保护性耕作对水-旱轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响——基于密度分组法
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摘要
以武穴市10年水-旱轮作长期定位试验的传统耕作(CT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(CTS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆还田(NTS)4个处理的水稻土为对象,通过密度分组方法研究各组分有机碳(游离态轻组、闭蓄态轻组、重组)含量的变化特征,探讨秸秆还田与免耕对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响。结果表明,游离态轻组、闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳含量分别为1.25～3.02 g kg~(-1),0.85～3.05 g kg~(-1)和18.46～23.23 g kg~(-1),占总有机碳的4.44%～12.36%、3.53%～10.86%和77.85%～82.73%。NTS处理显著增加土壤闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳含量;免耕对各组分土壤有机碳的影响不明显。闭蓄态轻组和重组有机碳与总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关,闭蓄态轻组对耕作方式改变的敏感性最强(敏感性指标为4.00),能够敏感地反映不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳库的影响。与常规还田相比,NTS处理促进游离态轻组有机碳向闭蓄态轻组有机碳转化,有利于土壤有机碳的积累,是本研究中提升土壤有机质的最佳保护性耕作措施。
Four treatments of traditional tillage(CT), traditional tillage with straw returning(CTS), no tillage(NT) and no tillage with straw returning(NTS) were set up in the 10 years paddy field experiment in Wuxue. The characteristics of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions(free light fraction, occluded light fraction and heavy fraction) were studied by density grouping method, in order to understand the effects of straw returning and no tillage on SOC fractions. The results showed that the contents of SOC in free light fraction, occluded light fraction and heavy fraction were 1.25-3.02 g kg~(-1), 0.85-3.05 g kg~(-1) and 18.46-23.23 g kg~(-1), respectively. The proportion of free light fraction C in total SOC was 4.44%-12.36%, that of occluded light fraction C was 3.53%-10.86%, that of heavy fraction organic C was 77.85%-82.73%. NTS increased the contents of SOC in occluded light fraction and heavy fraction significantly,while NT did not show obvious effect on SOC fractions. Occluded light fraction and heavy fraction both showed significant positive correlations with total SOC. Occluded light fraction was the most sensitive to the change of tillage treatments(the sensitivity index was 4.00), which could sensitively reflect the effects of different tillage measures on SOC pools. As compared with CTS, NTS treatment promoted the conversion of SOC fraction from free light fraction to occluded light fraction, which was of benefit to the accumulation of SOC. NTS treatment was the best conservation tillage measure to enhance soil organic matter.
Four treatments of traditional tillage(CT), traditional tillage with straw returning(CTS), no tillage(NT) and no tillage with straw returning(NTS) were set up in the 10 years paddy field experiment in Wuxue. The characteristics of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions(free light fraction, occluded light fraction and heavy fraction) were studied by density grouping method, in order to understand the effects of straw returning and no tillage on SOC fractions. The results showed that the contents of SOC in free light fraction, occluded light fraction and heavy fraction were 1.25-3.02 g kg~(-1), 0.85-3.05 g kg~(-1) and 18.46-23.23 g kg~(-1), respectively. The proportion of free light fraction C in total SOC was 4.44%-12.36%, that of occluded light fraction C was 3.53%-10.86%, that of heavy fraction organic C was 77.85%-82.73%. NTS increased the contents of SOC in occluded light fraction and heavy fraction significantly,while NT did not show obvious effect on SOC fractions. Occluded light fraction and heavy fraction both showed significant positive correlations with total SOC. Occluded light fraction was the most sensitive to the change of tillage treatments(the sensitivity index was 4.00), which could sensitively reflect the effects of different tillage measures on SOC pools. As compared with CTS, NTS treatment promoted the conversion of SOC fraction from free light fraction to occluded light fraction, which was of benefit to the accumulation of SOC. NTS treatment was the best conservation tillage measure to enhance soil organic matter.
引文
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[35]OVEDELE D J,SCHJONNING P,SIBBESEN E,et al.Aggregation and organic matter fractions of three Nigerian soils as affected by soil disturbance and incorporation of plant material[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1999,50(98):105-114.
[36]孙国峰,陈阜,李琳,等.耕作措施对长期免耕双季稻田土壤碳库的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2007,12(6):45-49.
[37]ROSCOE R,BUURMAN P.Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,70(2):107-119.
[2]袁嫚嫚,邬刚,胡润,等.秸秆还田配施化肥对稻油轮作土壤有机碳组分及产量影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(1):27-35.
[3]潘雅文,樊军,郝明德,等.黄土塬区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对表层土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1558-1567.
[4]ZHANG L.Carbon sequestration in the uplands of Eastern China:An analysis with high-resolution model simulations[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,158:165-176.
[5]杨景成,韩兴国,黄建辉,等.土壤有机质对农田管理措施的动态响应[J].生态学报,2003,23(4):787-796.
[6]李鉴霖,江长胜,郝庆菊.缙云山不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳组分特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3733-3742.
[7]张丽敏,徐明岗,娄翼来,等.长期施肥下黄壤性水稻土有机碳组分变化特征[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(19):3817-3825.
[8]CHRISTENSEN B T.Physical fractionation of soil and structural and functional complexity in organic matter turnover[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2010,52(3):345-353.
[9]王朔林,王改兰,赵旭,等.长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳含量及其组分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):104-111.
[10]RAMNARINE R,VORONEY R P,DUNFIELD K E,et al.Characterization of the heavy,hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable fractions of soil organic carbon in conventional and no-tillage soils[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,181:144-151.
[11]JANZEN H H,CAMPBELL C A,BRANDT S A,et al.Light-Fraction Organic Matter in Soils from Long-Term Crop Rotations[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(6):1799-1806.
[12]ROSCOE R,BUURMAN P.Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,70(2):107-119.
[13]GAO J Q,LEI G C,ZHANG X W,et al.Canδ13C abundance,water-soluble carbon,and light fraction carbon be potential indicators of soil organic carbon dynamics in Zoigêwetland?[J].Catena,2014,119:21-27.
[14]ROVIRA P,JORBA M,ROMANYàJ.Active and passive organic matter fractions in Mediterranean forest soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2010,46(4):355-369.
[15]韩晓日,苏俊峰,谢芳,等.长期施肥对棕壤有机碳及各组分的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(4):730-733.
[16]仪明媛,彭畅,张会民,等.长期施肥下黑土活性有机碳变化特征[J].土壤通报,2012,43(5):1139-1144.
[17]梁尧,韩晓增,丁雪丽,等.不同有机肥输入量对黑土密度分组中碳、氮分配的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(1):174-178.
[18]刘杰,李玲玲,谢军红,等.连续14年保护性耕作对土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):8-13.
[19]徐尚起,崔思远,陈阜,等.耕作方式对稻田土壤有机碳组分含量及其分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(1):127-132.
[20]NASCENTE A S,LI Y C,CRUSCIOL C A C.Cover crops and no-till effects on physical fractions of soil organic matter[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,130(6):52-57.
[21]雷利国,江长胜,郝庆菊.缙云山土地利用方式对土壤轻组及颗粒态有机碳氮的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2669-2677.
[22]王雪芬,胡锋,彭新华,等.长期施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(5):954-961.
[23]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[24]张军科,江长胜,郝庆菊,等.耕作方式对紫色水稻土轻组有机碳的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(14):4379-4387.
[25]BREMER E,JANZEN H H,JOHNSTON A M.Sensitivity of total,light fraction and mineralizable organic matter to management practices in a Lethbridge soil[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,1994,74(2):131-138.
[26]TAN Z,LAL R,OWENS L,et al.Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2007,92(1):53-59.
[27]MALHI S S,KUTCHER H R.Small grains stubble burning and tillage effects on soil organic C and N,and aggregation in northeastern Saskatchewan[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2007,94(2):353-361.
[28]耿艳香,王立,杨彩红,等.民勤绿洲区苜蓿地土壤有机碳组分分布特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(2):177-183.
[29]孙元宏,高雪莹,赵兴敏,等.添加玉米秸秆对白浆土重组有机碳及团聚体组成的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):1009-1017.
[30]DALAL R C,MAYER R J.Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland.IV.Loss of organic carbon from different density functions.[J].Soil Research,1986,24(3):206-217.
[31]董林林,张海东,于东升,等.引黄灌淤耕作对剖面土壤有机质组分构成的影响[J].土壤学报,2017,54(3):613-623.
[32]BAKER J M,OCHSNER T E,VENTEREA R T,et al.Tillage and soil carbon sequestration-What do we really know?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,118(1):1-5.
[33]LIANG B C,MCCONKEY B G,SCHOENAU J,et al.Effect of tillage and crop rotations on the light fraction organic carbon and carbon mineralization in Chernozemic soils of Saskatchewan[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2003,83(1):65-72.
[34]MARTINS M R,ANGERS D A,CORáJ E.Co-accumulation of microbial residues and particulate organic matter in the surface layer of a no-till Oxisol under different crops[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,50(50):208-213.
[35]OVEDELE D J,SCHJONNING P,SIBBESEN E,et al.Aggregation and organic matter fractions of three Nigerian soils as affected by soil disturbance and incorporation of plant material[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1999,50(98):105-114.
[36]孙国峰,陈阜,李琳,等.耕作措施对长期免耕双季稻田土壤碳库的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2007,12(6):45-49.
[37]ROSCOE R,BUURMAN P.Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2003,70(2):107-119.