南极磷虾中层拖网捕捞参数对CPUE变动的影响
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摘要
根据中国在南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR) 48. 1亚区和48. 2亚区内2010—2014年南极磷虾拖网渔船的捕捞数据,采用广义可加模型(generalized additive model,GAM)分析各拖网捕捞参数(因子)对南极磷虾汛期单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)的影响。结果表明:2010—2014年我国南极磷虾作业渔场主要位于南极半岛等岛屿的周边海域,CPUE值月变化明显,2—5月为捕捞高峰期。CPUE最高值为2014年,最低值为2012年,年平均CPUE呈略上升趋势。从月变化来看,除6月外,标准化CPUE均大于名义CPUE;且最大值出现在4月或5月,最小值均出现在10月。GAM分析表明各捕捞参数对CPUE的影响由大到小依次为:拖网速度、网口高度、网口水平扩张、拖曳水深、曳纲长度;各因子的偏差解释率分别为22. 8%、14. 5%、12. 7%、6. 0%、1. 6%,所有因子对CPUE的总体偏差解释率为57. 6%。研究认为,我国南极磷虾捕捞作业中最适拖网速度范围2. 6～3. 1 kn;最适网口高度范围22～30 m;最适网口水平扩张范围20～25 m;最适曳纲长度范围100～200 m;最适拖曳水深范围0～40 m。
According to the Antarctic krill trawlers' fishing data of China in 48. 1,48. 2 subregions in Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources( CCAMLR) from 2010 to 2014,this study analyzed the effect on variations of catch per unit effort( CPUE) for fishing parameters of controllable trawl in Antarctic krill fishery from China. The results showed that the Antarctic krill fishery was mainly distributed in the surrounding waters of the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent water areas. The monthly CPUE showed obviously seasonal changes,while the period from February to May was the peak fishing period of krill stocks in 48. 1,48. 2 subregions. In 2010—2014,the nominal CPUE and standardized CPUE had similar variation characteristics. The highest CPUE value appeared in 2014 and the lowest in 2012. From April or May,the CPUE was the highest,while the lowest was in October. The significance order from the highest to the lowest of the effects for all fishing parameters on CPUE were trawling speed,net mouth height,horizontal expansion of net mouth,trawling depth,length of warp by GAM model. They could explain the deviance of fishing factors by 22. 8%,14. 5%,12. 7%,6. 0%,1. 6%,respectively. The accumulation of deviance explained of model to CPUE was 57. 6%. Overall,the suitable values of trawling speed in Antarctic krill fishing ranged in 2. 6 ～ 3. 1 kn; the suitable values of net mouth height ranged in 22 ～ 35 m. The suitable values of horizontal expansion of net mouth ranged in 20 ～ 25 m. The suitable range of length of warp was 100～ 200 m,which of trawling depth was 0 ～ 40 m. Therefore,we should considere the fishing parameters to the standardization of CPUE used in the resource assessment for Antarctic krill in the future.
According to the Antarctic krill trawlers' fishing data of China in 48. 1,48. 2 subregions in Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources( CCAMLR) from 2010 to 2014,this study analyzed the effect on variations of catch per unit effort( CPUE) for fishing parameters of controllable trawl in Antarctic krill fishery from China. The results showed that the Antarctic krill fishery was mainly distributed in the surrounding waters of the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent water areas. The monthly CPUE showed obviously seasonal changes,while the period from February to May was the peak fishing period of krill stocks in 48. 1,48. 2 subregions. In 2010—2014,the nominal CPUE and standardized CPUE had similar variation characteristics. The highest CPUE value appeared in 2014 and the lowest in 2012. From April or May,the CPUE was the highest,while the lowest was in October. The significance order from the highest to the lowest of the effects for all fishing parameters on CPUE were trawling speed,net mouth height,horizontal expansion of net mouth,trawling depth,length of warp by GAM model. They could explain the deviance of fishing factors by 22. 8%,14. 5%,12. 7%,6. 0%,1. 6%,respectively. The accumulation of deviance explained of model to CPUE was 57. 6%. Overall,the suitable values of trawling speed in Antarctic krill fishing ranged in 2. 6 ～ 3. 1 kn; the suitable values of net mouth height ranged in 22 ～ 35 m. The suitable values of horizontal expansion of net mouth ranged in 20 ～ 25 m. The suitable range of length of warp was 100～ 200 m,which of trawling depth was 0 ～ 40 m. Therefore,we should considere the fishing parameters to the standardization of CPUE used in the resource assessment for Antarctic krill in the future.
引文
[1]陈雪忠,徐兆礼,黄洪亮.南极磷虾资源利用现状与中国的开发策略分析[J].中国水产科学,2009,16(3):451–458.CHEN X Z,XU Z L,HUANG H L. Development strategy on Antartic krill resource utilization in China[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2009,16(3):451–458.
[2]徐鹏翔,李莹春,朱国平,等.光照条件下南极磷虾的行为观察[J].水产学报,2012,36(2):300–305.XU P X,LI Y C,ZHU G P,et al. Observation on behaviours of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in lighting condition[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(2):300–305.
[3]朱国平,朱小艳,徐怡瑛,等.南极半岛北部水域南极磷虾抱卵雌体基础生物学比较研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2012,21(1):110–115.ZHU G P,ZHU X Y,XU Y Y,et al. Comparative study on Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in gravid stage in the northern Antarctic Peninsula[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2012,21(1):110–115.
[4] NICOL S,FOSTER J. Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill[J]. Aquatic Living Resources,2003,16(1):42–45.
[5] KRAFFT B A,MELLE W,KNUTSEN T,et al.Distribution and demography of Antarctic krill in the Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 2008[J]. Polar Biology,2010,33(7):957–968.
[6] MILLER D G M. 1986. Results from biological investigations of krill(Euphausia superba)in the Southern Indian Ocean during SIBEX I[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue,1986(40):117–139.
[7]黄洪亮,陈雪忠,冯春雷.南极磷虾资源开发现状分析[J].渔业现代化,2007,34(1):48–51.HUANG H L,CHEN X Z,FENG C L. Analysis of Antarctic krill resources development status[J].Fishery Modernization,2007,34(1):48–51.
[8]朱国平,冯春雷,吴强,等.南极磷虾调查CPUE指数变动的影响因素初步分析[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(4):368–373.ZHU G P,FENG C L,WU Q,et al. Preliminary analysis on factors impacting CPUE index variations in Antarctic krill survey[J]. Marine Fisheries,2010,32(4):368–373.
[9] ATKINSON A,WHITEHOUSE M J,PRIDDLE J,et al. South Georgia,Antarctica:A productive,cold water, pelagic ecosystem[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,216(8):279–308.
[10]孙珊,李显森,赵文武,等.基于广义可加模型分析时空和环境因子对2013年南极磷虾资源分布的影响[J].水产科学,2015,34(10):609–615.SUN S,LI X S,ZHAO W W,et al. Effects of temporal, spatial and environmental factors on distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in2013 based on generalized additive model[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(10):609-615.
[11]苏学锋,冯迪娜.南极磷虾产业开发特点及发展趋势[J].食品研究与开发,2012,33(12):214–217.SU X F,FENG D N. Development characteristics and trends of Antarctic krill industry[J]. Food Research and Development,2012,33(12):214–217.
[12]朱国平,徐怡瑛,夏辉,等. 2009/2010—2011/2012渔季中国南极磷虾渔业渔场时空变动[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(3):425–431.ZHU G P,XU Y Y,XIA H,et al. Spatial temporal variation on fishing ground of Chinese Antarctic krill fishery in 2009/2010 to 2011/2012 fishing season[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(3):425–431.
[13] GUISAN A,JR T C E,HASTIE T. Generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions:Setting the scene[J].Ecological Modeling,2002,157(2–3):89–100.
[14] HASTIE T J,TIBSHIRANI R J. Generalized additive models[M]. New York:Chapman and Hall,1990.
[15]朱国平.基于广义可加模型研究时间和环境因子对南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔场的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(12):1863–1871.ZHU G P. Effects of temporal and environmental factors on the fishing ground of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in the northern Antarctic Peninsula based on generalized additive model[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(12):1863–1871.
[16]李莹春.环境因子对南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔场时空分布影响研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2012.LI Y C. The impact of environmental factors on the spatio-temporal distribution of Antarctic krill fishing ground in the north Antarctic Peninsula[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Fisheries University,2012.
[17] MAUNDER M N,PUNT A E. Standardizing catch and effort data:A review of recent approaches[J].Fisheries Research,2004,70(2–3):141–159.
[18] ZHANG H,ZHANG S M,CUI X S,et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics in the location of the fishing grounds and catch per unit effort(CPUE)for Chilean jack mackerel(Trachurus murphyi Nichols,1920)from Chinese trawl fleets on the high seas of the Southeast Pacific Ocean, 2001—2010[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(4):646–656.
[19] SWARTZMAN G,HUANG C,KALUZNY S. Spatial analysis of Bering Sea groundfish survey data using generalized additive models[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1992,49(7):1366–1378.
[20] BURNHAN K P,ANDERSON D R. Model selection and multi-model inference:A practical Informationtheoretic approach[J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2002,67(3):606.
[21]官文江,陈新军.利用元胞自动机探讨商业性CPUE与资源量之间的关系[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2008,38(4):561–566.GUAN W J,CHEN X J. Study on the relationship between commercial CPUE and fish abundance by using a cellular automata model[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China(Natural Science),2008,38(4):561–566.
[22] HILBORN R,WALTERS C J. Quantitative fisheries stock assessment:Choice[J]. Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries,1992,2(2):177–178.
[23] ZIEGLER P E,FRUSHER S D,JOHNSON C R.Space–time variation in catchability of southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii,in Tasmania explained by environmental, physiological and densitydependent processes[J]. Fisheries Research,2003,61(1):107–123.
[24]陈峰,陈新军,刘必林,等.海冰对南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源丰度的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(4):495–499.CHEN F,CHEN X J,LIU B L,et al. Effect of sea ice on the abundance index of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2011,42(4):495–499.
[25]戴立峰,张胜茂,樊伟.南极磷虾资源丰度变化与海冰和表温的关系[J].极地研究,2012,24(4):352–360.DAI L F,ZHANG S M,FAN W. The abundance index of Antarctic krill and its relationship to sea ice and sea surface temperature[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(4):352–360.
[26] ASHJIAN C J,DAVIS C S,GALLAGER S M,et al. Distribution of larval krill and zooplankton in association with hydrography in Marguerite Bay,Antarctic Peninsula,in austral fall and winter 2001described using the video plankton recorder[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2008,55(3):455–471.
[27]周爱忠,冯春雷,张勋,等.调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响[J].海洋渔业,2016,38(1):74–82.ZHOU A Z,FENG C L,ZHANG X,et al. Influence of adjustment of operation parameters on small-mesh Antarctic krill trawl[J]. Marine Fisheries,2016,38(1):74–82.
[28] MURPHY D W,WEBSTER D R,KAWAGUCHI S,et al. Metachronal swimming in Antarctic krill:Gait kinematics and system design[J]. Marine Biology,2011,158(11):2541–2554.
[29]徐鹏翔,许柳雄,孟涛,等.日韩小网目南极磷虾拖网性能对比分析[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(4):837–846.XU P X,XU L X,MENG T,et al. Comparative analysis on the performance of Japan and South Korea Antarctic krill mid-water trawls with small mesh sizes[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(4):837-846.
[30] SIEGEL V,KAWAGUCHI S,WARD P,et al. Krill demography and large-scale distribution in the southwest Atlantic during January/February 2000[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(12–13):1253–1273.
[31]何宗会,张衡,周为峰. 2011~2012年东南太平洋智利竹鱼CPUE的时空变化及其与捕捞因子关系[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(2):138–145.HE Z H,ZHANG H,ZHOU W F. Spatiotemporal distribution of catch per unit effort(CPUE)of Trachurus murphyi in the Southeast Pacific Ocean and its relationships with the fishing factors in 2011~2012[J]. Marine Fisheries,2014,36(2):138–145.
[2]徐鹏翔,李莹春,朱国平,等.光照条件下南极磷虾的行为观察[J].水产学报,2012,36(2):300–305.XU P X,LI Y C,ZHU G P,et al. Observation on behaviours of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in lighting condition[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(2):300–305.
[3]朱国平,朱小艳,徐怡瑛,等.南极半岛北部水域南极磷虾抱卵雌体基础生物学比较研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2012,21(1):110–115.ZHU G P,ZHU X Y,XU Y Y,et al. Comparative study on Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in gravid stage in the northern Antarctic Peninsula[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2012,21(1):110–115.
[4] NICOL S,FOSTER J. Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill[J]. Aquatic Living Resources,2003,16(1):42–45.
[5] KRAFFT B A,MELLE W,KNUTSEN T,et al.Distribution and demography of Antarctic krill in the Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 2008[J]. Polar Biology,2010,33(7):957–968.
[6] MILLER D G M. 1986. Results from biological investigations of krill(Euphausia superba)in the Southern Indian Ocean during SIBEX I[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue,1986(40):117–139.
[7]黄洪亮,陈雪忠,冯春雷.南极磷虾资源开发现状分析[J].渔业现代化,2007,34(1):48–51.HUANG H L,CHEN X Z,FENG C L. Analysis of Antarctic krill resources development status[J].Fishery Modernization,2007,34(1):48–51.
[8]朱国平,冯春雷,吴强,等.南极磷虾调查CPUE指数变动的影响因素初步分析[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(4):368–373.ZHU G P,FENG C L,WU Q,et al. Preliminary analysis on factors impacting CPUE index variations in Antarctic krill survey[J]. Marine Fisheries,2010,32(4):368–373.
[9] ATKINSON A,WHITEHOUSE M J,PRIDDLE J,et al. South Georgia,Antarctica:A productive,cold water, pelagic ecosystem[J]. Marine Ecology Progress,216(8):279–308.
[10]孙珊,李显森,赵文武,等.基于广义可加模型分析时空和环境因子对2013年南极磷虾资源分布的影响[J].水产科学,2015,34(10):609–615.SUN S,LI X S,ZHAO W W,et al. Effects of temporal, spatial and environmental factors on distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in2013 based on generalized additive model[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(10):609-615.
[11]苏学锋,冯迪娜.南极磷虾产业开发特点及发展趋势[J].食品研究与开发,2012,33(12):214–217.SU X F,FENG D N. Development characteristics and trends of Antarctic krill industry[J]. Food Research and Development,2012,33(12):214–217.
[12]朱国平,徐怡瑛,夏辉,等. 2009/2010—2011/2012渔季中国南极磷虾渔业渔场时空变动[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(3):425–431.ZHU G P,XU Y Y,XIA H,et al. Spatial temporal variation on fishing ground of Chinese Antarctic krill fishery in 2009/2010 to 2011/2012 fishing season[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(3):425–431.
[13] GUISAN A,JR T C E,HASTIE T. Generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions:Setting the scene[J].Ecological Modeling,2002,157(2–3):89–100.
[14] HASTIE T J,TIBSHIRANI R J. Generalized additive models[M]. New York:Chapman and Hall,1990.
[15]朱国平.基于广义可加模型研究时间和环境因子对南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔场的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(12):1863–1871.ZHU G P. Effects of temporal and environmental factors on the fishing ground of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in the northern Antarctic Peninsula based on generalized additive model[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(12):1863–1871.
[16]李莹春.环境因子对南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔场时空分布影响研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2012.LI Y C. The impact of environmental factors on the spatio-temporal distribution of Antarctic krill fishing ground in the north Antarctic Peninsula[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Fisheries University,2012.
[17] MAUNDER M N,PUNT A E. Standardizing catch and effort data:A review of recent approaches[J].Fisheries Research,2004,70(2–3):141–159.
[18] ZHANG H,ZHANG S M,CUI X S,et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics in the location of the fishing grounds and catch per unit effort(CPUE)for Chilean jack mackerel(Trachurus murphyi Nichols,1920)from Chinese trawl fleets on the high seas of the Southeast Pacific Ocean, 2001—2010[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2015,31(4):646–656.
[19] SWARTZMAN G,HUANG C,KALUZNY S. Spatial analysis of Bering Sea groundfish survey data using generalized additive models[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1992,49(7):1366–1378.
[20] BURNHAN K P,ANDERSON D R. Model selection and multi-model inference:A practical Informationtheoretic approach[J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2002,67(3):606.
[21]官文江,陈新军.利用元胞自动机探讨商业性CPUE与资源量之间的关系[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2008,38(4):561–566.GUAN W J,CHEN X J. Study on the relationship between commercial CPUE and fish abundance by using a cellular automata model[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China(Natural Science),2008,38(4):561–566.
[22] HILBORN R,WALTERS C J. Quantitative fisheries stock assessment:Choice[J]. Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries,1992,2(2):177–178.
[23] ZIEGLER P E,FRUSHER S D,JOHNSON C R.Space–time variation in catchability of southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii,in Tasmania explained by environmental, physiological and densitydependent processes[J]. Fisheries Research,2003,61(1):107–123.
[24]陈峰,陈新军,刘必林,等.海冰对南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源丰度的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(4):495–499.CHEN F,CHEN X J,LIU B L,et al. Effect of sea ice on the abundance index of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2011,42(4):495–499.
[25]戴立峰,张胜茂,樊伟.南极磷虾资源丰度变化与海冰和表温的关系[J].极地研究,2012,24(4):352–360.DAI L F,ZHANG S M,FAN W. The abundance index of Antarctic krill and its relationship to sea ice and sea surface temperature[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(4):352–360.
[26] ASHJIAN C J,DAVIS C S,GALLAGER S M,et al. Distribution of larval krill and zooplankton in association with hydrography in Marguerite Bay,Antarctic Peninsula,in austral fall and winter 2001described using the video plankton recorder[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2008,55(3):455–471.
[27]周爱忠,冯春雷,张勋,等.调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响[J].海洋渔业,2016,38(1):74–82.ZHOU A Z,FENG C L,ZHANG X,et al. Influence of adjustment of operation parameters on small-mesh Antarctic krill trawl[J]. Marine Fisheries,2016,38(1):74–82.
[28] MURPHY D W,WEBSTER D R,KAWAGUCHI S,et al. Metachronal swimming in Antarctic krill:Gait kinematics and system design[J]. Marine Biology,2011,158(11):2541–2554.
[29]徐鹏翔,许柳雄,孟涛,等.日韩小网目南极磷虾拖网性能对比分析[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(4):837–846.XU P X,XU L X,MENG T,et al. Comparative analysis on the performance of Japan and South Korea Antarctic krill mid-water trawls with small mesh sizes[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(4):837-846.
[30] SIEGEL V,KAWAGUCHI S,WARD P,et al. Krill demography and large-scale distribution in the southwest Atlantic during January/February 2000[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(12–13):1253–1273.
[31]何宗会,张衡,周为峰. 2011~2012年东南太平洋智利竹鱼CPUE的时空变化及其与捕捞因子关系[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(2):138–145.HE Z H,ZHANG H,ZHOU W F. Spatiotemporal distribution of catch per unit effort(CPUE)of Trachurus murphyi in the Southeast Pacific Ocean and its relationships with the fishing factors in 2011~2012[J]. Marine Fisheries,2014,36(2):138–145.