减氮配施氮转化调控剂对麦田CO_2和CH_4排放的影响
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摘要
为解决小麦生产中增施氮肥导致温室气体CO_2和CH_4排放增加、增温潜势较大等问题,采用田间试验法,研究减氮并配施不同氮转化调控剂等条件下的麦田土壤CO_2和CH_4排放规律、排放总量和二者的增温潜势。结果表明:麦田土壤是CO_2排放源,其排放通量在夏季较高,春、秋季次之,冬季最低;麦田土壤是CH_4弱吸收汇,季节性变化不明显;土壤温度、湿度、施肥等显著影响温室气体排放;与农民习惯施氮肥比,减氮处理的CO_2平均排放通量和排放总量分别显著降低8.3%～32.6%和7.8%～31.6%,减氮处理的CH_4平均吸收通量和吸收总量分别增加43.0%～130.8%和49.4%～138.5%,减氮处理的总GWP和净GWP分别降低7.9%～31.6%和14.5%～55.5%;与等氮量处理相比,配施氮转化调控剂处理的CO_2排放通量、排放总量分别降低5.9%～26.5%和6.6%～25.8%,CH_4平均吸收通量和吸收总量分别增加19.7%～61.3%和20.2%～59.7%,总GWP和净GWP降低6.6%～25.8%和12.6%～47.9%。结果表明,在农民习惯施氮肥基础上减氮和氮肥配施氮转化调控剂均显著减少麦田土壤CO_2排放、促进CH_4吸收、降低增温潜势。
In order to address the problem of increasing CO_(2 )and CH_(4 )emissions and potential greenhouse gas warming(GWP)caused by excessive application of N fertilizer in wheat production,a field experiment was conducted to study the emissions of CO_2,CH_(4 )and GWP from wheat field soil under the conditions of reducing N,combined with N conversion control additives.Soil temperature,moisture and fertilization significantly affected greenhouse gas emissions.Compared with farmers′conventional nitrogen model,the average CO_(2 )emission flux and total CO_(2 )emission from the N reduction models decreased by 8.3%～32.6%and 7.8%～31.6%,but the average CH_(4 )absorption flux and total absorption increases by 43.0%～130.8%and 49.4%～138.5%,respectively,with the total GWP and net GWP decreasing by 7.9%～31.6%and 14.5%～55.5%,respectively.Compared with the N reduction model,CO_(2 )emission flux and total emission from models of the N reduction model,combined with N conversion control additives decreased by 5.9%～26.5%and 6.6%～25.8%respectively.Average absorption flux and total absorption of CH_(4 )increased by 19.7%～61.3%and 20.2%～59.7%and total GWP and net GWP decreased by 6.6%～25.8%and 12.6%～47.9%,respectively.In summary,N reduction on the basis of farmers′N fertilizer rate and N fertilizer combined with N conversion control additives can significantly reduce soil CO_(2 )emissions,promote CH_(4 )uptake,and reduce GWP in the wheat season.Wheat fields are the source of CO_(2 )emissions,and their emission flux has clear seasonal variations that are higher in summer,lower in spring and autumn,and lowest in winter.Under the experimental conditions,the soil shows weak absorption of CH_4.
In order to address the problem of increasing CO_(2 )and CH_(4 )emissions and potential greenhouse gas warming(GWP)caused by excessive application of N fertilizer in wheat production,a field experiment was conducted to study the emissions of CO_2,CH_(4 )and GWP from wheat field soil under the conditions of reducing N,combined with N conversion control additives.Soil temperature,moisture and fertilization significantly affected greenhouse gas emissions.Compared with farmers′conventional nitrogen model,the average CO_(2 )emission flux and total CO_(2 )emission from the N reduction models decreased by 8.3%～32.6%and 7.8%～31.6%,but the average CH_(4 )absorption flux and total absorption increases by 43.0%～130.8%and 49.4%～138.5%,respectively,with the total GWP and net GWP decreasing by 7.9%～31.6%and 14.5%～55.5%,respectively.Compared with the N reduction model,CO_(2 )emission flux and total emission from models of the N reduction model,combined with N conversion control additives decreased by 5.9%～26.5%and 6.6%～25.8%respectively.Average absorption flux and total absorption of CH_(4 )increased by 19.7%～61.3%and 20.2%～59.7%and total GWP and net GWP decreased by 6.6%～25.8%and 12.6%～47.9%,respectively.In summary,N reduction on the basis of farmers′N fertilizer rate and N fertilizer combined with N conversion control additives can significantly reduce soil CO_(2 )emissions,promote CH_(4 )uptake,and reduce GWP in the wheat season.Wheat fields are the source of CO_(2 )emissions,and their emission flux has clear seasonal variations that are higher in summer,lower in spring and autumn,and lowest in winter.Under the experimental conditions,the soil shows weak absorption of CH_4.
引文
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[2]王秀斌,梁国庆,周卫,等.优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系农田反硝化损失与N2O排放特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):48-54.WANG Xiu-bin,LIANG Guo-qing,ZHOU Wei,et al.Effect of optimized nitrogen application on denitrification losses and N2O emissions from soil in winter wheat/summer corn rotation system in North China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(1):48-54.
[3]梁昊.不同施肥对紫色水稻土水旱轮作田麦季土壤CO2排放的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.LIANG Hao.Effect of different fertilization on CO2 emission for a paddy-upland rotation purple soil under wheat[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2008.
[4]Liu L L,Greaver T L.A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic GHGs:The CO2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2Oand CH4 emission[J].Ecology Letters,2009,12(10):1103-1117.
[5]Chu H Y,Hosen Y,Yagi K,et al.NO,N2O,CH4 and CO2 fluxes in winter barley field of Japanese andisol as affected by N fertilizer manageCHment[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39:330-339.
[6]陈新平,张福锁.小麦-玉米轮作体系养分资源综合管理理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.CHEN Xin-ping,ZHANG Fu-suo.Theory and practice of integrated management of nutrient resources in wheat maize rotation system[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2006.
[7]马少云.黄淮海北部高产粮田系统养分特征及土壤养分限制谱序研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.MA Shao-yun.Study on the characters of high-production grain yieldsystem and the limiting sequence of soil nutrient in the North Huanghuai-hai China[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2015.
[8]李瑞奇,李雁鸣,何建兴,等.施氮量对冬小麦氮素利用和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2011,31(2):270-275.LI Rui-qi,LI Yan-ming,HE Jian-xing,et al.Effect of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen utilization and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2011,31(2):270-275.
[9]Ju X T,Kou C L,Zhang F S,et al.Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,143(1):117-125.
[10]马银丽,吉艳芝,李鑫,等.施氮水平对小麦-玉米轮作体系氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,212:225-230.MA Yin-li,JI Yan-zhi,LI Xin,et al.Effects of N fertilization rates on the NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions from the wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,212:225-230.
[11]张婧,李虎,朱国梁,等.控释肥施用对土壤N2O排放的影响-以华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作系统为例[J].生态学报,2017,37(22):7624-7635.ZHANG Jing,LI Hu,ZHU Guo-liang,et al.Effect of controlled-release fertilization on nitrous oxide emission:A case study of a wheatmaize rotation system in the North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(22):7624-7635.
[12]刘建涛,张会永,王雪,等.氮肥调控剂施用对小麦生长、氮素利用及氮素表观平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(1):209-214.LIU Jian-tao,ZHANG Hui-yong,WANG Xue,et al.Effects of nitrogen regulator on wheat growth,nitrogen use efficiency and apparent nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(1):209-214.
[13]康熙龙,张旭辉,张硕硕.旱地土壤施用生物质炭的后效应--水分条件对土壤有机碳矿化的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(1):152-158.KANG Xi-long,ZHANG Xu-hui,ZHANG Shuo-shuo.Effects of biochar application history on soil:Effect of moisture regime on dynamics of soil organic carbon mineralization[J].Soil,2016,48(1):152-158.
[14]叶欣,李俊,王迎红,等.华北平原典型农田土壤氧化亚氮的排放特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(6):1186-1191.YE Xin,LI Jun,WANG Ying-hong,et al.Characterization of emissions of nitrous oxide from soils of typical crop fields in North China plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(6):1186-1191.
[15]于亚军,朱波,王小国,等.成都平原水稻-油菜轮作系统氧化亚氮排放[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1277-1282.YU Ya-jun,ZHU Bo,WANG Xiao-guo,et al.N2O emission from rice-rapeseed rotation system in Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1277-1282.
[16]IPCC."Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing"in climate change 2007:The physical science basis contribution of working groupⅠto the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R].Cambridge,UK and New York:Cambridge University Press,2007:212.
[17]王修兰.全球农作物对大气CO2及其倍增的吸收量估算[J].气象学报,1996,54(4):466-473.WANG Xiu-lan.The estimation on crop absorbing CO2 under current and double CO2 conditions in the world[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,1996,54(4):466-473.
[18]谢光辉,韩东倩,王晓玉,等.中国禾谷类大田作物收获指数和秸秆系数[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(1):1-8.XIE Guang-hui,HAN Dong-qian,WANG Xiao-yu,et al.Harvest indes and residue factor of cereal crops in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2011,16(1):1-8.
[19]闫翠萍,张玉铭,胡春胜,等.不同耕作措施下小麦-玉米轮作农田温室气体交换及其综合增温潜势[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):704-715.YAN Cui-ping,ZHANG Yu-ming,HU Chun-sheng,et al.Greenhouse gas exchange and comprehensive global warming potential under different wheat-maize rotation patterns[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2016,24(6):704-715.
[20]王艳群,李迎春,彭正萍,等.氮素配施双氰胺对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统N2O排放的影响及效益分析[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):1999-2006.WANG Yan-qun,LI Ying-chun,PENG Zheng-ping,et al.Effects of dicyandiamide combined with nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emission and economic benefit in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(7):1999-2006.
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