城市居住街区规模影响因素辨析
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摘要
探讨了居住街区规模及其影响因素研究的必要性,在分析居住用地基本构成单元规模影响因素演变的基础上,辨析并确定了居住街区规模的6个影响因素,并对居住街区规划提出了建议。
This paper discusses the necessity of the study on residential block scale and its influencing factors. On the basis of analyzing the evolution of influencing factors of the scale of basic component units of residential land, the paper discriminates and identifies six influencing factors of residential block scale, and then puts forward some suggestions for the planning of residential blocks.
This paper discusses the necessity of the study on residential block scale and its influencing factors. On the basis of analyzing the evolution of influencing factors of the scale of basic component units of residential land, the paper discriminates and identifies six influencing factors of residential block scale, and then puts forward some suggestions for the planning of residential blocks.
引文
1姚兵,聂梅生,周淑萍.中国住宅小区百科全书[M].赤峰:内蒙古科学技术出版社,2000:21-22.YAO Bing,NIE Meisheng,ZHOU Shuping.Encyclopedia of Residential Area in China[M].Chifeng:Science&Technology Press of Inner Mongolia,2000:21-22.
2王仲谷,李锡然.居住区详细规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984:24,28.WANG Zhonggu,LI Xiran.Detailed Planning of Residential Area[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1984:24,28.
3杨贵庆.社区单元理念及其规划实践--以浙江平湖市东湖区规划为例[J].城市规划,2006(8):87-92.YANG Guiqing.Construction of Community Unit and Planning Practice:A Case Study of Donghu District in Pinghu City,Zhejiang Province[J].City Planning Review,2006(8):87-92.
4周俭,蒋丹鸿,刘煜.住宅区用地规模及规划设计问题探讨[J].城市规划,1999(1):38-40.ZHOU Jian,JIANG Danhong,LIU Yu.The Problems in the Scale,Planning,and Design of Residential Area[J].City Planning Review,1999(1):38-40.
5葛方悟,黄竹姿.王建国:谈到开放,最核心的问题应该是关于“尺度”的探讨[J].住区,2016(4):12-13.GE Fangwu,HUANG Zhuzi.WANG Jianguo:Speaking of Open,the Core Issue Should Be about“Scale”[J].Design Community,2016(4):12-13.
6汪定曾.上海曹杨新村住宅区的规划设计[J].建筑学报,1956(2):1-15.WANG Dingzeng.The Planning and Design of the Residential Area,Caoyangxincun,in Shanghai[J].Architectural Journal,1956(2):1-15.
7北京市档案馆,中共北京市委党史研究室.北京市重要文献选编5(1953)[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2002:583,592.Beijing Municipal Archives,Party History Research Office of CPC Beijing Municipal Committee.Selected Works of Important Documents of Beijing 5(1953)[M].Beijing:China Archives Press,2002:583,592.
8胡汉文.城市规划[M].上海:中国科学图书仪器公司,1955:115.HU Hanwen.City Planning[M].Shanghai:China Scientific Book and Instrument Services Co.,1955:115.
9张敬淦.北京规划建设纵横谈[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1997:133-134.ZHANG Jinggan.An Overview on Planning and Construction of Beijing[M].Beijing:Yanshan Press,1997:133-134.
10“城乡规划”教材选编小组.城乡规划[M].北京:中国工业出版社,1961:8-11.Editorial Team of“Urban and Rural Planning”Teaching Materials.Urban and Rural Planning[M].Beijing:China Industry Press,1961:8-11.
11王硕克.居住小区规划设计的探讨[J].建筑学报,1962(1):8-11.WANG Shuoke.Discussion on Planning and Design of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1962(1):8-11.
12水亚佑.国外住宅区和小区的性质与规模[J].建筑学报,1962(11):21-22.SHUI Yayou.The Nature and Scale of Residential Area and Quarter Abroad[J].Architectural Journal,1962(11):21-22.
13白德懋.小区规划布局的探讨[J].建筑学报,1979(1):7-12.BAI Demao.Discussion on the Planning and Layout of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1979(1):7-12.
14吴志强,李德华.城市规划原理[M].第4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:486-497.WU Zhiqiang,LI Dehua.City Planning Theory[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010:486-497.
15范耀邦.试评“扩大小区”[J].城市规划,1985(4):48-51.FAN Yaobang.Comments on“Expanding Community”[J].City Planning Review,1985(4):48-51.
16同济大学,重庆建筑工程学院,武汉建筑材料工业学院.城市规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981:258.Tongji University,Chongqing Institute of Architectural Engineering,Wuhan Institute of Building Material Industry.City Planning Theory[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1981:258.
17高鹏.社区建设对城市规划的启示--关于住宅区规划建设的几个问题[J].城市规划,2001(2):40-45.GAO Peng.Community Development and Urban Planning:On Some Issues of the Planning and Construction for the Residential Districts[J].City Planning Review,2001(2):40-45.
18徐观敏,邵文鸿.关于小区规模的探讨[J].城市规划,2004(8):87-89.XU Guanmin,SHAO Wenhong.Exploration on the Scale of Residence Community[J].City Planning Review,2004(8):87-89.
19白德懋.关于小区规模和结构的探讨[J].建筑学报,1999(6):30-32.BAI Demao.Discussion on the Scale and Structure of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1999(6):30-32.
20卞洪滨.小街区密路网住区模式研究--以天津为例[D].天津:天津大学,2010:6,53-60.BIAN Hongbin.Study Involving Residential Area with Small Blocks and Density Road:The Case of Tianjin[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2010:6,53-60.
21开彦,朱彩清.“开放住区”是绿色住区的核心--《绿色住区标准》主旨解读[J].城市住宅,2016(6):6-12.KAI Yan,ZHU Caiqing.“Opening Residential Area”Is the Core of Green Residential:Interpretation for the Standard of Green Residential Area[J].City&House,2016(6):6-12.
22曾卫,王华,尤娟娟,等.城市街区型住区的规划策略研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2016(3):82-89.ZENG Wei,WANG Hua,YOU Juanjuan,et al.Study on the Planning Strategy of the Housing Block[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2016(3):82-89.
23王彦辉.走向新社区[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2003:106-134.WANG Yanhui.Toward the New Community[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2003:106-134.
24李道增.环境行为学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:57-58.LI Daozeng.Introduction to Environmental Behavior Science[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1999:57-58.
25张彧.资金状况影响下城市住区规模的探讨--以南京市为例[J].城市规划,2011(10):59-66.ZHANG Yu.Discussion on the Influence of Fund Scale on Size of Urban Residential Areas:A Case Study on Nanjing[J].City Planning Review,2011(10):59-66.
26黄烨勍,孙一民.街区适宜尺度的判定特征及量化指标[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2012(9):131-138.HUANG Yeqing,SUN Yimin.Judgement Characteristics and Quantitative Index of Suitable Block Scale[J].Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2012(9):131-138.
27任春洋.高密度方格路网与街道的演变、价值、形式和适用性分析--兼论大马路大街坊现象[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):53-61.REN Chunyang.An Analysis on the Evolution,Value and Applicability of High-Density Gridiron Street Pattern and Streets of China:A Consideration on“Grand-Road and Super-Block”Phenomenon[J].Urban Planning Forum,2008(2):53-61.
28中共中央,国务院.中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见[EB/OL].2016-02-06[2016-04-05].http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-02/21/c_1118109546.htm.CPC Central Committee,State Council.Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening the Planning,Construction,and Management of City Planning[EB/OL].2016-02-06[2016-04-05].http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-02/21/c_1118109546.htm.
29江海燕,肖荣波,吴婕.城市家庭碳排放的影响模式及对低碳居住社区规划设计的启示--以广州为例[J].现代城市研究,2013(2):100-106.JIANG Haiyan,XIAO Rongbo,WU Jie.The Impact Pattern of Urban Household Carbon Emission and Implications for the Low-Carbon Resident Community Planning:ACase Study of Guangzhou[J].Modern Urban Research,2013(2):100-106.
30顾哲,侯青,夏南凯.社区居委会建设探索--以杭州社区建设为例[J].建筑学报,2008(4):25-27.GU Zhe,HOU Qing,XIA Nankai.Exploration on the Development of Community Residents’Committee:The Case of Hangzhou[J].Architectural Journal,2008(4):25-27.
31何深静,汪坤.广州商住小区业委会发展特征、治理效能及其影响因素[J].热带地理,2015(4):471-480.HE Shenjing,WANG Kun.Homeowner Association in Guangzhou’s Gated Communities:Development Characteristics,Governance Efficacy and Its Determinants[J].Tropical Geography,2015(4):471-480.
32赵燕菁.从计划到市场:城市微观道路-用地模式的转变[J].城市规划,2002(10):24-30.ZHAO Yanjing.From Planning to Market:The Shift of the Road-Landuse Mode[J].City Planning Review,2002(10):24-30.
33张祥智,崔栋.新加坡封闭公寓社区的演变特征及其社会空间效应--兼论对我国居住区规划的启示(网络首发)[J/OL].国际城市规划,2019-02-02.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5583.TU.20181229.1126.004.html.ZHANG Xiangzhi,CUI Dong.The Evolution Characteristics and Social-Spatial Effects of Gated Condominium Estates in Singapore:Implications to Residential District Planning in China[J/OL].Urban Planning International,2019-02-02.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5583.TU.20181229.1126.004.html.
(1)2016年2月,《中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》提出,“新建住宅要推广街区制,加强街区的规划和建设”;2018年公布的《城市居住区规划设计标准》中规定,居住街坊是城市居住区构成的基本单元。通过行政指令和行业标准将居住街区(街坊)确立为城市居住用地基本构成单元。
(2)相关文献中一般采用“规模”、“尺度”这两个概念,用来表征居住区的人口与用地范围(其中“尺度”似乎更侧重于用地范围),本文采用“规模”这一称谓,在引用文献时则依照原文。
(3)原文如下:街坊大小之确定,应配合城市大小、交通情况、地势及建筑物之高低大小。(1)街坊太小,则街道及公用设施管线势必增加,建筑造价及管理费用随增,且路口亦多,对汽车行驶反感不便。又小街坊不易配备较好的文化生活设施,居民亦不能远离街道上的噪声及尘灰。(2)街坊太大,则人口过于集中,生活文化服务会发生困难,交通亦感不便。客观来说,这一时期建筑师对于如何确定街坊的规模虽有较详细考虑,但多来自前苏联的规划理论。
2王仲谷,李锡然.居住区详细规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1984:24,28.WANG Zhonggu,LI Xiran.Detailed Planning of Residential Area[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1984:24,28.
3杨贵庆.社区单元理念及其规划实践--以浙江平湖市东湖区规划为例[J].城市规划,2006(8):87-92.YANG Guiqing.Construction of Community Unit and Planning Practice:A Case Study of Donghu District in Pinghu City,Zhejiang Province[J].City Planning Review,2006(8):87-92.
4周俭,蒋丹鸿,刘煜.住宅区用地规模及规划设计问题探讨[J].城市规划,1999(1):38-40.ZHOU Jian,JIANG Danhong,LIU Yu.The Problems in the Scale,Planning,and Design of Residential Area[J].City Planning Review,1999(1):38-40.
5葛方悟,黄竹姿.王建国:谈到开放,最核心的问题应该是关于“尺度”的探讨[J].住区,2016(4):12-13.GE Fangwu,HUANG Zhuzi.WANG Jianguo:Speaking of Open,the Core Issue Should Be about“Scale”[J].Design Community,2016(4):12-13.
6汪定曾.上海曹杨新村住宅区的规划设计[J].建筑学报,1956(2):1-15.WANG Dingzeng.The Planning and Design of the Residential Area,Caoyangxincun,in Shanghai[J].Architectural Journal,1956(2):1-15.
7北京市档案馆,中共北京市委党史研究室.北京市重要文献选编5(1953)[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2002:583,592.Beijing Municipal Archives,Party History Research Office of CPC Beijing Municipal Committee.Selected Works of Important Documents of Beijing 5(1953)[M].Beijing:China Archives Press,2002:583,592.
8胡汉文.城市规划[M].上海:中国科学图书仪器公司,1955:115.HU Hanwen.City Planning[M].Shanghai:China Scientific Book and Instrument Services Co.,1955:115.
9张敬淦.北京规划建设纵横谈[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,1997:133-134.ZHANG Jinggan.An Overview on Planning and Construction of Beijing[M].Beijing:Yanshan Press,1997:133-134.
10“城乡规划”教材选编小组.城乡规划[M].北京:中国工业出版社,1961:8-11.Editorial Team of“Urban and Rural Planning”Teaching Materials.Urban and Rural Planning[M].Beijing:China Industry Press,1961:8-11.
11王硕克.居住小区规划设计的探讨[J].建筑学报,1962(1):8-11.WANG Shuoke.Discussion on Planning and Design of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1962(1):8-11.
12水亚佑.国外住宅区和小区的性质与规模[J].建筑学报,1962(11):21-22.SHUI Yayou.The Nature and Scale of Residential Area and Quarter Abroad[J].Architectural Journal,1962(11):21-22.
13白德懋.小区规划布局的探讨[J].建筑学报,1979(1):7-12.BAI Demao.Discussion on the Planning and Layout of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1979(1):7-12.
14吴志强,李德华.城市规划原理[M].第4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:486-497.WU Zhiqiang,LI Dehua.City Planning Theory[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010:486-497.
15范耀邦.试评“扩大小区”[J].城市规划,1985(4):48-51.FAN Yaobang.Comments on“Expanding Community”[J].City Planning Review,1985(4):48-51.
16同济大学,重庆建筑工程学院,武汉建筑材料工业学院.城市规划原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1981:258.Tongji University,Chongqing Institute of Architectural Engineering,Wuhan Institute of Building Material Industry.City Planning Theory[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1981:258.
17高鹏.社区建设对城市规划的启示--关于住宅区规划建设的几个问题[J].城市规划,2001(2):40-45.GAO Peng.Community Development and Urban Planning:On Some Issues of the Planning and Construction for the Residential Districts[J].City Planning Review,2001(2):40-45.
18徐观敏,邵文鸿.关于小区规模的探讨[J].城市规划,2004(8):87-89.XU Guanmin,SHAO Wenhong.Exploration on the Scale of Residence Community[J].City Planning Review,2004(8):87-89.
19白德懋.关于小区规模和结构的探讨[J].建筑学报,1999(6):30-32.BAI Demao.Discussion on the Scale and Structure of Residential Quarters[J].Architectural Journal,1999(6):30-32.
20卞洪滨.小街区密路网住区模式研究--以天津为例[D].天津:天津大学,2010:6,53-60.BIAN Hongbin.Study Involving Residential Area with Small Blocks and Density Road:The Case of Tianjin[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2010:6,53-60.
21开彦,朱彩清.“开放住区”是绿色住区的核心--《绿色住区标准》主旨解读[J].城市住宅,2016(6):6-12.KAI Yan,ZHU Caiqing.“Opening Residential Area”Is the Core of Green Residential:Interpretation for the Standard of Green Residential Area[J].City&House,2016(6):6-12.
22曾卫,王华,尤娟娟,等.城市街区型住区的规划策略研究[J].西部人居环境学刊,2016(3):82-89.ZENG Wei,WANG Hua,YOU Juanjuan,et al.Study on the Planning Strategy of the Housing Block[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2016(3):82-89.
23王彦辉.走向新社区[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2003:106-134.WANG Yanhui.Toward the New Community[M].Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2003:106-134.
24李道增.环境行为学概论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:57-58.LI Daozeng.Introduction to Environmental Behavior Science[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1999:57-58.
25张彧.资金状况影响下城市住区规模的探讨--以南京市为例[J].城市规划,2011(10):59-66.ZHANG Yu.Discussion on the Influence of Fund Scale on Size of Urban Residential Areas:A Case Study on Nanjing[J].City Planning Review,2011(10):59-66.
26黄烨勍,孙一民.街区适宜尺度的判定特征及量化指标[J].华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2012(9):131-138.HUANG Yeqing,SUN Yimin.Judgement Characteristics and Quantitative Index of Suitable Block Scale[J].Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2012(9):131-138.
27任春洋.高密度方格路网与街道的演变、价值、形式和适用性分析--兼论大马路大街坊现象[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):53-61.REN Chunyang.An Analysis on the Evolution,Value and Applicability of High-Density Gridiron Street Pattern and Streets of China:A Consideration on“Grand-Road and Super-Block”Phenomenon[J].Urban Planning Forum,2008(2):53-61.
28中共中央,国务院.中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见[EB/OL].2016-02-06[2016-04-05].http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-02/21/c_1118109546.htm.CPC Central Committee,State Council.Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening the Planning,Construction,and Management of City Planning[EB/OL].2016-02-06[2016-04-05].http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-02/21/c_1118109546.htm.
29江海燕,肖荣波,吴婕.城市家庭碳排放的影响模式及对低碳居住社区规划设计的启示--以广州为例[J].现代城市研究,2013(2):100-106.JIANG Haiyan,XIAO Rongbo,WU Jie.The Impact Pattern of Urban Household Carbon Emission and Implications for the Low-Carbon Resident Community Planning:ACase Study of Guangzhou[J].Modern Urban Research,2013(2):100-106.
30顾哲,侯青,夏南凯.社区居委会建设探索--以杭州社区建设为例[J].建筑学报,2008(4):25-27.GU Zhe,HOU Qing,XIA Nankai.Exploration on the Development of Community Residents’Committee:The Case of Hangzhou[J].Architectural Journal,2008(4):25-27.
31何深静,汪坤.广州商住小区业委会发展特征、治理效能及其影响因素[J].热带地理,2015(4):471-480.HE Shenjing,WANG Kun.Homeowner Association in Guangzhou’s Gated Communities:Development Characteristics,Governance Efficacy and Its Determinants[J].Tropical Geography,2015(4):471-480.
32赵燕菁.从计划到市场:城市微观道路-用地模式的转变[J].城市规划,2002(10):24-30.ZHAO Yanjing.From Planning to Market:The Shift of the Road-Landuse Mode[J].City Planning Review,2002(10):24-30.
33张祥智,崔栋.新加坡封闭公寓社区的演变特征及其社会空间效应--兼论对我国居住区规划的启示(网络首发)[J/OL].国际城市规划,2019-02-02.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5583.TU.20181229.1126.004.html.ZHANG Xiangzhi,CUI Dong.The Evolution Characteristics and Social-Spatial Effects of Gated Condominium Estates in Singapore:Implications to Residential District Planning in China[J/OL].Urban Planning International,2019-02-02.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5583.TU.20181229.1126.004.html.
(1)2016年2月,《中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》提出,“新建住宅要推广街区制,加强街区的规划和建设”;2018年公布的《城市居住区规划设计标准》中规定,居住街坊是城市居住区构成的基本单元。通过行政指令和行业标准将居住街区(街坊)确立为城市居住用地基本构成单元。
(2)相关文献中一般采用“规模”、“尺度”这两个概念,用来表征居住区的人口与用地范围(其中“尺度”似乎更侧重于用地范围),本文采用“规模”这一称谓,在引用文献时则依照原文。
(3)原文如下:街坊大小之确定,应配合城市大小、交通情况、地势及建筑物之高低大小。(1)街坊太小,则街道及公用设施管线势必增加,建筑造价及管理费用随增,且路口亦多,对汽车行驶反感不便。又小街坊不易配备较好的文化生活设施,居民亦不能远离街道上的噪声及尘灰。(2)街坊太大,则人口过于集中,生活文化服务会发生困难,交通亦感不便。客观来说,这一时期建筑师对于如何确定街坊的规模虽有较详细考虑,但多来自前苏联的规划理论。