施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体分布的影响
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摘要
土壤是人类赖以生存的重要资源,团聚体作为土壤结构的基础单元,不仅提高土壤肥力、调节养分的生物有效性,而且增强土壤抗侵蚀能力。通过6年试验,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、秸秆+缓释肥(SRF)和有机无机混施(OCF)4种施肥方式对土壤养分含量及各粒级团聚体分布的影响,为揭示施肥措施对土壤地力形成演变的影响机制提供理论基础。结果表明:SRF和OCF处理0—20,20—40 cm土层土壤的SOC含量较CF显著增加10.06%,19.23%和9.84%,16.79%;3种施肥处理0—20,20—40 cm土层的TN差异不显著,但均高于CK处理;OCF处理中0—20 cm土层的C/N比较CF增加16.44%(p<0.05)。SRF处理较CK显著提高了0—20 cm土层R_(0.25)(10.93%);20—40 cm土层,OCF处理中R_(0.25)显著高于其他3个处理,分别高出32.62%(CK),19.75%(CF),19.44%(SRF)(p<0.05)。相比CF处理,SRF和OCF提高了0—20,20—40 cm土层的平均质量直径MWD(1.54%～16.92%,2.17%～28.26%)和平均几何直径GMD(5.88%～14.71%,13.04%～39.13%),降低了分形维数D(1.11%～2.09%,4.99%～5.44%),且OCF处理更为显著(p<0.05)。可见,秸秆+缓释肥和有机无机混施处理均有利于土壤肥力提升,且后者效果更为显著。MWD和GMD与土壤SOC和TN的相关性较高,均适合用于揭示团聚体与土壤总有机碳、总氮含量之间的关系;但分形维数D与之无显著相关性关系。
Soil is an important resource for human survival. Soil aggregate, as the basic unit of soil structure, can not only improve soil fertility, regulate the bioavailability of nutrients, nut also, but nutrients also enhance soil anti-erosion ability. In this research, four fertilization patterns were applied in a rice-wheat rotation system at Shanghai Zhuanghang long-term positioning test station for six years, which were non-fertilization(CK), conventional inorganic fertilization(CF), straw returning to field with slow release fertilizer(SRF), and mixed organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer treatment(OCF). It provides a theoretical basis for revealing the influence mechanism of fertilization methods on the formation and evolution of soil fertility. SRF and OCF increased the SOC contents in 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil by 10.06%, 19.23% and 9.84%, 16.79%, respectively. OCF also increased the level of C/N in 0—20 cm(16.44%). There was no significant difference in TN contents in both 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil layers under CF, SRF, and OCF. But they were all higher than that of CK. Compared with CK, SRF significantly improved R_(0.25) in 0—20 cm soil layer by 10.93%. OCF increased the R_(0.25) in 20—40 cm, compared with the other three treatments(32.62% CK, 19.75% CF, 19.44% SRF)(p < 0.05). Compared with CF, SRF and OCF increased MWD(1.54% ～ 16.92%, 2.17% ～ 28.26%) and GMD(5.88% ～ 14.71%, 13.04% ～ 39.13%), decreased D(1.11% ～ 2.09%,4.99% ～ 5.44%) in the 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil layers, with the more prominent effect for OCF(p < 0.05). In conclusion, both SRF and OCF were beneficial to soil fertility improvement, and effect of OCF was more significant. The correlations between MWD and GMD and soil SOC and TN were significant, which, therefore, were suitable for revealing the relationships between aggregation and the soil nutrient contents. However, there was no significant correlation between soil nutrients and D.
Soil is an important resource for human survival. Soil aggregate, as the basic unit of soil structure, can not only improve soil fertility, regulate the bioavailability of nutrients, nut also, but nutrients also enhance soil anti-erosion ability. In this research, four fertilization patterns were applied in a rice-wheat rotation system at Shanghai Zhuanghang long-term positioning test station for six years, which were non-fertilization(CK), conventional inorganic fertilization(CF), straw returning to field with slow release fertilizer(SRF), and mixed organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer treatment(OCF). It provides a theoretical basis for revealing the influence mechanism of fertilization methods on the formation and evolution of soil fertility. SRF and OCF increased the SOC contents in 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil by 10.06%, 19.23% and 9.84%, 16.79%, respectively. OCF also increased the level of C/N in 0—20 cm(16.44%). There was no significant difference in TN contents in both 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil layers under CF, SRF, and OCF. But they were all higher than that of CK. Compared with CK, SRF significantly improved R_(0.25) in 0—20 cm soil layer by 10.93%. OCF increased the R_(0.25) in 20—40 cm, compared with the other three treatments(32.62% CK, 19.75% CF, 19.44% SRF)(p < 0.05). Compared with CF, SRF and OCF increased MWD(1.54% ～ 16.92%, 2.17% ～ 28.26%) and GMD(5.88% ～ 14.71%, 13.04% ～ 39.13%), decreased D(1.11% ～ 2.09%,4.99% ～ 5.44%) in the 0—20 cm and 20—40 cm soil layers, with the more prominent effect for OCF(p < 0.05). In conclusion, both SRF and OCF were beneficial to soil fertility improvement, and effect of OCF was more significant. The correlations between MWD and GMD and soil SOC and TN were significant, which, therefore, were suitable for revealing the relationships between aggregation and the soil nutrient contents. However, there was no significant correlation between soil nutrients and D.
引文
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[3] 梁爱珍,张晓平,杨学明,等.耕作对东北黑土团聚体粒级分布及其稳定性的短期影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):154-158.
[4] 郑子成,李延轩,张锡州,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):228-231.
[5] 马征,张柏松,徐长英,等.改良剂对黏质潮土团聚体特征及分形维数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):337-341.
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[8] Yang Y,Zhang M,Li Y,et al.Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency,activities of leaf enzymes,and rice yield [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(6):2307-2317.
[9] 张翰林,郑宪清,何七勇,等.不同秸秆还田年限对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):216-220.
[10] 孙会峰,周胜,付子轼,等.秸秆与缓释肥配施对水稻产量及氮素吸收利用率的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(4):95-98.
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[12] 刘哲,孙增慧,吕贻忠.长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(8):1119-1128.
[13] 陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义[J].土壤学报,1994,31(1):18-25.
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[15] 严波,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.不同耕作方式对宁南旱地土壤团聚体的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):58-63.
[16] 刘希玉,王忠强,张心昱,等.施肥对红壤水稻土团聚体分布及其碳氮含量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(16):4949-4955.
[17] 张彦军,郭胜利,南雅芳,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤碳氮比的变化及其影响因素[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1214-1223.
[18] 何瑞清,王百群,张燕,等.长期施用化肥条件下塿土团聚体中有机碳与养分分布[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(6):347-351.
[19] Celik I,Gunal H,Budak M,et al.Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions [J].Geoderma,2010,160(2):236-243.
[20] 张久明,迟凤琴,韩锦泽,等.长期不同施肥黑土团聚体有机碳分布特征[J].土壤与作物,2017,6(1):49-54.
[21] Zhao H,Shar A G,Li S,et al.Effect of straw return mode on soil aggregation and aggregate carbon content in an annual maize wheat double cropping system [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2018,175:178-186.
[22] Huang R,Tian D,Liu J,et al.Responses of soil carbon pool and soil aggregates associated organic carbon to straw and straw derived biochar addition in a dryland cropping mesocosm system [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2018,265:576-586.
[23] 候晓静,杨劲松,王相平,等.不同施肥方式下滩涂围垦农田土壤有机碳及团聚体有机碳的分布[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):818-827.
[24] 张章.不同施肥方式对红壤团聚体稳定性及层级结构的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[25] Sun D,Li K,Bi Q,et al.Effects of organic amendment on soil aggregation and microbial community composition during drying rewetting alternation [J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:735-743.
[26] 管光玉,范燕敏,武红旗,等.不同利用方式土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤有机碳库稳定性的关系[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):258-262.
[2] Elliott E T.Aggregate structure and carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1986,50(3):627-633.
[3] 梁爱珍,张晓平,杨学明,等.耕作对东北黑土团聚体粒级分布及其稳定性的短期影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):154-158.
[4] 郑子成,李延轩,张锡州,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):228-231.
[5] 马征,张柏松,徐长英,等.改良剂对黏质潮土团聚体特征及分形维数的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):337-341.
[6] Pirmoradian N,Sepaskhah A R,Hajabbasi M A.Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments [J].Biosystems Engineering,2005,90(2):227-234.
[7] 安婷婷,汪景宽,李双异,等.施用有机肥对黑土团聚体有机碳的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):369-373.
[8] Yang Y,Zhang M,Li Y,et al.Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency,activities of leaf enzymes,and rice yield [J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(6):2307-2317.
[9] 张翰林,郑宪清,何七勇,等.不同秸秆还田年限对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(4):216-220.
[10] 孙会峰,周胜,付子轼,等.秸秆与缓释肥配施对水稻产量及氮素吸收利用率的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(4):95-98.
[11] Zhao J,Ni T,Li J,et al.Effects of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer application on crop yields,soil biological activity and bacterial community structure in a rice-wheat cropping system [J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,99(18):1-12.
[12] 刘哲,孙增慧,吕贻忠.长期不同施肥方式对华北地区温室和农田土壤团聚体形成特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(8):1119-1128.
[13] 陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义[J].土壤学报,1994,31(1):18-25.
[14] Barreto R C,Madari B E,Maddock J E L,et al.The impact of soil management on aggregation,carbon stabilization and carbon loss as CO2 in the surface layer of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Southern Brazil [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,132(3):243-251.
[15] 严波,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.不同耕作方式对宁南旱地土壤团聚体的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(3):58-63.
[16] 刘希玉,王忠强,张心昱,等.施肥对红壤水稻土团聚体分布及其碳氮含量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(16):4949-4955.
[17] 张彦军,郭胜利,南雅芳,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤碳氮比的变化及其影响因素[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(7):1214-1223.
[18] 何瑞清,王百群,张燕,等.长期施用化肥条件下塿土团聚体中有机碳与养分分布[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(6):347-351.
[19] Celik I,Gunal H,Budak M,et al.Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions [J].Geoderma,2010,160(2):236-243.
[20] 张久明,迟凤琴,韩锦泽,等.长期不同施肥黑土团聚体有机碳分布特征[J].土壤与作物,2017,6(1):49-54.
[21] Zhao H,Shar A G,Li S,et al.Effect of straw return mode on soil aggregation and aggregate carbon content in an annual maize wheat double cropping system [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2018,175:178-186.
[22] Huang R,Tian D,Liu J,et al.Responses of soil carbon pool and soil aggregates associated organic carbon to straw and straw derived biochar addition in a dryland cropping mesocosm system [J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2018,265:576-586.
[23] 候晓静,杨劲松,王相平,等.不同施肥方式下滩涂围垦农田土壤有机碳及团聚体有机碳的分布[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):818-827.
[24] 张章.不同施肥方式对红壤团聚体稳定性及层级结构的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[25] Sun D,Li K,Bi Q,et al.Effects of organic amendment on soil aggregation and microbial community composition during drying rewetting alternation [J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:735-743.
[26] 管光玉,范燕敏,武红旗,等.不同利用方式土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤有机碳库稳定性的关系[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):258-262.