葡萄行内覆盖对园区微域生态环境及果实品质的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明葡萄行内覆盖对葡萄园微域生态环境及果实品质的影响,确立葡萄园科学、生态的栽培管理措施。【方法】在宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区,以4年生‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)为试材,设置行内覆盖葡萄枝条(grape branches,GB)、行内覆盖玉米秸秆(corn straw,CS)及清耕(CK)3个处理,研究各处理对葡萄园树冠层空气温湿度、土壤温湿度、土壤微生物等微域生态环境状况的影响,并比较其果实品质。利用主成分分析方法对3个处理的葡萄品质进行综合评价,筛选适宜的栽培措施。【结果】覆盖处理显著降低了葡萄树冠层空气温湿度及土壤温度,在0～20cm土层,GB覆盖、CS覆盖和清耕3个处理7、8、9月的土壤平均温度分别为22.4,21.8和24.6℃;0～60cm土层,上述3个处理微生物总量分别为604.71×10~4,599.86×10~4和440.11×10~4 CFU/g。与清耕相比,GB覆盖和CS覆盖使果实的还原糖含量提高了8.2%和6.8%,可溶性固形物含量提高了15.6%和12.3%,总酸含量提高了8.3%和10.0%,另外覆盖还使葡萄皮中的花色苷及酚类物质积累增多。通过主成分分析方法对GB覆盖、CS覆盖及清耕处理的葡萄品质进行综合评价,得分分别为1.56,0.70和-2.26。【结论】行内覆盖能够改善葡萄园微域生态环境,提高酿酒葡萄果实品质,其中以GB覆盖的效果最好。
【Objective】Effect of grape line covering on vineyard micro-region ecology and fruit quality was investigated to establish cultivation management measures of vineyard ecology.【Method】In the wine grape producing areas in the eastern foot of the Helan Mountain in Ningxia,4 years old Cabernet Sauvignon was selected,and 3 treatments of line covering with grape branches(GB),line covering with corn straw(CS)and tillage(CK)were configured.The effects on air temperature and humidity,soil temperature and humidity,soil microorganism,and other micro-ecological environment conditions in the vineyard canopy were studied,and the fruit quality was compared.Principal component analysis(PCA)was used to evaluate quality of grape and select suitable cultivation measures.【Result】Mulching significantly reduced soil temperature as well as air temperature and humidity.At soil depth of 0 to 20 cm,the average temperatures in July,August,and September in GB,CS and CK treatments were 22.4,21.8 and 24.6℃,and the microbial biomass amounts were 604.71×10~4,599.86 ×10~4 and 440.11×10~4 CFU/g,respectively.Compared with CK,GB and CS increased reducing sugars by 8.2% and 6.8%,soluble solids by 15.6% and 12.3%,and total acids by 8.3% and 10.0%.In addition,the accumulation of anthocyanins and phenols in grape skin was increased.The grape quality scores of GB,CS and CK treatments evaluated by principal component analysis were 1.56,0.70 and-2.26,respectively.【Conclusion】Line covering can improve the vineyard micro-domain ecological environment and the quality of wine grape,and the GB coverage had the best effect.
【Objective】Effect of grape line covering on vineyard micro-region ecology and fruit quality was investigated to establish cultivation management measures of vineyard ecology.【Method】In the wine grape producing areas in the eastern foot of the Helan Mountain in Ningxia,4 years old Cabernet Sauvignon was selected,and 3 treatments of line covering with grape branches(GB),line covering with corn straw(CS)and tillage(CK)were configured.The effects on air temperature and humidity,soil temperature and humidity,soil microorganism,and other micro-ecological environment conditions in the vineyard canopy were studied,and the fruit quality was compared.Principal component analysis(PCA)was used to evaluate quality of grape and select suitable cultivation measures.【Result】Mulching significantly reduced soil temperature as well as air temperature and humidity.At soil depth of 0 to 20 cm,the average temperatures in July,August,and September in GB,CS and CK treatments were 22.4,21.8 and 24.6℃,and the microbial biomass amounts were 604.71×10~4,599.86 ×10~4 and 440.11×10~4 CFU/g,respectively.Compared with CK,GB and CS increased reducing sugars by 8.2% and 6.8%,soluble solids by 15.6% and 12.3%,and total acids by 8.3% and 10.0%.In addition,the accumulation of anthocyanins and phenols in grape skin was increased.The grape quality scores of GB,CS and CK treatments evaluated by principal component analysis were 1.56,0.70 and-2.26,respectively.【Conclusion】Line covering can improve the vineyard micro-domain ecological environment and the quality of wine grape,and the GB coverage had the best effect.
引文
[1]赵强基.江苏农业可持续发展的技术路线:建立现代集约生态型农作制度技术体系[J].江苏农业学报,2001,17(1):56-59.Zhao Q J.A technological line of sustainable development of Jiangsu agriculture:establishing the technological system of farming system of modern intensive and ecological types[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2001,17(1):56-59.
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[3]高登涛,郭景南,魏志峰,等.果园地面覆盖对土壤质量和苹果生长发育的影响[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):770-777.Gao D T,Guo J N,Wei Z F,et al.Effect of orchard mulch on soil quality,growth and development of apple trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2010,27(5):770-777.
[4]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.Cao X R,An G Y,Zhang Z Y.Influence of different mulchings on soil nutrients,enzyme atherosclerosis and tree growth in non-irrigation apple orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(5):788-794.
[5]李传友,熊波,张莉,等.果园残枝粉碎覆盖对土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(11):84-92.Li C Y,Xiong B,Zhang L,et al.Effect of mulching broken branch’s on soil physical and chemical characteristics and the quality of fruits[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(11):84-92.
[6]岳泰新,惠竹梅,孙莹,等.行间生草对葡萄园土壤微生物学特征的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(9):100-104.Yue T X,Xi Z M,Sun Y,et al.Soil microbial characteristics of interplanting grass in vineyard[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(9):100-104.
[7]Celette F,Findeling A,Gary C.Competition for nitrogen in an unfertilized intercropping system:the case of an association of grapevine and grass cover in a Mediterranean climate[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,30(1):41-51.
[8]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.Zhang Y,Xie Y S,Hao M D,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth any yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[9]张大鹏,姜红英,陈星黎,等.葡萄不同栽培方式的叶幕微气候、光合作用和水分生理效应[J].园艺学报,1994(2):105-110.Zhang D P,Jiang H Y,Chen X L,et al.Effects of grapevine training systems on canopy microclimate,net photosynthesis and transpiration[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,1994(2):105-110.
[10]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.Xi Z M,Yue T X,Zhang J,et al.Relationship between soil biological characteristics and nutrient content under intercropping system of vineyard in northwestern semiarid area[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(11):2310-2317.
[11]赵鹏,詹国勤,徐加宽,等.梨园秸秆和修剪枝条的还田效果研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(4):610-616.Zhao P,Zhan G Q,Xu J K,et al.Research on the effects of application of straw and pruning branches in pear orchard[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(4):610-616.
[12]尹晓宁,刘兴禄,董铁,等.苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(1):83-95.Yin X N,Liu X L,Dong T,et al.Effects of different mulching materials on soil and near-surface environment and of apple orchard tree growth[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(1):83-95.
[13]Xi Z M,Zhang Z W,Cheng Y F,et al.The effect of vineyard cover crop on main monomeric phenols of grape berry and wine in Vitis viniferal L.cv.Cabernet Sauvignon[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2010,9(3):440-448.
[14]Chen C Y,Nace G W,Irwin P L.A 6×6drop plate method for simultaneous colony counting and MPN enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni,Listeria monocytogenes,and Escherichia coli[J].Journal of Microbiological Methods,2003,55(2):475-479.
[15]叶维青.土壤微生物实验法[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Ye W Q.Experimental method of soil microorganism[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[16]房玉林,孙伟,万力,等.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738.Fang Y L,Sun W,Wan L,et al.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738.
[17]李华,惠竹梅,房玉林,等.葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量的影响[J].果树学报,2005,22(6):697-701.Li H,Xi Z M,Fang Y L,et al.Effects of grass cover in vineyard on the vine growth and wine quality[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2005,22(6):697-701.
[18]李华.葡萄栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.Li H.Viticulture[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008.
[19]惠竹梅,李华,张振文,等.行间生草对葡萄园微气候和葡萄酒品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(10):33-37.Xi Z M,Li H,Zhang Z W,et al.Effect of green covering on vineyard microclimate and wine quality[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2004,32(10):33-37.
[20]孙萌,刘洋,李保国,等.核桃园行内地面覆盖的土壤微域生态效应[J].生态学报,2017,37(13):4434-4443.Sun M,Liu Y,Li B G,et al.Ecological effects of within-row mulching on soil microsites in walnut orchards[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(13):4434-4443.
[21]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.Li H K,Zhang G J,Zhao Z Y,et al.Effects of interplanting of herbage on soil nutrient of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2007,34(2):477-480.
[22]张桂玲.秸秆和生草覆盖对桃园土壤养分含量、微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(12):1236-1244.Zhang G L.Effects of straw and living grass mulching on soil nutrients,soil microbial quantities and soil enzyme activities in apeach orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(12):1236-1244.
[23]蒋平安,罗明,蒋永衡,等.不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(qMB,qCO2)[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):115-119.Jiang P A,Luo M,Jiang Y H,et al.Soil microbial floras and their qMBand qCO2values in the fields of different-year-aged Medicago sativa[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(1):115-119.
[24]韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,等.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147.Han H F,Ning T Y,Tian S Z,et al.Effects of soiltillage and straw returning on weed biodiversity in summer maize(Zea mays)field[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(5):1140-1147.
[25]赵长增,陆璐,陈佰鸿.干旱荒漠地区苹果园地膜及秸秆覆盖的农业生态效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(1):155-158.Zhao C Z,Lu L,Chen B H.Effect of field covering with plastic and straw on agricultural ecology of apple orchard in arid desert area[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(1):155-158.
[26]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1704-1710.Gao Y C,Zhu W S,Chen W X.Community structures of saprophytic soil microfungi in three differently cultivated field soils in the north of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(10):1704-1710.
[2]赵德英.梨园树盘覆盖的土壤生态效应及树体生理响应研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.Zhao D Y.Study on the soil ecological effects and physiological response in different groundcover pear tree[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013.
[3]高登涛,郭景南,魏志峰,等.果园地面覆盖对土壤质量和苹果生长发育的影响[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):770-777.Gao D T,Guo J N,Wei Z F,et al.Effect of orchard mulch on soil quality,growth and development of apple trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2010,27(5):770-777.
[4]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.Cao X R,An G Y,Zhang Z Y.Influence of different mulchings on soil nutrients,enzyme atherosclerosis and tree growth in non-irrigation apple orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(5):788-794.
[5]李传友,熊波,张莉,等.果园残枝粉碎覆盖对土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(11):84-92.Li C Y,Xiong B,Zhang L,et al.Effect of mulching broken branch’s on soil physical and chemical characteristics and the quality of fruits[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2016,21(11):84-92.
[6]岳泰新,惠竹梅,孙莹,等.行间生草对葡萄园土壤微生物学特征的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,37(9):100-104.Yue T X,Xi Z M,Sun Y,et al.Soil microbial characteristics of interplanting grass in vineyard[J].Journal of Northwest A&FUniversity(Natural Science Edition),2009,37(9):100-104.
[7]Celette F,Findeling A,Gary C.Competition for nitrogen in an unfertilized intercropping system:the case of an association of grapevine and grass cover in a Mediterranean climate[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,30(1):41-51.
[8]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.Zhang Y,Xie Y S,Hao M D,et al.Effects of different patterns surface mulching on soil properties and fruit trees growth any yield in an apple orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[9]张大鹏,姜红英,陈星黎,等.葡萄不同栽培方式的叶幕微气候、光合作用和水分生理效应[J].园艺学报,1994(2):105-110.Zhang D P,Jiang H Y,Chen X L,et al.Effects of grapevine training systems on canopy microclimate,net photosynthesis and transpiration[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,1994(2):105-110.
[10]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.Xi Z M,Yue T X,Zhang J,et al.Relationship between soil biological characteristics and nutrient content under intercropping system of vineyard in northwestern semiarid area[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(11):2310-2317.
[11]赵鹏,詹国勤,徐加宽,等.梨园秸秆和修剪枝条的还田效果研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(4):610-616.Zhao P,Zhan G Q,Xu J K,et al.Research on the effects of application of straw and pruning branches in pear orchard[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(4):610-616.
[12]尹晓宁,刘兴禄,董铁,等.苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(1):83-95.Yin X N,Liu X L,Dong T,et al.Effects of different mulching materials on soil and near-surface environment and of apple orchard tree growth[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(1):83-95.
[13]Xi Z M,Zhang Z W,Cheng Y F,et al.The effect of vineyard cover crop on main monomeric phenols of grape berry and wine in Vitis viniferal L.cv.Cabernet Sauvignon[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2010,9(3):440-448.
[14]Chen C Y,Nace G W,Irwin P L.A 6×6drop plate method for simultaneous colony counting and MPN enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni,Listeria monocytogenes,and Escherichia coli[J].Journal of Microbiological Methods,2003,55(2):475-479.
[15]叶维青.土壤微生物实验法[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.Ye W Q.Experimental method of soil microorganism[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.
[16]房玉林,孙伟,万力,等.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738.Fang Y L,Sun W,Wan L,et al.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738.
[17]李华,惠竹梅,房玉林,等.葡萄园生草对葡萄与葡萄酒质量的影响[J].果树学报,2005,22(6):697-701.Li H,Xi Z M,Fang Y L,et al.Effects of grass cover in vineyard on the vine growth and wine quality[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2005,22(6):697-701.
[18]李华.葡萄栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.Li H.Viticulture[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008.
[19]惠竹梅,李华,张振文,等.行间生草对葡萄园微气候和葡萄酒品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(10):33-37.Xi Z M,Li H,Zhang Z W,et al.Effect of green covering on vineyard microclimate and wine quality[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2004,32(10):33-37.
[20]孙萌,刘洋,李保国,等.核桃园行内地面覆盖的土壤微域生态效应[J].生态学报,2017,37(13):4434-4443.Sun M,Liu Y,Li B G,et al.Ecological effects of within-row mulching on soil microsites in walnut orchards[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(13):4434-4443.
[21]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.Li H K,Zhang G J,Zhao Z Y,et al.Effects of interplanting of herbage on soil nutrient of non-irrigated apple orchard in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2007,34(2):477-480.
[22]张桂玲.秸秆和生草覆盖对桃园土壤养分含量、微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2011,35(12):1236-1244.Zhang G L.Effects of straw and living grass mulching on soil nutrients,soil microbial quantities and soil enzyme activities in apeach orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,35(12):1236-1244.
[23]蒋平安,罗明,蒋永衡,等.不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(qMB,qCO2)[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(1):115-119.Jiang P A,Luo M,Jiang Y H,et al.Soil microbial floras and their qMBand qCO2values in the fields of different-year-aged Medicago sativa[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(1):115-119.
[24]韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,等.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147.Han H F,Ning T Y,Tian S Z,et al.Effects of soiltillage and straw returning on weed biodiversity in summer maize(Zea mays)field[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(5):1140-1147.
[25]赵长增,陆璐,陈佰鸿.干旱荒漠地区苹果园地膜及秸秆覆盖的农业生态效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(1):155-158.Zhao C Z,Lu L,Chen B H.Effect of field covering with plastic and straw on agricultural ecology of apple orchard in arid desert area[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(1):155-158.
[26]高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1704-1710.Gao Y C,Zhu W S,Chen W X.Community structures of saprophytic soil microfungi in three differently cultivated field soils in the north of China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(10):1704-1710.