高性能战斗机飞行员膳食与营养状况调查
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摘要
目的了解高性能战斗机飞行员膳食及营养状况,为指导其营养健康管理提供依据。方法采用称量法,对159名高性能战斗机飞行员进行膳食调查;按照军标进行人体学测量,并采用酶法检测血生化指标进行营养评估。结果高性能战斗机飞行员平均能量摄入量为2 932.5 kcal/d,蛋白质摄入量102.7 g/d;钠、铁、钾摄入量分别为推荐摄入量的2.62、1.59和1.21倍,钙摄入量达到标准的72.0%;维生素A、B1、B2分别达到摄入量低限的54.2%、65.0%、和65.0%。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能分别为410.8、1 296.9、1 224.8 kcal,占能量来源的14.0%、44.2%、41.8%;飞行员早餐供能占比为24.3%,晚餐供能占比38.1%。体重超标者为54.7%,体脂肪超标者30.8%,内脏脂肪率超标者17.0%,腰围超标者44.8%,高甘油三酯血症患病率25.8%,高胆固醇血症患病率10.1%,高尿酸血症患病率17.6%,高血糖患病率为0.6%。结论高性能战斗机飞行员膳食结构不够合理,呈"高脂肪、高钠、低碳水化合物"模式,部分营养素摄入偏高或不足,超重/肥胖、高尿酸血症、血脂异常占比较高。建议进行膳食营养干预,以促进身体健康。
Objective To investigate the dietary and nutritional status of the high-performance fighter pilots and provide guidance for health management. Methods 159 high-performance fighter pilots were studied in this study. Dietary survey was carried out by weighing method. Body measurements were carried according to military criteria. Double agent enzymic method was used to detect the biochemical indicators. Results The average energy intake of the high-performance fighter pilots was 2932.5 kcal/d. The intake of protein was 102.7 g/d. The ratios of sodium, iron and potassium intakes were 2.62,1.59 and 1.21 times as much as the recommended intakes respectively. Calcium intake reached 72.0% of the criteria. The intakes of vitamin A, B1, B2, reached 54.2%, 65.0% and 65.0% of the low limit of recommended intakes respectively.Energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate was 410.8 kcal, 1296.9 kcal and 1224.8 kcal, accounting for 14.0%, 44.2% and41.8% of the total energy sources. Energy from breakfast was 24.3%, while supper was 38.1%. Overweight ratio reached54.7%, average body fat percentage exceeded 30.8%, visceral fat rate exceeded 17.6% and waist exceeded 44.8%. The morbidity rates of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia were 25.8%, 10.1%, 17.6%and 0.6%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary pattern of the high-performance fighter pilots is not reasonable, which is showed as "high fat, high sodium and low carbohydrate". Some nutrients are not taken enough while some nutrients intake is too high. The morbidity rates of overweight and obesity, hyperuricemia and dyslipdemia are high. Dietary nutrition intervention should be carried out for promoting health.
Objective To investigate the dietary and nutritional status of the high-performance fighter pilots and provide guidance for health management. Methods 159 high-performance fighter pilots were studied in this study. Dietary survey was carried out by weighing method. Body measurements were carried according to military criteria. Double agent enzymic method was used to detect the biochemical indicators. Results The average energy intake of the high-performance fighter pilots was 2932.5 kcal/d. The intake of protein was 102.7 g/d. The ratios of sodium, iron and potassium intakes were 2.62,1.59 and 1.21 times as much as the recommended intakes respectively. Calcium intake reached 72.0% of the criteria. The intakes of vitamin A, B1, B2, reached 54.2%, 65.0% and 65.0% of the low limit of recommended intakes respectively.Energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate was 410.8 kcal, 1296.9 kcal and 1224.8 kcal, accounting for 14.0%, 44.2% and41.8% of the total energy sources. Energy from breakfast was 24.3%, while supper was 38.1%. Overweight ratio reached54.7%, average body fat percentage exceeded 30.8%, visceral fat rate exceeded 17.6% and waist exceeded 44.8%. The morbidity rates of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia were 25.8%, 10.1%, 17.6%and 0.6%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary pattern of the high-performance fighter pilots is not reasonable, which is showed as "high fat, high sodium and low carbohydrate". Some nutrients are not taken enough while some nutrients intake is too high. The morbidity rates of overweight and obesity, hyperuricemia and dyslipdemia are high. Dietary nutrition intervention should be carried out for promoting health.
引文
[1]杜鹏,李彤,杨昌林,等.空军某飞行部队膳食调查与分析[J].解放军预防医学杂志,2015,33(6):628-630.
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[8]中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值:适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2002,23(1):10-15.
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[10] Lafargue AL, Cabrales LB, Larramendi RM. Bioelectrical parametersof the whole human body obtained through bioelectrical impedanceanalysis[J]. Bioelectromagnetics, 2002, 23(6):450-454.
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[12]吴茂江.钾与人体健康[J].微量元素与健康研究,2011,28(6):61-62.
[13] Zhu FS, Kotanko P, Handelman GJ, et al. Estimation of normal hy-dration in dialysis patients using whole body and calf bioimpedanceanalysis[J]. Physiological Measurement, 2011, 32(7, SI):887-902.
[14] Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, et al. Prevalence of central obesity amongadults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases inNortheast China[J]. PLOS One, 2016, 11(7):e0160402.
[15]崔妍.肥胖症及其相关并发症的临床研究以及肥胖症患者不同糖代谢状态下血清相关因子变化的研究[D].北京:北京协和医学院,2013.
[16] Uster A, Ruefenacht U, Ruehlin M, et al. Influence of a nutritionalintervention on dietary intake and quality of Life in cancer patients:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Nutrition, 2013, 29(11/12):1342-1349.
[17]乔永涛,刘惠双,刘杰,等.郑州市3184名健康体检者体脂肪率及影响因素[J].江苏预防医学,2017,28(5):600-601.
[18]陈晓飞.民航飞行员血清尿酸水平与高血压的相关研究[J].中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2016,4(16):123-124.
[19]徐卓佳,初荣,梁艳闯,等.民航男性飞行员高尿酸血症及其肾脏功能早期损伤的调查[J].环境与职业医学,2015,32(4):343-346.
[20] Benni PB, Li JK, Chen B, et al.Correlation of NIRS determined cere-bral oxygenation with severity of pilot+Gz acceleration symptoms[J].Advancesin Experimental Medicineand Biology,2003,530:381-389.
[21] Pimentel GD, Micheletti TO, Pace F, et al.Gut-central nervous sys-tem axis is a target for nutritional therapies[J]. Nutrition Journal,2012, 11:22.
[22] Li J, Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, et al. Hyperlipidemia and lipidperoxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittenthypoxia[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology(Bethesda, Md.:1985),2007, 102(2):557-563.
[23] Delahanty LM, Hayden D, Ammerman A, et al. Medical nutritiontherapy for hypercholesterolemia positively affects patient satisfactionand quality of life outcomes[J]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2002,24(4):269-278.
[24] Li X, Song P, Li J, et al. Relationship between hyperuricemia and di-etary risk factors in Chinese adults:a cross-sectional study[J].Rheumatology International, 2015, 35(12):2079-2089.
[2]中国人民解放军总后勤部.GJB 1636-1993军队膳食营养调查方法[S].北京:中国人民解放军总后勤部,1993.
[3]中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所.中国食物成分表[M].2版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2009.
[4]中央军委后勤保障部.GJB 823B-2016军人营养素供给量[S].北京:中央军委后勤保障部,2016.
[5]中国人民解放军总后勤部.GJB 826A-2000军人食物定量[S].北京:中国人民解放军总后勤部,2000.
[6]中国人民解放军总后勤部.GJB 4127-2000飞行人员营养状况评价[S].北京:中国人民解放军总后勤部,2000.
[7]中国人民解放军总后勤部.GJB 4126-2000军人营养状况生化评价[S].北京:中国人民解放军总后勤部,2000.
[8]中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值:适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2002,23(1):10-15.
[9]关阳,陈金军,邓红.非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者人体脂肪成分指标的变化[J].实用肝脏病杂志,2018,21(2):229-232.
[10] Lafargue AL, Cabrales LB, Larramendi RM. Bioelectrical parametersof the whole human body obtained through bioelectrical impedanceanalysis[J]. Bioelectromagnetics, 2002, 23(6):450-454.
[11]陈芳.广西柳江县成人肥胖测量指标与血压、血糖、血脂的相关因素研究[D].南宁:广西医科大学,2016.
[12]吴茂江.钾与人体健康[J].微量元素与健康研究,2011,28(6):61-62.
[13] Zhu FS, Kotanko P, Handelman GJ, et al. Estimation of normal hy-dration in dialysis patients using whole body and calf bioimpedanceanalysis[J]. Physiological Measurement, 2011, 32(7, SI):887-902.
[14] Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, et al. Prevalence of central obesity amongadults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases inNortheast China[J]. PLOS One, 2016, 11(7):e0160402.
[15]崔妍.肥胖症及其相关并发症的临床研究以及肥胖症患者不同糖代谢状态下血清相关因子变化的研究[D].北京:北京协和医学院,2013.
[16] Uster A, Ruefenacht U, Ruehlin M, et al. Influence of a nutritionalintervention on dietary intake and quality of Life in cancer patients:A randomized controlled trial[J]. Nutrition, 2013, 29(11/12):1342-1349.
[17]乔永涛,刘惠双,刘杰,等.郑州市3184名健康体检者体脂肪率及影响因素[J].江苏预防医学,2017,28(5):600-601.
[18]陈晓飞.民航飞行员血清尿酸水平与高血压的相关研究[J].中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2016,4(16):123-124.
[19]徐卓佳,初荣,梁艳闯,等.民航男性飞行员高尿酸血症及其肾脏功能早期损伤的调查[J].环境与职业医学,2015,32(4):343-346.
[20] Benni PB, Li JK, Chen B, et al.Correlation of NIRS determined cere-bral oxygenation with severity of pilot+Gz acceleration symptoms[J].Advancesin Experimental Medicineand Biology,2003,530:381-389.
[21] Pimentel GD, Micheletti TO, Pace F, et al.Gut-central nervous sys-tem axis is a target for nutritional therapies[J]. Nutrition Journal,2012, 11:22.
[22] Li J, Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, et al. Hyperlipidemia and lipidperoxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittenthypoxia[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology(Bethesda, Md.:1985),2007, 102(2):557-563.
[23] Delahanty LM, Hayden D, Ammerman A, et al. Medical nutritiontherapy for hypercholesterolemia positively affects patient satisfactionand quality of life outcomes[J]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2002,24(4):269-278.
[24] Li X, Song P, Li J, et al. Relationship between hyperuricemia and di-etary risk factors in Chinese adults:a cross-sectional study[J].Rheumatology International, 2015, 35(12):2079-2089.