离心式飞行模拟器发展概述
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摘要
目前我国很缺乏具有持续过载训练功能的地面飞行模拟器,并且缺乏体系化的飞行模拟器建设。根据离心式飞行模拟器的发展历程,以座舱自由度和主要训练功能划分,将离心式飞行模拟器分为动态飞行模拟器、空间定向飞行模拟器和综合飞行模拟器3种。并指出各类飞行模拟器的技术特点、主要功能及优缺点。最后介绍了离心式飞行模拟器的关键技术和发展趋势。
At present, China greatly lacks on-ground flight simulators with sustained G-load training, as well as systematic construction of flight simulator. According to the development of centrifuge-based flight simulator, centrifuge-based flight simulator is divided into three categories: dynamic flight simulator, spatial disorientation trainer and integrated flight simulator, based on the degrees of freedom of gondola and the training function of flight simulator. The technical characteristics, major functions,advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well. Finally, the key technology, future tendency and expectation of centrifugebased flight simulator are proposed. Under the requirement of actual combat training, there is a great demand for centrifugebased flight simulator to train pilots of advanced tactical aircraft efficiently.
At present, China greatly lacks on-ground flight simulators with sustained G-load training, as well as systematic construction of flight simulator. According to the development of centrifuge-based flight simulator, centrifuge-based flight simulator is divided into three categories: dynamic flight simulator, spatial disorientation trainer and integrated flight simulator, based on the degrees of freedom of gondola and the training function of flight simulator. The technical characteristics, major functions,advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well. Finally, the key technology, future tendency and expectation of centrifugebased flight simulator are proposed. Under the requirement of actual combat training, there is a great demand for centrifugebased flight simulator to train pilots of advanced tactical aircraft efficiently.
引文
[1]Duchak G D.The conversion of a singer GAT-1B(TM)analog flight simulator into a digital flight simulator[D].Monterey CA:Naval Postgraduate School,1990.
[2]Rolfe J M,Staples K J.Flight simulation[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1988:19-25.
[3]Bürki-Cohen J,Sparko A L,Go T H.Training value of a fixed-base flight simulator with a dynamic seat[C]//AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conference,South Carolina,2007:1-21.
[4]Stewart D.A platform with six degrees of freedom[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,1965,180(1):371-386.
[5]Advani S K,Nahon M,Haeck N,et al.Optimization of sixdegrees-of-freedom flight simulator motion systems[J].Journal of Aircraft,1999,36(5):819-826.
[6]Arai S,Kondo H,Goto H,et al.Evaluation of motion with washout algorithm for flight simulator using tripod parallel mechanism[C]//Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice(M2VIP),2012 19th International Conference,Auckland,2012:349-354.
[7]由育阳.动态飞行模拟器主轴控制系统设计研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2007.
[8]潘文俊,王立新,谭详升.持续载荷飞行模拟器过失速机动过载模拟[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2011,37(6):635-638.
[9]关立文,刘慧,付萌.动态飞行模拟器实时运动规划算法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2015(7):709-715.
[10]Dourado A O,Martin C A.New concept of dynamic flight simulator,Part I[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2013,30(1):79-82.
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[13]Lin P C,Li S C,Wang J,et al.Measurement of military aircrews′ability to adapt to human-use centrifuge[C]//The40th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering.Awaji City,2010:1-6.
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[15]常耀明,王颉,曹新生.航空航天生理心理训练及疗养学[M].西安:第四军医大学出版社,2013:67-68.
[16]Lyons T J,Harding R,Freeman J,et al.G-induced loss of consciousness accidents:USAF experience 1982—1990[J].Aviation Space&Environmental Medicine,1992,63(1):60-66.
[17]Green N D,Ford S A.G-induced loss of consciousness:retrospective survey results from 2259 military aircrew[J].Aviation Space&Environmental Medicine,2006,77(6):619-623.
[18]何斌.高动态飞行模拟器伺服控制系统研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2013.
[19]Modak S,Tyagi P K,Singh A K,et al.Centrifuge training visa-vis G-LOC incidents-an update[J].Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine,2002,46(1):42-50.
[20]贾普照.稳态加速度模拟试验设备——离心机设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2013:218-220.
[21]宋琼,胡荣华.动态飞行模拟器及其发展概述[J].装备环境工程,2015,12(5):11-18.
[22]Durnford S J,De Roche S L.A novel aircraft instrument display to minimize the risks of spatial disorientation[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1995.
[23]Johnson P A,Estrada A,Braithwaite M G,et al.Assessment of simulated spatial disorientation scenarios in training US army aviators[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1999.
[24]Braithwaite M G,Gilreath S R,Johnson P,et al.Spatial disorientation awareness training scenarios for US army aviators in visual flight simulators[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1998.
[25]Stott J R R.Orientation and disorientation in aviation[J].Extreme Physiology&Medicine,2013,2(1):1-11.
[26]Krueger W W O.Controlling motion sickness and spatial disorientation and enhancing vestibular rehabilitation with a user-worn see-through display[J].The Laryngoscope,2011,121(S2):S17-S35.
[27]Russomano T,De Azevedo D F G,Piedade L,et al.Development and validation of an electrically controlled rotatory chair to be used as a simulator for spatial disorientation and motion sickness[C]//Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS,Cancun,2003:3306-3308.
[28]Leduc P A,Johnson P A,Ruyak P S,et al.Evaluation of a standardized spatial disorientation flight profile[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1999.
[29]Robert J.Spatial disorientation:past,present,and future[D].Ohio:Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Graduate School of Engineering And Management,2014:1-2.
[30]Estrada A,Adam G E,Leduc P A.Use of simulator spatial disorientation awareness training scenarios by the US Army and National Guard[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,2003.
[31]Previc F H,Ercoline W R,Evans R H,et al.Simulator-induced spatial disorientation:effects of age,sleep deprivation,and type of conflict[J].Aviation,Space,and Environmental Medicine,2007,78(5):470-477.
[32]Wachsmuth R H,Brusch D W.Spatial disorientation trainerflight simulator:US,4710128[P].1987-12-01.
[33]Cheung R,Wong W T.Recommendation to implement GYRO-IPT for disorientation training at CFSAT[R].Toronto,Ontario,Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine,1998.
[34]Pais A R V,Wentink M,Mulder M,et al.A study on cueing strategies for curve driving in Desdemona[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-10.
[35]De Graaf B,Bles W,Hosman R J A W.Desdemona:advanced disorientation trainer and(sustained-G)flight simulator[EB/OL].http://www.mind.foi.se/SAWMAS/SAWMAS-2002/Papers/SAWM-AS-02-Bde Graaf.pdf,2016-05-08.
[36]Correia Grácio B J,Wentink M,Groen E,et al.Subjec tive estimates of G-load in centrifuge-based simulation and applications for G-cueing in Desdemona[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,Chicago,Illinois,2009:1-8.
[37]Roza M,Wentink M,Feenstra P,et al.Performance testing of the desdemona motion system[C]//AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-14.
[38]Wentink M,Bles W,Hosman R,et al.Design&evaluation of spherical washout algorithm for Desdemona simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,San Francisco,California,2005-6501.
[39]Mayrhofer M,Langwallner B,Schlüsselberger R,et al.An innovative optimal control approach for the next generation simulator motion platform DESDEMONA[C]//2007 AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,20 August 2007 through 23 August 2007,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-14.
[40]Bles W,Groen E.The DESDEMONA motion facility:applications for space research[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2009,21(4):281-286.
[41]Correia Gracio B J,Van Paassen M M,Mulder M,et al.Tuning of the lateral specific force gain based on human motion perception in the Desdemona simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,Toronto,2010:1-9.
[42]潘文俊,王立新.持续载荷飞行模拟器过载模拟新原理[J].航空学报,2010,31(11):2159-2165.
[43]由勇,五澄,由俊生,等.持续载荷飞行模拟器运动系统研究[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(5):1154-1156.
[44]孙宇.高动态飞行模拟器软件系统设计与开发[D].成都:电子科技大学,2014:5-6.
[45]李心耀,杨永生,洪建忠.载人离心机平衡调节系统设计[J].机械设计,2012,29(6):71-74.
[46]Dziuda L,Biernacki M P,Baran P M,et al.The effects of simulated fog and motion on simulator sickness in a driving simulator and the duration of after-effects[J].Applied ergonomics,2014,45(3):406-412.
[47]Spenny C H,Liebst B,Chelette T,et al.Development of a sustainable-G dynamic flight simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Denver CO,2000:1-12.
[48]Groen E L,Wentink M,Trujillo M,et al.Ground-based simulation of upset recovery in DESDEMONA:aspects of motion cueing and motion Perception[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Honolulu,Hawaii,2008:1-11.
[49]Van Loon J J W A.The human centrifuge[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2009,21(1/2):203-207.
[50]caldwell J,Caldwell L,Smith J,et al.The efficacy of modafinil for sustaining alertness and simulator flight performance in F-117 pilots during 37 hours of continuous wakefulness[R].Brooks Air Force Base,Texas,USA,Air Force Research Lab,Human Effectiveness Directorate Biosciences and Protection Division Fatigue Countermeasures Branch,2004.
[51]White M D,Perfect P,Padfield G D,et al.Acceptance testing and commissioning of a flight simulator for rotorcraft simulation fidelity research[J].Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2012,227(4):663-686.
[2]Rolfe J M,Staples K J.Flight simulation[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1988:19-25.
[3]Bürki-Cohen J,Sparko A L,Go T H.Training value of a fixed-base flight simulator with a dynamic seat[C]//AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conference,South Carolina,2007:1-21.
[4]Stewart D.A platform with six degrees of freedom[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,1965,180(1):371-386.
[5]Advani S K,Nahon M,Haeck N,et al.Optimization of sixdegrees-of-freedom flight simulator motion systems[J].Journal of Aircraft,1999,36(5):819-826.
[6]Arai S,Kondo H,Goto H,et al.Evaluation of motion with washout algorithm for flight simulator using tripod parallel mechanism[C]//Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice(M2VIP),2012 19th International Conference,Auckland,2012:349-354.
[7]由育阳.动态飞行模拟器主轴控制系统设计研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2007.
[8]潘文俊,王立新,谭详升.持续载荷飞行模拟器过失速机动过载模拟[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2011,37(6):635-638.
[9]关立文,刘慧,付萌.动态飞行模拟器实时运动规划算法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2015(7):709-715.
[10]Dourado A O,Martin C A.New concept of dynamic flight simulator,Part I[J].Aerospace Science and Technology,2013,30(1):79-82.
[11]Spenny C H,Liebst B,Chelette T,et al.Development of a sustainable-g dynamic flight simulator[C]//AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conference,Denver CO,2000:1-12.
[12]陆惠良.载人离心机及其应用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2001:6-7.
[13]Lin P C,Li S C,Wang J,et al.Measurement of military aircrews′ability to adapt to human-use centrifuge[C]//The40th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering.Awaji City,2010:1-6.
[14]由勇,由育阳,由俊生.持续载荷飞行仿真技术与工程设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2013:14-16.
[15]常耀明,王颉,曹新生.航空航天生理心理训练及疗养学[M].西安:第四军医大学出版社,2013:67-68.
[16]Lyons T J,Harding R,Freeman J,et al.G-induced loss of consciousness accidents:USAF experience 1982—1990[J].Aviation Space&Environmental Medicine,1992,63(1):60-66.
[17]Green N D,Ford S A.G-induced loss of consciousness:retrospective survey results from 2259 military aircrew[J].Aviation Space&Environmental Medicine,2006,77(6):619-623.
[18]何斌.高动态飞行模拟器伺服控制系统研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2013.
[19]Modak S,Tyagi P K,Singh A K,et al.Centrifuge training visa-vis G-LOC incidents-an update[J].Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine,2002,46(1):42-50.
[20]贾普照.稳态加速度模拟试验设备——离心机设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2013:218-220.
[21]宋琼,胡荣华.动态飞行模拟器及其发展概述[J].装备环境工程,2015,12(5):11-18.
[22]Durnford S J,De Roche S L.A novel aircraft instrument display to minimize the risks of spatial disorientation[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1995.
[23]Johnson P A,Estrada A,Braithwaite M G,et al.Assessment of simulated spatial disorientation scenarios in training US army aviators[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1999.
[24]Braithwaite M G,Gilreath S R,Johnson P,et al.Spatial disorientation awareness training scenarios for US army aviators in visual flight simulators[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1998.
[25]Stott J R R.Orientation and disorientation in aviation[J].Extreme Physiology&Medicine,2013,2(1):1-11.
[26]Krueger W W O.Controlling motion sickness and spatial disorientation and enhancing vestibular rehabilitation with a user-worn see-through display[J].The Laryngoscope,2011,121(S2):S17-S35.
[27]Russomano T,De Azevedo D F G,Piedade L,et al.Development and validation of an electrically controlled rotatory chair to be used as a simulator for spatial disorientation and motion sickness[C]//Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS,Cancun,2003:3306-3308.
[28]Leduc P A,Johnson P A,Ruyak P S,et al.Evaluation of a standardized spatial disorientation flight profile[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,1999.
[29]Robert J.Spatial disorientation:past,present,and future[D].Ohio:Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Graduate School of Engineering And Management,2014:1-2.
[30]Estrada A,Adam G E,Leduc P A.Use of simulator spatial disorientation awareness training scenarios by the US Army and National Guard[R].Fort Rucker,Alabama,Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory,2003.
[31]Previc F H,Ercoline W R,Evans R H,et al.Simulator-induced spatial disorientation:effects of age,sleep deprivation,and type of conflict[J].Aviation,Space,and Environmental Medicine,2007,78(5):470-477.
[32]Wachsmuth R H,Brusch D W.Spatial disorientation trainerflight simulator:US,4710128[P].1987-12-01.
[33]Cheung R,Wong W T.Recommendation to implement GYRO-IPT for disorientation training at CFSAT[R].Toronto,Ontario,Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine,1998.
[34]Pais A R V,Wentink M,Mulder M,et al.A study on cueing strategies for curve driving in Desdemona[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-10.
[35]De Graaf B,Bles W,Hosman R J A W.Desdemona:advanced disorientation trainer and(sustained-G)flight simulator[EB/OL].http://www.mind.foi.se/SAWMAS/SAWMAS-2002/Papers/SAWM-AS-02-Bde Graaf.pdf,2016-05-08.
[36]Correia Grácio B J,Wentink M,Groen E,et al.Subjec tive estimates of G-load in centrifuge-based simulation and applications for G-cueing in Desdemona[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,Chicago,Illinois,2009:1-8.
[37]Roza M,Wentink M,Feenstra P,et al.Performance testing of the desdemona motion system[C]//AIAA Modelling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-14.
[38]Wentink M,Bles W,Hosman R,et al.Design&evaluation of spherical washout algorithm for Desdemona simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,San Francisco,California,2005-6501.
[39]Mayrhofer M,Langwallner B,Schlüsselberger R,et al.An innovative optimal control approach for the next generation simulator motion platform DESDEMONA[C]//2007 AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,20 August 2007 through 23 August 2007,Hilton Head,South Carolina,2007:1-14.
[40]Bles W,Groen E.The DESDEMONA motion facility:applications for space research[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2009,21(4):281-286.
[41]Correia Gracio B J,Van Paassen M M,Mulder M,et al.Tuning of the lateral specific force gain based on human motion perception in the Desdemona simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference,Toronto,2010:1-9.
[42]潘文俊,王立新.持续载荷飞行模拟器过载模拟新原理[J].航空学报,2010,31(11):2159-2165.
[43]由勇,五澄,由俊生,等.持续载荷飞行模拟器运动系统研究[J].系统仿真学报,2007,19(5):1154-1156.
[44]孙宇.高动态飞行模拟器软件系统设计与开发[D].成都:电子科技大学,2014:5-6.
[45]李心耀,杨永生,洪建忠.载人离心机平衡调节系统设计[J].机械设计,2012,29(6):71-74.
[46]Dziuda L,Biernacki M P,Baran P M,et al.The effects of simulated fog and motion on simulator sickness in a driving simulator and the duration of after-effects[J].Applied ergonomics,2014,45(3):406-412.
[47]Spenny C H,Liebst B,Chelette T,et al.Development of a sustainable-G dynamic flight simulator[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Denver CO,2000:1-12.
[48]Groen E L,Wentink M,Trujillo M,et al.Ground-based simulation of upset recovery in DESDEMONA:aspects of motion cueing and motion Perception[C]//AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference and Exhibit,Honolulu,Hawaii,2008:1-11.
[49]Van Loon J J W A.The human centrifuge[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2009,21(1/2):203-207.
[50]caldwell J,Caldwell L,Smith J,et al.The efficacy of modafinil for sustaining alertness and simulator flight performance in F-117 pilots during 37 hours of continuous wakefulness[R].Brooks Air Force Base,Texas,USA,Air Force Research Lab,Human Effectiveness Directorate Biosciences and Protection Division Fatigue Countermeasures Branch,2004.
[51]White M D,Perfect P,Padfield G D,et al.Acceptance testing and commissioning of a flight simulator for rotorcraft simulation fidelity research[J].Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2012,227(4):663-686.