气凝胶微球的制备及应用
|
摘要
气凝胶由于其优异的理化性能和广阔的应用前景,近年来的发展十分迅速。然而传统的气凝胶多为块体材料,一定程度上忽略了特殊应用场景下对尺寸和形状的特定需求。将气凝胶材料制备成微球,一方面能够拓宽气凝胶材料的应用领域,另一方面也丰富了多孔微球材料的内涵。本文从几类主要的气凝胶体系(氧化硅气凝胶、纤维素气凝胶、间苯二酚-甲醛(RF)/碳气凝胶和石墨烯气凝胶)出发,综述了这些气凝胶微球的制备方法及其应用实例,并对气凝胶微球的研究现状及发展趋势做了简要评述。
Aerogels have been developed rapidly in recent years due to their excellent physicochemical properties and broad range of applications. However, most efforts have been devoted to traditional aerogel 3 D monoliths, and particular requirements regarding the shape and size of the aerogels for some special uses have been neglected. Shaping aerogel into microspheres, that is, the fabrication of aerogel microspheres, may facilitate potential applications and extension of the range of applications of porous microspheres. Herein, we will present the fabrication and performance of various aerogel microspheres such as silica aerogel microspheres, cellulose aerogel microspheres, RF/carbon aerogel microspheres, and graphene aerogel microspheres. The current challenges and future developments of the aerogel microspheres are also discussed briefly in this review.
Aerogels have been developed rapidly in recent years due to their excellent physicochemical properties and broad range of applications. However, most efforts have been devoted to traditional aerogel 3 D monoliths, and particular requirements regarding the shape and size of the aerogels for some special uses have been neglected. Shaping aerogel into microspheres, that is, the fabrication of aerogel microspheres, may facilitate potential applications and extension of the range of applications of porous microspheres. Herein, we will present the fabrication and performance of various aerogel microspheres such as silica aerogel microspheres, cellulose aerogel microspheres, RF/carbon aerogel microspheres, and graphene aerogel microspheres. The current challenges and future developments of the aerogel microspheres are also discussed briefly in this review.
引文
(1)Kistler,S.S.Nature1931,127,741.doi:10.1038/127741a0
(2)Tewari,P.H.;Hunt,A.J.;Lofftus,K.D.Mater.Lett.1985,3(9),363.doi:10.1016/0167-577X(85)90077-1
(3)Russo,R.E.;Hunt,A.J.J.Non-Cryst.Solids1986,86(1),219.doi:10.1016/0022-3093(86)90490-4
(4)Smith,D.M.;Stein,D.;Anderson,J.M.;Ackerman,W.J.Non-Cryst.Solids1995,186,104.doi:10.1016/0022-3093(95)00040-2
(5)Pierre,A.C.;Pajonk,G.M.Chem.Rev.2002,102(11),4243.doi:10.1021/cr0101306
(6)Wang,X.;Liu,L.;Wang,X.;Bai,L.;Wu,H.;Zhang,X.;Yi,L.;Chen,Q.J.Solid State Electrochem.2010,15(4),643.doi:10.1007/s10008-010-1142-5
(7)Hrubesh,L.W.;Coronado,P.R.;Satcher,J.H.,Jr.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2001,285(1-3),328.doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00475-6
(8)Husing,N.;Schubert,U.Angew.Chem.Edit.1998,37(1-2),23.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980202)37:1/2<22::AID-ANIE22>3.0.CO;2-I
(9)Cheng,C.M.;Vanderhoff,J.W.;EI-Aasser,M.S.J.Poly.Sci.1992,30,245.doi:10.1002/pola.1992.080300209
(10)Okubo,M.T.N.Colloid&Polym.Sci.1992,270(9),853.doi:10.1007/BF00657729
(11)Yun,S.;Luo,H.;Gao,Y.RSC Adv.2014,4(9),4535.doi:10.1039/c3ra46911e
(12)Liao,S.;Zhai,T.;Xia,H.J.Mater.Chem.A2016,4(3),1068.doi:10.1039/c5ta09540a
(13)Zhai,T.;Zheng,Q.;Cai,Z.;Xia,H.;Gong,S.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,148,300.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.065
(14)Alnaief,M.;Antonyuk,S.;Hentzschel,C.M.;Leopold,C.S.;Heinrich,S.;Smirnova,I.Microporous Mesoporous Mater.2012,160,167.doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.02.009
(15)Vazhayal,L.;Talasila,S.;Abdul Azeez,P.M.;Solaiappan,A.ACS Appl.Mater.Inter.2014,6(17),15564.doi:10.1021/am504422z
(16)García-González,C.A.;Jin,M.;Gerth,J.;Alvarez-Lorenzo,C.;Smirnova,I.Carbohydr.Polym.2015,117,797.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.045
(17)Kumar Rajanna,S.;Vinjamur,M.;Mukhopadhyay,M.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2015,429,226.doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.09.015
(18)Alnaief,M.;Smirnova,I.J.Supercrit.Fluids2011,55(3),1118.doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2010.10.006
(19)Wang,X.;Wang,X.;Liu,L.;Bai,L.;An,H.;Zheng,L.;Yi,L.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2011,357(3),793.doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.015
(20)Kim,N.K.J.Vac.Sci.Technol.,A1989,7(3),1181.doi:10.1116/1.576250
(21)Cai,H.;Sharma,S.;Liu,W.;Mu,W.;Liu,W.;Zhang,X.;Deng,Y.Biomacromolecules2014,15(7),2540.doi:10.1021/bm5003976
(22)Soottitantawat,A.;Yamamoto,T.;Endo,A.;Ohmori,T.;Nakaiwa,M.Aiche J.2007,53(1),228.doi:10.1002/aic.11053
(23)Schaefer,D.W.;Keefer,K.D.Phys.Rev.Lett.1986,56(20),2199.doi:10.1103/Phys Rev Lett.56.2199
(24)Tsutsui,T.;Yahiro,M.;Yokogawa,H.;Kawano,K.Adv.Mater.2001,13(15),1149.doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200108)13:15<1149::aid-adma1149>3.0.co;2-2
(25)Dorcheh,A.S.;Abbasi,M.H.J.Mater.Process.Technol.2008,199(1-3),10.doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060
(26)Gurav,J.L.;Jung,I.K.;Park,H.H.;Kang,E.S.;Nadargi,D.Y.J.Nanomater2010,2010,11.doi:10.1155/2010/409310
(27)Rotter,H.;Landau,M.V.;Herskowitz,M.Environ.Sci.Technol.2005,39(17),6845.doi:10.1021/es0500052
(28)Landau,M.V.;Shter,G.E.;Titelman,L.;Gelman,V.;Rotter,H.;Grader,G.S.;Herskowitz,M.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2006,45(22),7462.doi:10.1021/ie0606744
(29)Dong,Y.;Li,J.;Shi,L.;Wang,X.;Guo,Z.;Liu,W.Chem.Commun.2014,50(42),5586.doi:10.1039/c4cc01408a
(30)Liu,N.;Lin,X.;Zhang,W.;Cao,Y.;Chen,Y.;Feng,L.;Wei,Y.Sci.Rep.2015,5,9688.doi:10.1038/srep09688
(31)Si,Y.;Guo,Z.Chem.Lett.2015,44(7),874.doi:10.1246/cl.150223
(32)Malafaya,P.B.;Silva,G.A.;Reis,R.L.Adv.Drug Del.Rev.2007,59(4-5),207.doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.012
(33)Mohamadnia,Z.;Zohuriaan-Mehr,M.J.;Kabiri,K.;Jamshidi,A.;Mobedi,H.J.Bioact.Compat.Polym.2007,22(3),342.doi:10.1177/0883911507078519
(34)Klemm,D.;Heublein,B.;Fink,H.-P.;Bohn,A.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2005,44(22),3358.doi:10.1002/anie.200460587
(35)Cai,J.;Kimura,S.;Wada,M.;Kuga,S.;Zhang,L.Chemsuschem2008,1(1-2),149.doi:10.1002/cssc.200700039
(36)Paakko,M.;Vapaavuori,J.;Silvennoinen,R.;Kosonen,H.;Ankerfors,M.;Lindstrom,T.;Berglund,L.A.;Ikkala,O.Soft Matter2008,4(12),2492.doi:10.1039/B810371B
(37)Olsson,R.T.;Azizi Samir,M.A.S.;Salazar Alvarez,G.;Belova,L.;Strom,V.;Berglund,L.A.;Ikkala,O.;Nogues,J.;Gedde,U.W.Nat.Nano2010,5(8),584.doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.155
(38)Egal,M.;Budtova,T.;Navard,P.Biomacromolecules2007,8(7),2282.doi:10.1021/bm0702399
(39)Sehaqui,H.;Zhou,Q.;Berglund,L.A.Compos.Sci.Technol.2011,71(13),1593.doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.07.003
(40)Yu,P.;Zhu,K.;Norman,A.G.;Ferrere,S.;Frank,A.J.;Nozik,A.J.J.Phys.Chem.B2006,110(50),25451.doi:10.1021/jp064817b
(41)Chandiran,A.K.;Comte,P.;Humphry-Baker,R.;Kessler,F.;Yi,C.;Nazeeruddin,M.K..;Gr?tzel,M.Adv.Funct.Mater.2013,23(21),2775.doi:10.1002/adfm.201202956
(42)Mrowetz,M.;Balcerski,W.;Colussi,A.J.;Hoffmann,M.R.J.Phys.Chem.B2004,108(45),17269.doi:10.1021/jp0467090
(43)Li,X.Z.;Li,F.B.Environ.Sci.Technol.2001,35(11),2381.doi:10.1021/es001752w
(44)Iskandar,F.;Nandiyanto,A.B.D.;Yun,K.M.;Hogan,C.J.;Okuyama,K.;Biswas,P.Adv.Mater.2007,19(10),1408.doi:10.1002/adma.200601822
(45)Lotus,A.F.;Feaver,R.K.;Britton,L.A.;Bender,E.T.;Perhay,D.A.;Stojilovic,N.;Ramsier,R.D.;Chase,G.G.Mater.Sci.Eng.B2010,167(1),55.doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2010.01.027
(46)Sescousse,R.;Gavillon,R.;Budtova,T.Carbohydr.Polym.2011,83(4),1766.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.043
(47)Cai,H.;Mu,W.;Liu,W.;Zhang,X.;Deng,Y.Inorg.Chem.Commun.2015,51,71.doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.11.013
(48)Liu,J.;Wickramaratne,N.P.;Qiao,S.Z.;Jaroniec,M.Nature Mater.2015,14(8),763.doi:10.1038/nmat4317
(49)Nieto-Márquez,A.;Romero,R.;Romero,A.;Valverde,J.L.J.Mater.Chem.2011,21(6),1664.doi:10.1039/c0jm01350a
(50)Motahari,S.;Nodeh,M.;Maghsoudi,K.Desalin.Water Treat.2016,57(36),16886.doi:10.1080/19443994.2015.1082506
(51)Tang,J.;Xie,Z.;Du,A.;Ye,J.;Zhang,Z.;Shen,J.;Zhou,B.J.Fusion Energy2016,35(2),357.doi:10.1007/s10894-015-0037-y
(52)Lorjai,P.;Chaisuwan,T.;Wongkasemjit,S.J.Sol-Gel Sci.Technol.2009,52(1),56.doi:10.1007/s10971-009-1992-4
(53)Wu,X.;Jia,W.Chem.Eng.J.2014,245,210.doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.032
(54)Horikawa,T.;Hayashi,J.;Muroyama,K.Carbon2004,42(1),169.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.007
(55)Xia,S,Y.;Cheng,X,H.;Song,H,H.Carbon Tech.2005,24(6),5.[夏三宇,陈晓红,宋怀河.炭素技术,2005,24,5.]doi:10.14078/j.cnki.1001-3741.2005.06.002
(56)Hou,H,Q.;Wang,C,Y.;Tang,Y,J.;Fu,Z,B.;Zhou,Y.Mater.Rev.2009,23(20),85.[候海乾,王朝阳,唐永建,付志兵,周莹.材料导报,2009,23,85.]
(57)Novoselov,K.S.;Geim,A.K.;Morozov,S.V.;Jiang,D.;Zhang,Y.;Dubonos,S.V.;Grigorieva,I.V.;Firsov,A.A.Science2004,306(5696),666.doi:10.1126/science.1102896
(58)Chen,D.;Feng,H.;Li,J.Chem.Rev.2012,112(11),6027.doi:10.1021/cr300115g
(59)Georgakilas,V.;Otyepka,M.;Bourlinos,A.B.;Chandra,V.;Kim,N.;Kemp,K.C.;Hobza,P.;Zboril,R.;Kim,K.S.Chem.Rev.2012,112(11),6156.doi:10.1021/cr3000412
(60)Balandin,A.A.;Ghosh,S.;Bao,W.;Calizo,I.;Teweldebrhan,D.;Miao,F.;Lau,C.N.Nano Lett.2008,8(3),902.doi:10.1021/nl0731872
(61)Bolotin,K.I.;Sikes,K.J.;Jiang,Z.;Klima,M.;Fudenberg,G.;Hone,J.;Kim,P.;Stormer,H.L.Solid State Commun.2008,146(9-10),351.doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
(62)Stoller,M.D.;Park,S.;Zhu,Y.;An,J.;Ruoff,R.S.Nano Lett.2008,8(10),3498.doi:10.1021/nl802558y
(63)Li,G.Y.;Wu,X.H.;He,W.N.;Fang,J.H.;Zhang,X.T.Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.2016,32,2146.[李广勇,吴晓涵,何伟娜,方建慧,张学同.物理化学学报,2016,32,2146.]doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB201605243
(64)Nardecchia,S.;Carriazo,D.;Luisa Ferrer,M.;Gutierrez,M.C.;del Monte,F.Chem.Soc.Rev.2013,42(2),794.doi:10.1039/c2cs35353a
(65)Jiang,L.;Fan,Z.Nanoscale2014,6(4),1922.doi:10.1039/c3nr04555b
(66)Li,C.;Shi,G.Adv.Mater.2014,26(24),3992.doi:10.1002/adma.201306104
(67)Zhang,X.;Sui,Z.;Xu,B.;Yue,S.;Luo,Y.;Zhan,W.;Liu,B.J.Mater.Chem.2011,21(18),6494.doi:10.1039/c1jm10239g
(68)Hu,H.;Zhao,Z.;Wan,W.;Gogotsi,Y.;Qiu,J.Adv.Mater.2013,25(15),2219.doi:10.1002/adma.201204530
(69)Wu,Z.S.;Yang,S.;Sun,Y.;Parvez,K.;Feng,X.;Muellen,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2012,134(22),9082.doi:10.1021/ja3030565
(70)Yin,H.;Zhang,C.;Liu,F.;Hou,Y.Adv.Funct.Mater.2014,24(20),2930.doi:10.1002/adfm.201303902
(71)Zhang,X.;Liu,D.;Yang,L.;Zhou,L.;You,T.J.Mater.Chem.A2015,3(18),10031.doi:10.1039/c5ta00355e
(72)Sun,R.;Chen,H.;Li,Q.;Song,Q.;Zhang,X.Nanoscale2014,6(21),12912.doi:10.1039/c4nr03322a
(73)Gao,S.;Wang,K.;Du,Z.;Wang,Y.;Yuan,A.;Lu,W.;Chen,L.Carbon2015,92,254.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.034
(74)Jung,S.M.;Mafra,D.L.;Lin,C.T.;Jung,H.Y.;Kong,J.Nanoscale2015,7(10),4386.doi:10.1039/c4nr07564a
(75)Lee,W.S.V.;Peng,E.;Choy,D.C.;Xue,J.M.J.Mater.Chem.A2015,3(37),19144.doi:10.1039/c5ta06072a
(76)Mi,X.;Huang,G.;Xie,W.;Wang,W.;Liu,Y.;Gao,J.Carbon2012,50(13),4856.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.013
(77)Li,J.;Li,J.;Meng,H.;Xie,S.;Zhang,B.;Li,L.;Ma,H.;Zhang,J.;Yu,M.J.Mater.Chem.A2014,2(9),2934.doi:10.1039/c3ta14725h
(78)Dragoman,M.;Ghimpu,L.;Obreja,C.;Dinescu,A.;Plesco,I.;Dragoman,D.;Braniste,T.;Tiginyanu,I.Nanotechnology2016,27(47).doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/47/475203
(79)Wu,S.;Ladani,R.B.;Zhang,J.;Ghorbani,K.;Zhang,X.;Mouritz,A.P.;Kinloch,A.J.;Wang,C.H.ACS Appl.Mater.Inter.2016,8(37),24853.doi:10.1021/acsami.6b06012
(80)Xu,X.;Yan,S.;Wang,B.;Qu,P.;Wang,J.;Wu,J.J.Nanosci.Nanotechno.2016,16(12),12299.doi:10.1166/jnn.2016.12963
(81)Xu,Y.;Sheng,K.;Li,C.;Shi,G.ACS Nano2010,4(7),4324.doi:10.1021/nn101187z
(82)Sui,Z.;Zhang,X.;Lei,Y.;Luo,Y.Carbon2011,49(13),4314.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.006
(83)Zhang,L.;Shi,G.J.Phys.Chem.C2011,115(34),17206.doi:10.1021/jp204036a
(84)Park,S.H.;Kim,H.K.;Yoon,S.B.;Lee,C.W.;Ahn,D.;Lee,S.-I.;Roh,K.C.;Kim,K.B.Chem.Mater.2015,27(2),457.doi:10.1021/cm5034244
(85)García-Torres,B.A.;Aguilar-Elguezabal,A.;Román-Aguirre,M.;álvarez-Contreras,L.Mater.Chem.Phys.2016,172,32.doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.12.047
(86)Ennajih,H.;Bouhfid,R.;Essassi,E.M.;Bousmina,M.;El Kadib,A.Microporous Mesoporous Mater.2012,152,208.doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.11.032
(87)Frindy,S.;Primo,A.;Qaiss Ael,K.;Bouhfid,R.;Lahcini,M.;Garcia,H.;Bousmina,M.;El Kadib,A.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,146,353.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.077
(88)Zhai,T.;Zheng,Q.;Cai,Z.;Xia,H.;Gong,S.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,148,300.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.065
(2)Tewari,P.H.;Hunt,A.J.;Lofftus,K.D.Mater.Lett.1985,3(9),363.doi:10.1016/0167-577X(85)90077-1
(3)Russo,R.E.;Hunt,A.J.J.Non-Cryst.Solids1986,86(1),219.doi:10.1016/0022-3093(86)90490-4
(4)Smith,D.M.;Stein,D.;Anderson,J.M.;Ackerman,W.J.Non-Cryst.Solids1995,186,104.doi:10.1016/0022-3093(95)00040-2
(5)Pierre,A.C.;Pajonk,G.M.Chem.Rev.2002,102(11),4243.doi:10.1021/cr0101306
(6)Wang,X.;Liu,L.;Wang,X.;Bai,L.;Wu,H.;Zhang,X.;Yi,L.;Chen,Q.J.Solid State Electrochem.2010,15(4),643.doi:10.1007/s10008-010-1142-5
(7)Hrubesh,L.W.;Coronado,P.R.;Satcher,J.H.,Jr.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2001,285(1-3),328.doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00475-6
(8)Husing,N.;Schubert,U.Angew.Chem.Edit.1998,37(1-2),23.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980202)37:1/2<22::AID-ANIE22>3.0.CO;2-I
(9)Cheng,C.M.;Vanderhoff,J.W.;EI-Aasser,M.S.J.Poly.Sci.1992,30,245.doi:10.1002/pola.1992.080300209
(10)Okubo,M.T.N.Colloid&Polym.Sci.1992,270(9),853.doi:10.1007/BF00657729
(11)Yun,S.;Luo,H.;Gao,Y.RSC Adv.2014,4(9),4535.doi:10.1039/c3ra46911e
(12)Liao,S.;Zhai,T.;Xia,H.J.Mater.Chem.A2016,4(3),1068.doi:10.1039/c5ta09540a
(13)Zhai,T.;Zheng,Q.;Cai,Z.;Xia,H.;Gong,S.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,148,300.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.065
(14)Alnaief,M.;Antonyuk,S.;Hentzschel,C.M.;Leopold,C.S.;Heinrich,S.;Smirnova,I.Microporous Mesoporous Mater.2012,160,167.doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.02.009
(15)Vazhayal,L.;Talasila,S.;Abdul Azeez,P.M.;Solaiappan,A.ACS Appl.Mater.Inter.2014,6(17),15564.doi:10.1021/am504422z
(16)García-González,C.A.;Jin,M.;Gerth,J.;Alvarez-Lorenzo,C.;Smirnova,I.Carbohydr.Polym.2015,117,797.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.045
(17)Kumar Rajanna,S.;Vinjamur,M.;Mukhopadhyay,M.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2015,429,226.doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.09.015
(18)Alnaief,M.;Smirnova,I.J.Supercrit.Fluids2011,55(3),1118.doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2010.10.006
(19)Wang,X.;Wang,X.;Liu,L.;Bai,L.;An,H.;Zheng,L.;Yi,L.J.Non-Cryst.Solids2011,357(3),793.doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.015
(20)Kim,N.K.J.Vac.Sci.Technol.,A1989,7(3),1181.doi:10.1116/1.576250
(21)Cai,H.;Sharma,S.;Liu,W.;Mu,W.;Liu,W.;Zhang,X.;Deng,Y.Biomacromolecules2014,15(7),2540.doi:10.1021/bm5003976
(22)Soottitantawat,A.;Yamamoto,T.;Endo,A.;Ohmori,T.;Nakaiwa,M.Aiche J.2007,53(1),228.doi:10.1002/aic.11053
(23)Schaefer,D.W.;Keefer,K.D.Phys.Rev.Lett.1986,56(20),2199.doi:10.1103/Phys Rev Lett.56.2199
(24)Tsutsui,T.;Yahiro,M.;Yokogawa,H.;Kawano,K.Adv.Mater.2001,13(15),1149.doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200108)13:15<1149::aid-adma1149>3.0.co;2-2
(25)Dorcheh,A.S.;Abbasi,M.H.J.Mater.Process.Technol.2008,199(1-3),10.doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060
(26)Gurav,J.L.;Jung,I.K.;Park,H.H.;Kang,E.S.;Nadargi,D.Y.J.Nanomater2010,2010,11.doi:10.1155/2010/409310
(27)Rotter,H.;Landau,M.V.;Herskowitz,M.Environ.Sci.Technol.2005,39(17),6845.doi:10.1021/es0500052
(28)Landau,M.V.;Shter,G.E.;Titelman,L.;Gelman,V.;Rotter,H.;Grader,G.S.;Herskowitz,M.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.2006,45(22),7462.doi:10.1021/ie0606744
(29)Dong,Y.;Li,J.;Shi,L.;Wang,X.;Guo,Z.;Liu,W.Chem.Commun.2014,50(42),5586.doi:10.1039/c4cc01408a
(30)Liu,N.;Lin,X.;Zhang,W.;Cao,Y.;Chen,Y.;Feng,L.;Wei,Y.Sci.Rep.2015,5,9688.doi:10.1038/srep09688
(31)Si,Y.;Guo,Z.Chem.Lett.2015,44(7),874.doi:10.1246/cl.150223
(32)Malafaya,P.B.;Silva,G.A.;Reis,R.L.Adv.Drug Del.Rev.2007,59(4-5),207.doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.012
(33)Mohamadnia,Z.;Zohuriaan-Mehr,M.J.;Kabiri,K.;Jamshidi,A.;Mobedi,H.J.Bioact.Compat.Polym.2007,22(3),342.doi:10.1177/0883911507078519
(34)Klemm,D.;Heublein,B.;Fink,H.-P.;Bohn,A.Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2005,44(22),3358.doi:10.1002/anie.200460587
(35)Cai,J.;Kimura,S.;Wada,M.;Kuga,S.;Zhang,L.Chemsuschem2008,1(1-2),149.doi:10.1002/cssc.200700039
(36)Paakko,M.;Vapaavuori,J.;Silvennoinen,R.;Kosonen,H.;Ankerfors,M.;Lindstrom,T.;Berglund,L.A.;Ikkala,O.Soft Matter2008,4(12),2492.doi:10.1039/B810371B
(37)Olsson,R.T.;Azizi Samir,M.A.S.;Salazar Alvarez,G.;Belova,L.;Strom,V.;Berglund,L.A.;Ikkala,O.;Nogues,J.;Gedde,U.W.Nat.Nano2010,5(8),584.doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.155
(38)Egal,M.;Budtova,T.;Navard,P.Biomacromolecules2007,8(7),2282.doi:10.1021/bm0702399
(39)Sehaqui,H.;Zhou,Q.;Berglund,L.A.Compos.Sci.Technol.2011,71(13),1593.doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.07.003
(40)Yu,P.;Zhu,K.;Norman,A.G.;Ferrere,S.;Frank,A.J.;Nozik,A.J.J.Phys.Chem.B2006,110(50),25451.doi:10.1021/jp064817b
(41)Chandiran,A.K.;Comte,P.;Humphry-Baker,R.;Kessler,F.;Yi,C.;Nazeeruddin,M.K..;Gr?tzel,M.Adv.Funct.Mater.2013,23(21),2775.doi:10.1002/adfm.201202956
(42)Mrowetz,M.;Balcerski,W.;Colussi,A.J.;Hoffmann,M.R.J.Phys.Chem.B2004,108(45),17269.doi:10.1021/jp0467090
(43)Li,X.Z.;Li,F.B.Environ.Sci.Technol.2001,35(11),2381.doi:10.1021/es001752w
(44)Iskandar,F.;Nandiyanto,A.B.D.;Yun,K.M.;Hogan,C.J.;Okuyama,K.;Biswas,P.Adv.Mater.2007,19(10),1408.doi:10.1002/adma.200601822
(45)Lotus,A.F.;Feaver,R.K.;Britton,L.A.;Bender,E.T.;Perhay,D.A.;Stojilovic,N.;Ramsier,R.D.;Chase,G.G.Mater.Sci.Eng.B2010,167(1),55.doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2010.01.027
(46)Sescousse,R.;Gavillon,R.;Budtova,T.Carbohydr.Polym.2011,83(4),1766.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.043
(47)Cai,H.;Mu,W.;Liu,W.;Zhang,X.;Deng,Y.Inorg.Chem.Commun.2015,51,71.doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.11.013
(48)Liu,J.;Wickramaratne,N.P.;Qiao,S.Z.;Jaroniec,M.Nature Mater.2015,14(8),763.doi:10.1038/nmat4317
(49)Nieto-Márquez,A.;Romero,R.;Romero,A.;Valverde,J.L.J.Mater.Chem.2011,21(6),1664.doi:10.1039/c0jm01350a
(50)Motahari,S.;Nodeh,M.;Maghsoudi,K.Desalin.Water Treat.2016,57(36),16886.doi:10.1080/19443994.2015.1082506
(51)Tang,J.;Xie,Z.;Du,A.;Ye,J.;Zhang,Z.;Shen,J.;Zhou,B.J.Fusion Energy2016,35(2),357.doi:10.1007/s10894-015-0037-y
(52)Lorjai,P.;Chaisuwan,T.;Wongkasemjit,S.J.Sol-Gel Sci.Technol.2009,52(1),56.doi:10.1007/s10971-009-1992-4
(53)Wu,X.;Jia,W.Chem.Eng.J.2014,245,210.doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.032
(54)Horikawa,T.;Hayashi,J.;Muroyama,K.Carbon2004,42(1),169.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.007
(55)Xia,S,Y.;Cheng,X,H.;Song,H,H.Carbon Tech.2005,24(6),5.[夏三宇,陈晓红,宋怀河.炭素技术,2005,24,5.]doi:10.14078/j.cnki.1001-3741.2005.06.002
(56)Hou,H,Q.;Wang,C,Y.;Tang,Y,J.;Fu,Z,B.;Zhou,Y.Mater.Rev.2009,23(20),85.[候海乾,王朝阳,唐永建,付志兵,周莹.材料导报,2009,23,85.]
(57)Novoselov,K.S.;Geim,A.K.;Morozov,S.V.;Jiang,D.;Zhang,Y.;Dubonos,S.V.;Grigorieva,I.V.;Firsov,A.A.Science2004,306(5696),666.doi:10.1126/science.1102896
(58)Chen,D.;Feng,H.;Li,J.Chem.Rev.2012,112(11),6027.doi:10.1021/cr300115g
(59)Georgakilas,V.;Otyepka,M.;Bourlinos,A.B.;Chandra,V.;Kim,N.;Kemp,K.C.;Hobza,P.;Zboril,R.;Kim,K.S.Chem.Rev.2012,112(11),6156.doi:10.1021/cr3000412
(60)Balandin,A.A.;Ghosh,S.;Bao,W.;Calizo,I.;Teweldebrhan,D.;Miao,F.;Lau,C.N.Nano Lett.2008,8(3),902.doi:10.1021/nl0731872
(61)Bolotin,K.I.;Sikes,K.J.;Jiang,Z.;Klima,M.;Fudenberg,G.;Hone,J.;Kim,P.;Stormer,H.L.Solid State Commun.2008,146(9-10),351.doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
(62)Stoller,M.D.;Park,S.;Zhu,Y.;An,J.;Ruoff,R.S.Nano Lett.2008,8(10),3498.doi:10.1021/nl802558y
(63)Li,G.Y.;Wu,X.H.;He,W.N.;Fang,J.H.;Zhang,X.T.Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.2016,32,2146.[李广勇,吴晓涵,何伟娜,方建慧,张学同.物理化学学报,2016,32,2146.]doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB201605243
(64)Nardecchia,S.;Carriazo,D.;Luisa Ferrer,M.;Gutierrez,M.C.;del Monte,F.Chem.Soc.Rev.2013,42(2),794.doi:10.1039/c2cs35353a
(65)Jiang,L.;Fan,Z.Nanoscale2014,6(4),1922.doi:10.1039/c3nr04555b
(66)Li,C.;Shi,G.Adv.Mater.2014,26(24),3992.doi:10.1002/adma.201306104
(67)Zhang,X.;Sui,Z.;Xu,B.;Yue,S.;Luo,Y.;Zhan,W.;Liu,B.J.Mater.Chem.2011,21(18),6494.doi:10.1039/c1jm10239g
(68)Hu,H.;Zhao,Z.;Wan,W.;Gogotsi,Y.;Qiu,J.Adv.Mater.2013,25(15),2219.doi:10.1002/adma.201204530
(69)Wu,Z.S.;Yang,S.;Sun,Y.;Parvez,K.;Feng,X.;Muellen,K.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2012,134(22),9082.doi:10.1021/ja3030565
(70)Yin,H.;Zhang,C.;Liu,F.;Hou,Y.Adv.Funct.Mater.2014,24(20),2930.doi:10.1002/adfm.201303902
(71)Zhang,X.;Liu,D.;Yang,L.;Zhou,L.;You,T.J.Mater.Chem.A2015,3(18),10031.doi:10.1039/c5ta00355e
(72)Sun,R.;Chen,H.;Li,Q.;Song,Q.;Zhang,X.Nanoscale2014,6(21),12912.doi:10.1039/c4nr03322a
(73)Gao,S.;Wang,K.;Du,Z.;Wang,Y.;Yuan,A.;Lu,W.;Chen,L.Carbon2015,92,254.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.034
(74)Jung,S.M.;Mafra,D.L.;Lin,C.T.;Jung,H.Y.;Kong,J.Nanoscale2015,7(10),4386.doi:10.1039/c4nr07564a
(75)Lee,W.S.V.;Peng,E.;Choy,D.C.;Xue,J.M.J.Mater.Chem.A2015,3(37),19144.doi:10.1039/c5ta06072a
(76)Mi,X.;Huang,G.;Xie,W.;Wang,W.;Liu,Y.;Gao,J.Carbon2012,50(13),4856.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.013
(77)Li,J.;Li,J.;Meng,H.;Xie,S.;Zhang,B.;Li,L.;Ma,H.;Zhang,J.;Yu,M.J.Mater.Chem.A2014,2(9),2934.doi:10.1039/c3ta14725h
(78)Dragoman,M.;Ghimpu,L.;Obreja,C.;Dinescu,A.;Plesco,I.;Dragoman,D.;Braniste,T.;Tiginyanu,I.Nanotechnology2016,27(47).doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/47/475203
(79)Wu,S.;Ladani,R.B.;Zhang,J.;Ghorbani,K.;Zhang,X.;Mouritz,A.P.;Kinloch,A.J.;Wang,C.H.ACS Appl.Mater.Inter.2016,8(37),24853.doi:10.1021/acsami.6b06012
(80)Xu,X.;Yan,S.;Wang,B.;Qu,P.;Wang,J.;Wu,J.J.Nanosci.Nanotechno.2016,16(12),12299.doi:10.1166/jnn.2016.12963
(81)Xu,Y.;Sheng,K.;Li,C.;Shi,G.ACS Nano2010,4(7),4324.doi:10.1021/nn101187z
(82)Sui,Z.;Zhang,X.;Lei,Y.;Luo,Y.Carbon2011,49(13),4314.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.006
(83)Zhang,L.;Shi,G.J.Phys.Chem.C2011,115(34),17206.doi:10.1021/jp204036a
(84)Park,S.H.;Kim,H.K.;Yoon,S.B.;Lee,C.W.;Ahn,D.;Lee,S.-I.;Roh,K.C.;Kim,K.B.Chem.Mater.2015,27(2),457.doi:10.1021/cm5034244
(85)García-Torres,B.A.;Aguilar-Elguezabal,A.;Román-Aguirre,M.;álvarez-Contreras,L.Mater.Chem.Phys.2016,172,32.doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.12.047
(86)Ennajih,H.;Bouhfid,R.;Essassi,E.M.;Bousmina,M.;El Kadib,A.Microporous Mesoporous Mater.2012,152,208.doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.11.032
(87)Frindy,S.;Primo,A.;Qaiss Ael,K.;Bouhfid,R.;Lahcini,M.;Garcia,H.;Bousmina,M.;El Kadib,A.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,146,353.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.077
(88)Zhai,T.;Zheng,Q.;Cai,Z.;Xia,H.;Gong,S.Carbohydr.Polym.2016,148,300.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.065