494页。
(40)D. Fu and L. Fang, “Blockchain-based Trusted Computing in Social Network”, IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications, 2016, pp. 19-22.
(41)Gavin Wood, “Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger”, Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 2014, 151, pp. 1-32.
(42)K. Delmolino, M. Arnett, A. Kosba, et al., “Step by Step Towards Creating a Safe Smart Contract: Lessons and Insights From a Cryptocurrency Lab”, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016, pp. 79-94.
(43)A. E. Gencer, S. Basu, I. Eyal, R. V. Renesse & E. G. Sirer, “Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks”, https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03998, 2018-05-29.
(44)Marcella ATZORI, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governace and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(45)J. Silver, “Blockchain or the Chaingang? Challenges, Opportunities and Hype: The Music Industry and Blockchain Technologies”, https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2016/05/12/blockchain-or-the-chaingang/, 2016-05-12.
(46)J. Pons, “Blockchains and Smart Contracts in the Culture and Entertainment Business”, 2017,8, pp. 1-17.
(47)Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani, “The Truth About Blockchain”, Harvard Business Review, 2017, 95(4), pp. 118-127.
(48)培顿·杨:《个人策略与社会结构:制度的演化理论》,王勇译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第183页。
(49)S. Davidson, P. De Filippi and J. Potts, “Economics of Blockchain”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2744751, 2016-03-08.
(50)冉景刚:《区块链在数字出版业中的应用研究》,载《出版发行研究》,2018年第6期,第34-38页。
(51)甘琦:《出版业: 向美国学习, 还是从美国的错误中学习——记美国独立出版人安德列·西弗林》,载《读书》,2011年第6期,第108-118页。
(52)钱伟、吴丹丹:《传统出版变革路径再思考》,载《中国出版》,2016年第22期,第48-51页。
② 布莱恩·阿瑟:《技术的本质:技术是什么,它是如何进化的》,曹东溟、王健译,浙江人民出版社,2014年。
③ A. Back, M. Corallo, L. Dashjr, et al., “Enabling Blockchain Innovations With Pegged Sidechains”, http://www.opensciencereview. com/papers/123/enablingblockchain-innovations-with-pegged-sidechains, 2014-10-22.
④ N.T. Courtois and L. Bahack, “On Subversive Miner Strategies and Block Withholding Attack in Bitcoin Digital Currency”, Eprint Arxiv, 2014,1:1402.1718.
(1)Satoshi Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System”, http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, 2008.
(2)杨昊:《波动之后的全球化新进程与全球治理的新议题——区块链、人的流动与权威的跨国耦合》,载《学术界》,2018年第4期,第150-160页。
(3)王珍珍、陈婷:《区块链真的可以颠覆世界吗——内涵、应用场景、改革与挑战》,载《中国科技论坛》,2018年第2期,第112-119页。
(4)“The Promise of the Blockchain: The Trust Machine”, The Economist, 2015, 31.
(5)区块链1.0为虚拟货币阶段(Currency),2.0为智能合约阶段(Contracts)。参见:Melanie Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy, O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2015.
(6)聂静:《基于区块链的数字出版版权保护》,载《出版发行研究》,2017年第9期,第33-36页。
(7)J. Silver, “Blockchain or the Chaingang? Challenges, Opportunities and Hype: The Music Industry and Blockchain Technologies”, https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2016/05/12/blockchain-or-the-chaingang/, 2016-05-12.
(8)陈一稀:《区块链技术的“不可能三角”及需要注意的问题研究》,载《浙江金融》,2016年第2期,第17-20页。
(9)I. Eyal and E G. Sirer, “Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable”, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 436-454.
(10)M. Atzori, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(11)林南、孙准模、高柏:《嵌入在社会网络中的经济——以网络社会网与经济为例》,安真真译,载《社会学评论》,2018年第2期,第3-18页。
(12)马克·格兰诺维特、理查德·斯威德伯格:《经济生活中的社会学》,瞿铁鹏、姜志辉译,上海人民出版社,2014年,第56页。
(13)周雪光:《组织社会学十讲》,社会科学文献出版社,2003年,第114页。
(14)H. C. White, “Where do Markets Come From?” American Journal of Sociology, 1981, 87(3), pp. 517-547.
(15)在伯特的研究中,企业家填补了社会网络的结构洞,因而对组织网络的影响更为显著。参见:罗纳德·伯特:《结构洞:竞争的社会结构》,任敏、李璐、林虹译,上海人民出版社,2008年。
(16)林南、孙准模、高柏:《嵌入在社会网络中的经济——以网络社会网与经济为例》,载《社会学评论》,2018年第2期,第3-18页。
(17)杨玉波、李备友、李守伟:《嵌入性理论研究综述:基于普遍联系的视角》,载《山东社会科学》,2014年第3期。
(18)梅拉妮·米歇尔:《复杂》,唐璐译,湖南科学技术出版社,2011年,第3-13页。
(19)培顿·杨:《个人策略与社会结构:制度的演化理论》,王勇译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第183页。
(20)布莱恩·阿瑟:《复杂经济学:经济思想的新框架》,浙江人民出版社,2018年,第51-53页。
(21)G. Corso, L. S. Lucena and Z. D. Thomé, “The Small-world of Economy: A Speculative Proposal”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 324(1-2), pp. 430-436.
(22)袁勇、王飞跃:《区块链技术发展现状与展望》,载《自动化学报》,2016年第4期,第481-494页。
(23)A. Back, “Hashcash — A Denial of Service Counter-Measure”, USENIX Technical Conference, 2002.
(24)J. Potts and E. Rennie, “Blockchains and Creative Industries”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3072129, 2017-11-16.
(25)S. Davidson, P. De Filippi and J. Potts, Economics of Blockchain, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2744751, 2016-03-08.
(26)R. Pass, L. Seeman and A. Shelat, “Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks”, International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer, Cham,pp.643-673.
(27)S. Bhattacharyya and S. Ohlsson, “Social Creativity as a Function of Agent Cognition and Network Properties: A Computer Model”, Social Networks, 2010,32(4), pp. 263-278.
(28)汪丁丁:《行为经济学讲义:演化论的视角》,上海人民出版社,2011年,第24页。
(29)C. Dwork, A. Goldberg and M. Naor, “On Memory-bound Functions for Fighting Spam”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003, 2729, pp. 426-444.
(30)Ben Laurie, Richard Clayton, “Proof-of-work Proves Not to Work; Version 0.2”, Workshop on Economics and Information, Security, 2004.
(31)M. Atzori, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governance and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(32)N. T. Courtois, “On the Longest Chain Rule and Programmed Self-destruction of Crypto Currencies”, Computer Science, Arxiv Preprint Arxiv: 1405.0534.
(33)I. Eyal and E. G. Sirer, “Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable”, Communications of the ACM, 2018, 61(7), pp. 95-102.
(34)D.J. Watts, “The ‘New’ Science of Networks, Annu, Rev”, Social, 2004,30, pp. 243-270.
(35)Jean. Tirole, “Incomplete Contracts: Where do We Stand? ” Econometrica, 1999, 67(4), pp. 741-781.
(36)A. L. Barabási and R. Albert, “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks”, Science,1999, 286(5439), pp. 509-512.
(37)朱建明、付永贵:《区块链应用研究进展》,载《科技导报》,2017年第13期,第70-76页。
(38)D. Liu and J. Camp, “Proof of Work Can Work”, Weis, https://www.econinfosec.org/archive/weis 2006/docs/50.pdf.
(39)袁勇、王飞跃:《区块链技术发展现状与展望》,载《自动化学报》,2016年第4期,第481-494页。
(40)D. Fu and L. Fang, “Blockchain-based Trusted Computing in Social Network”, IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications, 2016, pp. 19-22.
(41)Gavin Wood, “Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger”, Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 2014, 151, pp. 1-32.
(42)K. Delmolino, M. Arnett, A. Kosba, et al., “Step by Step Towards Creating a Safe Smart Contract: Lessons and Insights From a Cryptocurrency Lab”, International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016, pp. 79-94.
(43)A. E. Gencer, S. Basu, I. Eyal, R. V. Renesse & E. G. Sirer, “Decentralization in Bitcoin and Ethereum Networks”, https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03998, 2018-05-29.
(44)Marcella ATZORI, “Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?” Journal of Governace and Regulation, 2017, 6(1), pp. 45-62.
(45)J. Silver, “Blockchain or the Chaingang? Challenges, Opportunities and Hype: The Music Industry and Blockchain Technologies”, https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2016/05/12/blockchain-or-the-chaingang/, 2016-05-12.
(46)J. Pons, “Blockchains and Smart Contracts in the Culture and Entertainment Business”, 2017,8, pp. 1-17.
(47)Marco Iansiti and Karim R. Lakhani, “The Truth About Blockchain”, Harvard Business Review, 2017, 95(4), pp. 118-127.
(48)培顿·杨:《个人策略与社会结构:制度的演化理论》,王勇译,上海人民出版社,2004年,第183页。
(49)S. Davidson, P. De Filippi and J. Potts, “Economics of Blockchain”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2744751, 2016-03-08.
(50)冉景刚:《区块链在数字出版业中的应用研究》,载《出版发行研究》,2018年第6期,第34-38页。
(51)甘琦:《出版业: 向美国学习, 还是从美国的错误中学习——记美国独立出版人安德列·西弗林》,载《读书》,2011年第6期,第108-118页。
(52)钱伟、吴丹丹:《传统出版变革路径再思考》,载《中国出版》,2016年第22期,第48-51页。