陕西米仓山巴山冷杉天然林群落物种多样性及种群分布格局
|
摘要
【目的】探讨陕西米仓山巴山冷杉天然林群落的物种多样性及种群分布格局,为巴山冷杉天然林可持续保护及有效管理提供理论依据。【方法】在米仓山巴山冷杉天然林集中分布的上干河沟两侧和塔子坪大垭豁等地共设置9个25m×20m的样地,通过典型样地调查,从巴山冷杉林群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层的重要值、丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Simpson优势度指数(D)及乔木径级结构等方面,分析巴山冷杉天然林群落物种多样性及多样性指标间的相关性;应用理论分布模型和方差均值比率(v/m)、聚集指数(Ci)、平均拥挤度(m*)、Green指数(Gi)、聚块性指数(Pai)和聚集强度(Pi)等指标,分析主要优势种的空间分布格局。【结果】乔木层中巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)的重要值为59.14%,为建群种,但其胸径<2.5cm(径级Ⅰ)的幼苗个体数量严重不足,种群结构衰退。巴山冷杉林乔木层、灌木层、草本层的物种数分别为12,26和53种,各林层的物种多样性差异较明显,灌木层、草本层的H′分别为2.55和3.50,均大于乔木层的1.58;J和D值也表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层。种群空间分布分析结果表明,巴山冷杉的v/m为16.95,聚集强度为2.50,属于聚集分布类型,另有乔木层的5个优势种、灌木层的4个优势种和草本层的10个优势种也服从聚集分布,少数优势种则呈均匀或随机分布。【结论】陕西米仓山巴山冷杉天然林群落植物种类比较丰富,林分郁闭度较高,不利于幼苗天然更新及幼树生长,群落已经处于演替后期。
【Objective】Species diversity and spatial distribution pattern of Abies fargesii natural forest community in the Micangshan mountain were investigated to provide basis for sustainable protection and effective management of A.fargesii natural forest community.【Method】Nine plots of 25m×20m were established on both sides of Shangganhegou and Taziping in Micangshan mountain and field data were obtained through typical plot investigation.Then,the species diversity and correlations between diversity indicators of A.fargesii natural forest community including important values,richness(S),Shannon-Wiener index(H′),Evenness index(J),Simpson index(D)and diameter structure of dominant tree species wereanalyzed.The main spatial distribution pattern was also analyzed using the theoretical distribution model and variance mean ratio(v/m),aggregation index(Ci),average crowded degree(m*),Green index(Gi),clustering index(Pai)and aggregation intensity(Pi)and other indicators.【Result】A.fargesii was the constructive species with important value of 59.14%.The number of seedling individuals with DBH<2.5cm(diameter I)was seriously insufficient,showing declining population structure.The numbers of species in A.fargesii community in tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer were 12,26 and 53,respectively.There were significant differences among species diversity in all layers of the A.fargesii community,and the H′values of shrub layer and herb layer were 2.55 and 3.50,respectively,higher than that of tree layer(1.58).Jand Dvalues were also in the order of herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer.Spatial distribution analysis of population showed that the variance mean ratio of A.fargesii was 16.95 and the clump intensity was 2.50,which belonged to cluster distribution type.There were 5dominant species in tree layer,4dominant species in shrub layer and 10 dominant species in herb layer that obeyed cluster distribution,while a few dominant species were uniformly or randomly distributed.【Conclusion】There were abundant plant species in A.fargesii natural forest community with high stand canopy density in Shaanxi Micangshan mountain.The sapling seedling natural regeneration and growth of young trees were affected and the community was in the late stages of succession.
【Objective】Species diversity and spatial distribution pattern of Abies fargesii natural forest community in the Micangshan mountain were investigated to provide basis for sustainable protection and effective management of A.fargesii natural forest community.【Method】Nine plots of 25m×20m were established on both sides of Shangganhegou and Taziping in Micangshan mountain and field data were obtained through typical plot investigation.Then,the species diversity and correlations between diversity indicators of A.fargesii natural forest community including important values,richness(S),Shannon-Wiener index(H′),Evenness index(J),Simpson index(D)and diameter structure of dominant tree species wereanalyzed.The main spatial distribution pattern was also analyzed using the theoretical distribution model and variance mean ratio(v/m),aggregation index(Ci),average crowded degree(m*),Green index(Gi),clustering index(Pai)and aggregation intensity(Pi)and other indicators.【Result】A.fargesii was the constructive species with important value of 59.14%.The number of seedling individuals with DBH<2.5cm(diameter I)was seriously insufficient,showing declining population structure.The numbers of species in A.fargesii community in tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer were 12,26 and 53,respectively.There were significant differences among species diversity in all layers of the A.fargesii community,and the H′values of shrub layer and herb layer were 2.55 and 3.50,respectively,higher than that of tree layer(1.58).Jand Dvalues were also in the order of herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer.Spatial distribution analysis of population showed that the variance mean ratio of A.fargesii was 16.95 and the clump intensity was 2.50,which belonged to cluster distribution type.There were 5dominant species in tree layer,4dominant species in shrub layer and 10 dominant species in herb layer that obeyed cluster distribution,while a few dominant species were uniformly or randomly distributed.【Conclusion】There were abundant plant species in A.fargesii natural forest community with high stand canopy density in Shaanxi Micangshan mountain.The sapling seedling natural regeneration and growth of young trees were affected and the community was in the late stages of succession.
引文
[1]袁王俊,卢训令,张维瑞,等.不同植被类型植物物种多样性[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4651-4657.Yuan W J,Lu X L,Zhang W R,et al.Plant’s diversity of different vegetation types[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4651-4657.
[2]刘欢,李文君,陈杰,等.陕西米仓山自然保护区6种典型天然林群落的物种多样性[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(7):29-39.Liu H,Li W J,Chen J,et al.Species diversity of six typical natural forest communities in Shaanxi Micangshan Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2017,45(7):29-39.
[3]蒋雪琴,刘艳红,赵本元.湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)种群结构特征与空间分布格局[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2211-2218.Jiang X Q,Liu Y H,Zhao B Y.Structure characteristics and spatial distribution of Abies fargesii population in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2211-2218.
[4] Nathan R.Long-distance dispersal of plants[J].Science,2006,313:786-788.
[5] Wang X G,Wiegand T,Hao Z Q,et al.Species associations in an old-growth temperate forest in Northeastern China[J].Journal of Ecology,2010,98:674-686.
[6] Kang D,Guo Y X,Ren C J,et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of main tree species in secondary Betula platyphyllaforest in Ziwuling Mountains,China[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:6873.
[7] Pillay T,Ward D.Spatial pattern analysis and competition between Acacia karroo trees in humid savannas[J].Plant Ecology,2012,213:1609-1619.
[8] Zunzunegui M,Esquivias M P,Oppo F,et al.Interspecific competition and livestock disturbance control the spatial patterns of two coastal dune shrubs[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354:299-309.
[9]胡尔查,王晓江,张文军,等.乌拉山自然保护区白桦种群的年龄结构和点格局分析[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2867-2876.Hu E C,Wang X J,Zhang W J,et al.Age structure and point pattern of Butula plantphyllain Wulashan Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(9):2867-2876.
[10]龙成,杨小波,龙文兴,等.铜鼓岭热带常绿季雨矮林5种蒲桃属植物的种群结构及空间格局[J].林业科学,2015,51(2):18-27.Long C,Yang X B,Long W X,et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of five Syzygiumspecies in tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest,Tongguling[J].Scientla Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(2):18-27.
[11] Miyadokoro T,Nishimura N,Yamamoto S.Population structure and spatial patterns of major trees in a subalpine oldgrowth coniferous forest,central Japan[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2003,182:259-272.
[12] Boyden S,Binkley D,Shepperd W.Spatial and temporal patterns in structure,regeneration,and mortality of an oldgrowth Ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2005,219:43-55.
[13] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,et al.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species[J].Science,2000,288:1414-1418.
[14] Niu L L,Yu X X,Yue Y J.Spatial patterns of different ageclass individuals in Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Songshan Nature Reserve of Beijing,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(7):1414-1418.
[15]李国胜,樊金拴.巴山冷杉化学成分的初步研究[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(3):142-144.Li G S,Fan J S.A preliminary study on the chemical component of Abies fargesii[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,2005,20(3):142-144.
[16]伍艳梅,樊金拴.不同条件巴山冷杉枝叶精油含量比较[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(4):170-172.Wu Y M,Fan J S.Compares of volatile oil content in leaves and branches of Abies fargesii Franch under different conditions[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2006,15(4):170-172.
[17]雷明德.陕西植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.Lei M D.Shaanxi vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.
[18]党海山,张燕君,张克荣,等.秦岭巴山冷杉种群结构与动态[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(8):1456-1461.Dang H S,Zhang Y J,Zhang K R,et al.Population structure and its dynamics of Abies fargesii in Qinling Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(8):1456-1461.
[19]樊金栓.秦岭冷杉和巴山冷杉树脂道分布与结构特征的研究[J].西北林学院学报,1991,6(2):9-16.Fan J S.Resin ducts distribution and its structual features of A.chensiensis and A.fargesii[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,1991,6(2):9-16.
[20]任毅,张小卉,辜天琪,等.陕西省萝藦科一新记录属:吊灯花属[J].西北植物学报,2008(2):2406-2407.Ren Y,Zhang X H,Gu T Q,et al.Ceropegia Linn.(Asclepiadaceae):a newly recorded genus of Shaanxi[J].Acta Botanic Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008(2):2406-2407.
[21]林玥,任坚毅,岳明.太白山红桦种群结构与空间分析[J].植物生态学报,2008(6):1335-1345.Lin Y,Ren J Y,Yue M.Population structure and spatial analysis of Betula albo-sinensis at Taibai Mountain,northwestern China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2008(6):1335-1345.
[22]李景侠,张文辉.巴山冷杉种群结构及空间分布格局的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(5):115-118.Li J X,Zhang W H.Study on Abies fargesii population structure and spatial pattern[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2001,29(5):115-118.
[23]康冰,刘世荣,史作民,等.南亚热带人工马尾松林下植物组成特征及主要木本种群生态位研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1786-1790.Kang B,Liu S R,Shi Z M,et al.Understory vegetation composition and main woody population niche of artificial Masson pine forest in south subtropical area[J].Chinese Journal of Aplied Ecology,2005,16(9):1786-1790.
[24] Nagaike T,Hayashi A,Kubo M,et al.Chinse in plant species diversity over 5years in Larix kaempferi plantations and abandoned coppice forests in central Japan[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2006,236(2):278-285.
[25] Wang B S,Li M G,Peng S L.Phytopopulology[M].Guangzhou:Higher Education Press,1995:39-112.
[26]李先琨,黄玉清,苏宗明.元宝山南方红豆杉种群分布格局及动态[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):169-172.Li X K,Huang Y Q,Su Z M.A study on distribution pattern and dynamics of Taxus chinensis var.Mairei population on Yuanbaoshan Mountain,Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(2):169-172.
[27] Yu W,Wan D,Wang S L,et al.Community structure and species diversity of debris flow deposition area in southeast of Tibet,China[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2013,31(1):120-126.
[28]陈杰,郭屹立,卢训令,等.伊洛河流域草本植物群落物种多样性[J].生态学报,2012,32(10):3021-3030.Chen J,Guo Y L,Lu X L,et al.Species diversity of herbaceous communities in the Yiluo River Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(10):3021-3030.
[29] Ripley B D.Spatial statistics[M].New York:Wiley,1981.
[30]李国春,宋华东,李琦,等.太白山巴山冷杉林主要树种与开花秦岭箭竹的空间点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3487-3493.Li G C,Song H D,Li Q,et al.Spatial point pattern analysis of main trees and flowering Fargesia qinlingensis in Abies fargesii forests in Mt.Taibai of the Qinling Mountains,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(11):3487-3493.
[31]樊后保.格氏栲群落的结构特征[J].林业科学,2000(2):6-12.Fan H B.Structure features of Castanopsis kawakamii community[J].Scientla Silvae Sinicae,2000(2):6-12.
[32]郭垚鑫,康冰,李刚,等.小陇山红桦次生林物种组成与立木的点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2574-2580.Guo Y X,Kang B,Li G,et al.Species composition and point pattern analysis of standing trees in secondary Betula albosinensis forest in Xiaolongshan of west Qinling Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2574-2580.
[33] Dang H S,Jiang M X,Zhang Y J,et al.Dendro ecological study of a subalpine fir(Abies fargesii)forest in the Qinling Mountains[J].China Plant Ecology,2009,201:67-75.
[34]迪玮峙,康冰,高妍夏,等.秦岭山地巴山冷杉林的更新特征及影响因子[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(6):71-78.Di W Z,Kang B,Gao Y X,et al.Regeneration characteristics and related affecting factors of Abies fargesii natural forests in Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2012,40(6):71-78.
[2]刘欢,李文君,陈杰,等.陕西米仓山自然保护区6种典型天然林群落的物种多样性[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(7):29-39.Liu H,Li W J,Chen J,et al.Species diversity of six typical natural forest communities in Shaanxi Micangshan Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2017,45(7):29-39.
[3]蒋雪琴,刘艳红,赵本元.湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)种群结构特征与空间分布格局[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2211-2218.Jiang X Q,Liu Y H,Zhao B Y.Structure characteristics and spatial distribution of Abies fargesii population in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2211-2218.
[4] Nathan R.Long-distance dispersal of plants[J].Science,2006,313:786-788.
[5] Wang X G,Wiegand T,Hao Z Q,et al.Species associations in an old-growth temperate forest in Northeastern China[J].Journal of Ecology,2010,98:674-686.
[6] Kang D,Guo Y X,Ren C J,et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of main tree species in secondary Betula platyphyllaforest in Ziwuling Mountains,China[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:6873.
[7] Pillay T,Ward D.Spatial pattern analysis and competition between Acacia karroo trees in humid savannas[J].Plant Ecology,2012,213:1609-1619.
[8] Zunzunegui M,Esquivias M P,Oppo F,et al.Interspecific competition and livestock disturbance control the spatial patterns of two coastal dune shrubs[J].Plant and Soil,2012,354:299-309.
[9]胡尔查,王晓江,张文军,等.乌拉山自然保护区白桦种群的年龄结构和点格局分析[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2867-2876.Hu E C,Wang X J,Zhang W J,et al.Age structure and point pattern of Butula plantphyllain Wulashan Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(9):2867-2876.
[10]龙成,杨小波,龙文兴,等.铜鼓岭热带常绿季雨矮林5种蒲桃属植物的种群结构及空间格局[J].林业科学,2015,51(2):18-27.Long C,Yang X B,Long W X,et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of five Syzygiumspecies in tropical evergreen monsoon elfin forest,Tongguling[J].Scientla Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(2):18-27.
[11] Miyadokoro T,Nishimura N,Yamamoto S.Population structure and spatial patterns of major trees in a subalpine oldgrowth coniferous forest,central Japan[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2003,182:259-272.
[12] Boyden S,Binkley D,Shepperd W.Spatial and temporal patterns in structure,regeneration,and mortality of an oldgrowth Ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2005,219:43-55.
[13] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,et al.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species[J].Science,2000,288:1414-1418.
[14] Niu L L,Yu X X,Yue Y J.Spatial patterns of different ageclass individuals in Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Songshan Nature Reserve of Beijing,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(7):1414-1418.
[15]李国胜,樊金拴.巴山冷杉化学成分的初步研究[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(3):142-144.Li G S,Fan J S.A preliminary study on the chemical component of Abies fargesii[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,2005,20(3):142-144.
[16]伍艳梅,樊金拴.不同条件巴山冷杉枝叶精油含量比较[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(4):170-172.Wu Y M,Fan J S.Compares of volatile oil content in leaves and branches of Abies fargesii Franch under different conditions[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2006,15(4):170-172.
[17]雷明德.陕西植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.Lei M D.Shaanxi vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1999.
[18]党海山,张燕君,张克荣,等.秦岭巴山冷杉种群结构与动态[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(8):1456-1461.Dang H S,Zhang Y J,Zhang K R,et al.Population structure and its dynamics of Abies fargesii in Qinling Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(8):1456-1461.
[19]樊金栓.秦岭冷杉和巴山冷杉树脂道分布与结构特征的研究[J].西北林学院学报,1991,6(2):9-16.Fan J S.Resin ducts distribution and its structual features of A.chensiensis and A.fargesii[J].Journal of Northwest Foresty University,1991,6(2):9-16.
[20]任毅,张小卉,辜天琪,等.陕西省萝藦科一新记录属:吊灯花属[J].西北植物学报,2008(2):2406-2407.Ren Y,Zhang X H,Gu T Q,et al.Ceropegia Linn.(Asclepiadaceae):a newly recorded genus of Shaanxi[J].Acta Botanic Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008(2):2406-2407.
[21]林玥,任坚毅,岳明.太白山红桦种群结构与空间分析[J].植物生态学报,2008(6):1335-1345.Lin Y,Ren J Y,Yue M.Population structure and spatial analysis of Betula albo-sinensis at Taibai Mountain,northwestern China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2008(6):1335-1345.
[22]李景侠,张文辉.巴山冷杉种群结构及空间分布格局的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(5):115-118.Li J X,Zhang W H.Study on Abies fargesii population structure and spatial pattern[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2001,29(5):115-118.
[23]康冰,刘世荣,史作民,等.南亚热带人工马尾松林下植物组成特征及主要木本种群生态位研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(9):1786-1790.Kang B,Liu S R,Shi Z M,et al.Understory vegetation composition and main woody population niche of artificial Masson pine forest in south subtropical area[J].Chinese Journal of Aplied Ecology,2005,16(9):1786-1790.
[24] Nagaike T,Hayashi A,Kubo M,et al.Chinse in plant species diversity over 5years in Larix kaempferi plantations and abandoned coppice forests in central Japan[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2006,236(2):278-285.
[25] Wang B S,Li M G,Peng S L.Phytopopulology[M].Guangzhou:Higher Education Press,1995:39-112.
[26]李先琨,黄玉清,苏宗明.元宝山南方红豆杉种群分布格局及动态[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):169-172.Li X K,Huang Y Q,Su Z M.A study on distribution pattern and dynamics of Taxus chinensis var.Mairei population on Yuanbaoshan Mountain,Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(2):169-172.
[27] Yu W,Wan D,Wang S L,et al.Community structure and species diversity of debris flow deposition area in southeast of Tibet,China[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2013,31(1):120-126.
[28]陈杰,郭屹立,卢训令,等.伊洛河流域草本植物群落物种多样性[J].生态学报,2012,32(10):3021-3030.Chen J,Guo Y L,Lu X L,et al.Species diversity of herbaceous communities in the Yiluo River Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(10):3021-3030.
[29] Ripley B D.Spatial statistics[M].New York:Wiley,1981.
[30]李国春,宋华东,李琦,等.太白山巴山冷杉林主要树种与开花秦岭箭竹的空间点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3487-3493.Li G C,Song H D,Li Q,et al.Spatial point pattern analysis of main trees and flowering Fargesia qinlingensis in Abies fargesii forests in Mt.Taibai of the Qinling Mountains,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(11):3487-3493.
[31]樊后保.格氏栲群落的结构特征[J].林业科学,2000(2):6-12.Fan H B.Structure features of Castanopsis kawakamii community[J].Scientla Silvae Sinicae,2000(2):6-12.
[32]郭垚鑫,康冰,李刚,等.小陇山红桦次生林物种组成与立木的点格局分析[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2574-2580.Guo Y X,Kang B,Li G,et al.Species composition and point pattern analysis of standing trees in secondary Betula albosinensis forest in Xiaolongshan of west Qinling Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2574-2580.
[33] Dang H S,Jiang M X,Zhang Y J,et al.Dendro ecological study of a subalpine fir(Abies fargesii)forest in the Qinling Mountains[J].China Plant Ecology,2009,201:67-75.
[34]迪玮峙,康冰,高妍夏,等.秦岭山地巴山冷杉林的更新特征及影响因子[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(6):71-78.Di W Z,Kang B,Gao Y X,et al.Regeneration characteristics and related affecting factors of Abies fargesii natural forests in Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat Sci Ed),2012,40(6):71-78.