阅读中词汇识别依赖词内字序编码的阶段性特点:眼动证据
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摘要
研究采用边界范式,通过两项实验考察预视阶段与注视阶段词内字序编码对词频效应的影响,探讨阅读中词汇识别依赖词内字序编码的阶段性特点。实验一发现,预视中词内字序颠倒条件不影响词频效应,说明词汇加工早期对词内字序编码的依赖性较为灵活;实验二发现,注视中词内字序颠倒条件导致词频效应消失,说明词汇加工晚期阶段较为严格地依赖于词内字序编码。综合两项实验的结果可知,词汇识别对词内汉字顺序编码的依赖性随着加工的深入而增强。
Present study investigated how character order encoding influence on word processing in Chinese reading. In the Experiment 1,using boundary paradigm, we manipulated the preview type of target words(preview identical word & preview transposed character noword). The results have showed that preview transposed character noword influenced the eye movement data, but it did not interrupt word frequency effects. Using boundary paradigm, there were also two display type of target word in Experiment 2:participants preview and fixate an identical word as the control, and participants preview the target word but when the eye cross the boundary the word was changed into transposed character noword. The results have shown that this manipulation influenced the eye movement data and eliminated the word frequency effect. The results of these two experiments indicted that both character order encoding in preview and fixation phrases interrupted word identification, and that word processing in preview phrase was not strictly depending on character order encoding, however the dependence become more strictly in fixation phrase.
Present study investigated how character order encoding influence on word processing in Chinese reading. In the Experiment 1,using boundary paradigm, we manipulated the preview type of target words(preview identical word & preview transposed character noword). The results have showed that preview transposed character noword influenced the eye movement data, but it did not interrupt word frequency effects. Using boundary paradigm, there were also two display type of target word in Experiment 2:participants preview and fixate an identical word as the control, and participants preview the target word but when the eye cross the boundary the word was changed into transposed character noword. The results have shown that this manipulation influenced the eye movement data and eliminated the word frequency effect. The results of these two experiments indicted that both character order encoding in preview and fixation phrases interrupted word identification, and that word processing in preview phrase was not strictly depending on character order encoding, however the dependence become more strictly in fixation phrase.
引文
白学军,孟红霞,王敬欣,田静,臧传丽,闫国利.(2011).阅读障碍儿童与其年龄和能力匹配儿童阅读空格文本的注视位置效应.心理学报,43(8),851-862.
滑慧敏,顾俊娟,林楠,李兴珊.(2017).视觉词汇识别中的字符位置编码.心理科学进展,25(6),1-7.
李兴珊,刘萍萍,马国杰.(2011).中文阅读中词切分的认知机理述评.心理科学进展,19(4),459-470.
沈德立,白学军,臧传丽,闫国利,冯本才,范晓红.(2010).词切分对初学者句子阅读影响的眼动研究.心理学报,42(2),159-172.
申薇,李兴珊.(2012).中文阅读中词优效应的特异性.科学通报,57(35),3414-3420.
Angele,B.,Slattery,T.J.,Yang,J.M.,Kliegl,R.,&Rayner,K.(2008).Parafoveal processing in reading:Manipulating n+1 and n+2previews simultaneously.Visual Cognition,16(6),697-707.
Baayen,R.H.,Davidson,D.J.,&Bates,D.M.(2008).Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items.Journal of Memory and Language,59(4),390-412.
Bai,X.J.,Liang,F.F.,Blythe,H,I.,Zang,C.L.,Yan,G.L.,&Liversedge,S.P.(2013).Interword spacing effects on the acquisition of new vocabulary for readers of Chinese as a second language.Journal of Research in Reading,36(S1),S4-S17.
Bai,X.J.,Yan,G.L.,Liversedge,S.P.,Zang,C.L.,&Rayner,K.(2008).Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34(5),1277-1287.
Barr,D.J.,Levy,R.,Scheepers,C.,&Tily,H.J.(2013).Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing:Keep it maximal.Journal of Memory and Language,68(3),255-278.
Bates,D.,M?chler,M.,&Bolker,B.(2011).LME4:Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes.R Package Version 0.999375-39.Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
Blythe,H.I.,Liang,F.F.,Zang,C.L.,Wang,J.X.,Yan,G.L.,Bai,X.J.,&Liversedge,S.P.(2012).Inserting spaces into Chinese text helps readers to learn new words:An eye movement study.Journal of Memory and Language,67(2),241-254.
Blythe,H.I.,Liversedge,S.P.,Joseph,H.S.S.L.,White,S.J.,&Rayner,K.(2009).Visual information capture during fixations in reading for children and adults.Vision Research,49(12),1583-1591.
Gomez,P.,Ratcliff,R.,&Perea,M.(2008).The overlap model:A model of letter position coding.Psychological Review,115(3),577-600.
Gu,J.J.,&Li,X.S.(2015).The effects of character transposition within and across words in Chinese reading.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics,77(1),272-281.
Gu,J.J.,&Li,X.S.,Liversedge,S.P.(2015).Character order processing in Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(1),127-137.
Li,X.S.,Bicknell,K.,Liu,P.P.,Wei,W.,&Rayner,K.(2014).Reading is fundamentally similar across disparate writing systems:A systematic characterization of how words and characters influence eye movements in Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(2),895-913.
Li,X.S.,Gu,J.J.,Liu,P.P.,&Rayner,K.(2013).The advantage of wordbased processing in Chinese reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),879-889.
Li,X.S.,Rayner,K.,&Cave,K.R.(2009).On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading.Cognitive Psychology,58(4),525-552.
Ma,G.J.,Li,X.S.,&Rayner,K.(2015).Readers extract character frequency information from nonfixated-target word at long pretarget fixations during Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(5),1409-1419.
Rayner,K.(1998).Eye movements in reading and information processing:20 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,124(3),372-422.
Reichle,E.D.,Rayner,K.,&Pollatsek,A.(2003).The E-Z reader model of eye-movement control in reading:Comparisons to other models.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26(4),445-476.
Reilly,R.,&Radach,R.(2012).The dynamics of reading in non-Roman writing systems:A Reading and Writing Special Issue.Reading&Writing,25(5),935-950.
Shen,D.L.,Liversedge,S.P.,Tian,J.,Zang,C.L.,Cui,L.,Bai,X.J.,…Rayner,K.(2012).Eye movements of second language learners when reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(2),192-202.
Yan,G.L.,Tian,H.J.,Bai,X.J.,&Rayner,K.(2006).The effect of word and character frequency on the eye movements of Chinese readers.British Journal of Psychology,97,259-268.
Yang,J.M.,Wang,S.P.,Xu,Y.M.,&Rayner,K.(2009).Do Chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2?Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,35(4),1192-1204.
滑慧敏,顾俊娟,林楠,李兴珊.(2017).视觉词汇识别中的字符位置编码.心理科学进展,25(6),1-7.
李兴珊,刘萍萍,马国杰.(2011).中文阅读中词切分的认知机理述评.心理科学进展,19(4),459-470.
沈德立,白学军,臧传丽,闫国利,冯本才,范晓红.(2010).词切分对初学者句子阅读影响的眼动研究.心理学报,42(2),159-172.
申薇,李兴珊.(2012).中文阅读中词优效应的特异性.科学通报,57(35),3414-3420.
Angele,B.,Slattery,T.J.,Yang,J.M.,Kliegl,R.,&Rayner,K.(2008).Parafoveal processing in reading:Manipulating n+1 and n+2previews simultaneously.Visual Cognition,16(6),697-707.
Baayen,R.H.,Davidson,D.J.,&Bates,D.M.(2008).Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items.Journal of Memory and Language,59(4),390-412.
Bai,X.J.,Liang,F.F.,Blythe,H,I.,Zang,C.L.,Yan,G.L.,&Liversedge,S.P.(2013).Interword spacing effects on the acquisition of new vocabulary for readers of Chinese as a second language.Journal of Research in Reading,36(S1),S4-S17.
Bai,X.J.,Yan,G.L.,Liversedge,S.P.,Zang,C.L.,&Rayner,K.(2008).Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34(5),1277-1287.
Barr,D.J.,Levy,R.,Scheepers,C.,&Tily,H.J.(2013).Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing:Keep it maximal.Journal of Memory and Language,68(3),255-278.
Bates,D.,M?chler,M.,&Bolker,B.(2011).LME4:Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes.R Package Version 0.999375-39.Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
Blythe,H.I.,Liang,F.F.,Zang,C.L.,Wang,J.X.,Yan,G.L.,Bai,X.J.,&Liversedge,S.P.(2012).Inserting spaces into Chinese text helps readers to learn new words:An eye movement study.Journal of Memory and Language,67(2),241-254.
Blythe,H.I.,Liversedge,S.P.,Joseph,H.S.S.L.,White,S.J.,&Rayner,K.(2009).Visual information capture during fixations in reading for children and adults.Vision Research,49(12),1583-1591.
Gomez,P.,Ratcliff,R.,&Perea,M.(2008).The overlap model:A model of letter position coding.Psychological Review,115(3),577-600.
Gu,J.J.,&Li,X.S.(2015).The effects of character transposition within and across words in Chinese reading.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics,77(1),272-281.
Gu,J.J.,&Li,X.S.,Liversedge,S.P.(2015).Character order processing in Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(1),127-137.
Li,X.S.,Bicknell,K.,Liu,P.P.,Wei,W.,&Rayner,K.(2014).Reading is fundamentally similar across disparate writing systems:A systematic characterization of how words and characters influence eye movements in Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143(2),895-913.
Li,X.S.,Gu,J.J.,Liu,P.P.,&Rayner,K.(2013).The advantage of wordbased processing in Chinese reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),879-889.
Li,X.S.,Rayner,K.,&Cave,K.R.(2009).On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading.Cognitive Psychology,58(4),525-552.
Ma,G.J.,Li,X.S.,&Rayner,K.(2015).Readers extract character frequency information from nonfixated-target word at long pretarget fixations during Chinese reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,41(5),1409-1419.
Rayner,K.(1998).Eye movements in reading and information processing:20 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,124(3),372-422.
Reichle,E.D.,Rayner,K.,&Pollatsek,A.(2003).The E-Z reader model of eye-movement control in reading:Comparisons to other models.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26(4),445-476.
Reilly,R.,&Radach,R.(2012).The dynamics of reading in non-Roman writing systems:A Reading and Writing Special Issue.Reading&Writing,25(5),935-950.
Shen,D.L.,Liversedge,S.P.,Tian,J.,Zang,C.L.,Cui,L.,Bai,X.J.,…Rayner,K.(2012).Eye movements of second language learners when reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(2),192-202.
Yan,G.L.,Tian,H.J.,Bai,X.J.,&Rayner,K.(2006).The effect of word and character frequency on the eye movements of Chinese readers.British Journal of Psychology,97,259-268.
Yang,J.M.,Wang,S.P.,Xu,Y.M.,&Rayner,K.(2009).Do Chinese readers obtain preview benefit from word n+2?Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,35(4),1192-1204.