不同运行期排水沟渠中氮的净化效应实验研究
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摘要
以模拟排水沟渠静态实验为基础,以典型非点源溶质氨氮和硝氮为例,分析了不同运行期排水沟渠中氨氮和硝氮浓度的变化过程与影响机制。结果表明:不同运行期排水沟渠对水体中氨氮、硝氮均具有较强的净化效应,并表现出"快速净化,波动平衡"的特点,其中氨氮浓度的下降速度快于硝氮,氨氮"波动平衡"的浓度范围(≤2 mg·L-1)低于硝氮(≤3 mg·L-1);实验初始阶段,运行期的不同对沟渠中氨氮和硝氮的净化速率有较大的影响,初始阶段的净化速率表现为:多年沟渠>7月龄沟渠>1月龄沟渠,除不同运行期非生态沟渠中硝氮的净化速率有显著性差异外,其余阶段均无显著性差异;不同运行期生态沟渠和非生态沟渠中氨氮浓度的变化过程,除7月龄沟渠的"波动平衡"阶段有显著性差异(P=0.03<0.05)外,其余均无显著性差异;硝氮浓度的变化过程,1月龄和7月龄沟渠在实验初期和"波动平衡"阶段均有显著性差异,多年沟渠的净化趋势相似,无显著性差异。综上所述,本实验初步证明了增长沟渠运行期能够增强沟渠对氮素的净化能力,这对进一步探究排水沟渠的发育过程和生态沟渠的合理化设计与管理具有一定的借鉴意义。
Based on the experiment about static simulation of drainage ditches, the article used typical non-point source soluble nitrate and ammonia nitrogen as an example to analyze the changing process and study the effects of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the simulated drainage water of different operation periods. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the drainage ditches of different operating periods could be purified effectively. The purification process had the characteristics of‘fast purification, wave balance',in which ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased faster than nitrate nitrogen and the range of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the‘wave balance'stage(≤2 mg·L~(-1))was lower than nitrate nitrogen(≤3 mg·L~(-1)). The different operation periods had great influence on the purification rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the ditches at the initial stage of the experiment, in which the purification rate:The multi-years ditch> the 7-month-old ditch>the 1-month-old ditch. In addition to the nitrate purification rate of nitrate nitrogen in non-ecological ditches of different operation had significant difference, no significant difference in the remaining stages; There was no significant difference in the change of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the ditch at different operating periods, except for the ‘fluctuating balance'stage of the 7-month-old ditch(P=0.03<0.05). There was significant difference in the earlystage and the‘wave balance'stage of the purification process about nitrate nitrogen in the 7-month-old ditch and the 1-month-old ditch,the trend of purification for the multi-years ditch was similar, and no significant difference. In summary, the experiment proved that the growth of ditch operation periods could enhance the ability of purifying nitrogen,which had certain significance for further exploring the development process of the drainage ditch, rational design and management of the ecological ditches.
Based on the experiment about static simulation of drainage ditches, the article used typical non-point source soluble nitrate and ammonia nitrogen as an example to analyze the changing process and study the effects of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the simulated drainage water of different operation periods. The results showed that ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the drainage ditches of different operating periods could be purified effectively. The purification process had the characteristics of‘fast purification, wave balance',in which ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased faster than nitrate nitrogen and the range of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the‘wave balance'stage(≤2 mg·L~(-1))was lower than nitrate nitrogen(≤3 mg·L~(-1)). The different operation periods had great influence on the purification rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the ditches at the initial stage of the experiment, in which the purification rate:The multi-years ditch> the 7-month-old ditch>the 1-month-old ditch. In addition to the nitrate purification rate of nitrate nitrogen in non-ecological ditches of different operation had significant difference, no significant difference in the remaining stages; There was no significant difference in the change of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the ditch at different operating periods, except for the ‘fluctuating balance'stage of the 7-month-old ditch(P=0.03<0.05). There was significant difference in the earlystage and the‘wave balance'stage of the purification process about nitrate nitrogen in the 7-month-old ditch and the 1-month-old ditch,the trend of purification for the multi-years ditch was similar, and no significant difference. In summary, the experiment proved that the growth of ditch operation periods could enhance the ability of purifying nitrogen,which had certain significance for further exploring the development process of the drainage ditch, rational design and management of the ecological ditches.
引文
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[17]王晓玲,乔斌,李松敏,等.生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(12):1406-1413.WANG Xiao-ling,QIAO Bin,LI Song-min,et al.Studies on the interception effects of ecological ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus in the rainfall runoff of different rice growth period[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(12):1406-1413.(in Chinese)
[18]李强坤,宋常吉,胡亚伟,等.模拟排水沟渠非点源溶质氮迁移实验研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):520-526.LI Qiang-kun,SONG Chang-ji,HU Ya-wei,et al.Transformation of non-point source soluble nitrogen in simulated drainage ditch[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):520-526.(in Chinese)
[19]国家环境保护局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration of China(SEPA).Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods(4th Edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.(in Chinese)
[20]卢少勇,金相灿,余刚.人工湿地的氮去除机理[J].生态学报,2006,26(8):2670-2677.LU Shao-yong,JIN Xiang-can,YU Gang.Nitrogen removal mechanism of constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2670-2677.(in Chinese)
[21]Stottmeister U,Wie Bner A,Kuschk P,et al.Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,22(1-2):93-117.
[22]罗专溪,朱波,唐家良,等.自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷污染的主要作用机制[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(3):561-568.LUO Zhuan-xi,ZHU Bo,TANG Jia-liang,et al.Primary mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from storm water runoff by a natural ditch in a rural township[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(3):561-568.(in Chinese)
[23]Cooper P F,Findlater B C.Constructed wetlands in water pollution control[M].Perganmon Press,1990.
[24]俞慎,李振高.稻田生态系统生物硝化、反硝化作用与氮素损失[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):630-634.YU Shen,LI Zhen-gao.Biological nitrification-denitrification and nitrogen loss in rice field ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(5):630-634.(in Chinese)
[2]李强坤,胡亚伟,孙娟.农业非点源污染物在排水沟渠中的迁移转化研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):210-214.LI Qiang-kun,HU Ya-wei,SUN Juan.Migration and transformation of agricultural non-point source pollutants in drainage ditches[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(1):210-214.(in Chinese)
[3]Liu F,Xiao R L,Wang Y,et al.Effect of a novel constructed drainage ditch on the phosphorus sorption capacity of ditch soils in an agricultural headwater catchment in subtropical central China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:69-76.
[4]Coban O,Kuschk P,Kappelmeyer U,et al.Nitrogen transforming community in a horizzontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland[J].Water Research,2015,74:203-212.
[5]Kaushal S S,Groffman P M,Band L E,et al.Tracking non-point source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(19):8225-8232.
[6]周俊,邓伟,刘伟龙.沟渠湿地的水文和生态环境效应研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(10):1079-1083.ZHOU Jun,DENG Wei,LIU Wei-long.Advances on the effects of ditch wetland on hydrology and eco-environment[J].Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(10):1079-1083.(in Chinese)
[7]李强坤.青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染负荷及控制措施研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2010.LI Qiang-kun.Study on the loads and control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in Qing Tong Xia irrigation district[D].Xi′an:Xi′an University of Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[8]Needelman B A,Kleinman P J A,Strock J S,et al.Improved management of agricultural drainage ditches for water quality protection:An overview[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,62(4):171-178.
[9]Strock J S,Dell C J,Schmidt J P.Managing natural processes in drainage ditches for nonpoint source nitrogen control[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,62(4):188-196.
[10]Bennett E R,Moore M T,Cooper C M,et al.Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid-associated runoff[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2005,24(9):2121-2127.
[11]姜翠玲,崔广柏.湿地对农业非点源污染的去除效应[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(5):471-473.JIANG Cui-ling,CUI Guang-bo.Effectivesness of wetlands in removal of non-point pollutants from agricultural source[J].Agro-Environmental Protection,2002,21(5):471-473.(in Chinese)
[12]Kroger R,Holland M M,Moore M T,et al.Hydrological variability and agricultural drainage ditch inorganic nitrogen reduction capacity[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(6):1646-1652.
[13]Kroger R,Holland M M,Moore M T,et al.Agricultural drainage ditches mitigate phosphorus loads as a function of hydrological variability[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2008,37(1):107-113.
[14]徐红灯,席北斗,王京刚,等.水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷的截留效应[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(2):84-88.XU Hong-deng,XI Bei-dou,WANG Jing-gang,et al.Study on the interception of nitrogen and phosphorus by macrophyte in agriculture drainage ditch[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(2):84-88.(in Chinese)
[15]Wu Y H,Kerr P G,Hu Z Y,et al.Eco-restoration:Simultaneous nutrient removal from soil and water in a complex residential-cropland area[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(7):2472-2477.
[16]张树楠,肖润林,刘峰,等.生态沟渠对氮磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.ZHANG Shu-nan,XIAO Run-lin,LIU Feng,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522.(in Chinese)
[17]王晓玲,乔斌,李松敏,等.生态沟渠对水稻不同生长期降雨径流氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(12):1406-1413.WANG Xiao-ling,QIAO Bin,LI Song-min,et al.Studies on the interception effects of ecological ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus in the rainfall runoff of different rice growth period[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,46(12):1406-1413.(in Chinese)
[18]李强坤,宋常吉,胡亚伟,等.模拟排水沟渠非点源溶质氮迁移实验研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):520-526.LI Qiang-kun,SONG Chang-ji,HU Ya-wei,et al.Transformation of non-point source soluble nitrogen in simulated drainage ditch[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):520-526.(in Chinese)
[19]国家环境保护局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration of China(SEPA).Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods(4th Edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.(in Chinese)
[20]卢少勇,金相灿,余刚.人工湿地的氮去除机理[J].生态学报,2006,26(8):2670-2677.LU Shao-yong,JIN Xiang-can,YU Gang.Nitrogen removal mechanism of constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2670-2677.(in Chinese)
[21]Stottmeister U,Wie Bner A,Kuschk P,et al.Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,22(1-2):93-117.
[22]罗专溪,朱波,唐家良,等.自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷污染的主要作用机制[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(3):561-568.LUO Zhuan-xi,ZHU Bo,TANG Jia-liang,et al.Primary mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from storm water runoff by a natural ditch in a rural township[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(3):561-568.(in Chinese)
[23]Cooper P F,Findlater B C.Constructed wetlands in water pollution control[M].Perganmon Press,1990.
[24]俞慎,李振高.稻田生态系统生物硝化、反硝化作用与氮素损失[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):630-634.YU Shen,LI Zhen-gao.Biological nitrification-denitrification and nitrogen loss in rice field ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(5):630-634.(in Chinese)