职场上级交往会影响分配公平感吗?——基于社会支持和社会比较理论的双重考察
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摘要
基于社会支持理论和社会比较理论,提出职场上级交往影响分配公平感的两种竞争性假设,并使用2014年"社会网络与职业经历(Jsnet2014)"调查数据进行检验。实证结果最终支持"社会支持假设",发现在职场交往中个体与上级互动越频繁,个体的收入分配公平感越强。通过进一步中介效应分析发现,职场上级交往对分配公平感的正向效应主要通过主客观两种路径实现,与上级交往既在客观层面通过资源获取提高了个体收入,同时在主观上增强了对自身未来地位预期,两种效应相互整合,提升了个体收入分配公平感。
Based on the theory of social support and social comparison,this paper proposes two competitive hypotheses that may influence the perception of distributive justice and uses the data of "Social Network and Job Search(Jsnet2014)" in 2014.The empirical results finally support the "social support hypothesis",and it is found that the more frequently the individuals interact with their superiors in the workplace,the stronger the sense of fairness in income distribution.Through further mediation effect analysis,we find that the positive effect of communication with superiors in workplace on the perception of distributive justice is mainly realized through the subjective and objective approaches.Interactions with superiors not only improve individual income through resource acquisition at the objective level,but also increase the expectation of future status of oneself subjectively.These two effects integrate with each other and enhance the sense of fairness of individual income distribution.
Based on the theory of social support and social comparison,this paper proposes two competitive hypotheses that may influence the perception of distributive justice and uses the data of "Social Network and Job Search(Jsnet2014)" in 2014.The empirical results finally support the "social support hypothesis",and it is found that the more frequently the individuals interact with their superiors in the workplace,the stronger the sense of fairness in income distribution.Through further mediation effect analysis,we find that the positive effect of communication with superiors in workplace on the perception of distributive justice is mainly realized through the subjective and objective approaches.Interactions with superiors not only improve individual income through resource acquisition at the objective level,but also increase the expectation of future status of oneself subjectively.These two effects integrate with each other and enhance the sense of fairness of individual income distribution.
引文
[1]边燕杰.城市居民社会资本的来源及作用:网络观点与调查发现[J].中国社会科学,2004(3):136-146.
[2]林南,敖丹.社会资本之长臂:日常交流获取工作信息对地位获得的影响[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2010(6):74-81.
[3] Brickman P,Folger R,Goode E,Schul Y.Micro and Macro Justice[M]//the Justice Motive in Social Behavior.New York:Plenum Press,1981.
[4] Alves W M,Peter H R.Who Should Get What?Fairness Judgments of Distribution of Earnings[J].American Journal of Sociology,1978,84(3):541-564.
[5] Robinson R V,Bell W.Equality,Success,and Social Justice in England and the United States[J].American Sociological Review,1978,43(2):125-143.
[6] Emler N,Dickinson J.Children's Representation of Economic Inequalities:The Effects of Social Class[J].British Journal of Developmental Psychology,2011,3(2):191-198.
[7]孙明.市场转型与民众的分配公平观[J].社会学研究,2009(3):78-88.
[8]马磊,刘欣.中国城市居民的分配公平感研究[J].社会学研究,2010(5):31-49.
[9]李骏,吴晓刚.收入不平等与公平分配:对转型时期中国城镇居民公平观的一项实证分析[J].中国社会科学,2012(3):114-128.
[10]李颖晖.教育程度与分配公平感:结构地位与相对剥夺视角下的双重考察[J].社会,2015(1):143-160.
[11]Wegener B.Relative Deprivation and Social Mobility:Structural Constraints on Distributive Justice Judgments[J].European Sociological Review,1991,7(1):3-18.
[12]Brickman P,Coates D,Janoff B.Lottery Winners and Accident Victims:Is Happiness Relative?[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1978:36(1):917-927.
[13]Frank R H.Choosing the Right Pond:Human Behavior and the Quest for Status[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985.
[14]李黎明,李晓光.市场化改革、关系资本动员与收入分配公平感[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2017(5):101-111.
[15]翁定军.阶级或阶层意识中的心理因素:公平感和态度倾向[J].社会学研究,2010(1):85-110.
[16]怀默霆.中国民众如何看待当前的社会不平等[J].社会学研究,2009(1):96-120.
[17]李煜,朱妍.微观公平感的形成机制:基于职业群体的双重比较理论[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):37-45.
[18]邹宇春,赵延东.社会网络如何影响信任?——资源机制与交往机制[J].社会科学战线,2017(5):200-206.
[19]马丹.社会网络对生活满意度的影响研究——基于京、沪、粤三地的分析[J].社会,2015(3):168-192.
[20]刘欣,胡安宁.中国公众的收入公平感:一种新制度主义社会学的解释[J].社会,2016(4):133-156.
[21]阮丹青,周路,布劳,等.天津城市居民社会网初析——兼与美国社会网比较[J].中国社会科学,1990(2):157-176.
[22]Bian Y J,Logan J R.Market Transition and the Persistence of Power:The Changing Stratification System in Urban China[J].American Sociological Review,1996:61(5),739-758.
[23]边燕杰,芦强.跨城乡婚姻的社会资本后果[J].人文杂志,2018(4):114-121.
[24]郝明松,边燕杰.社会网络资源的形塑:职业交往的视角[J].中国研究,2014(2):110-128.
[25]刘伟峰,陈云松,边燕杰.中国人的职场交往与收入——基于差分方法的社会资本分析[J].社会学研究,2016(2):34-56.
[26]林南.社会资本:关于社会结构与行动的理论[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005.
[27]Gabriele P,Rochelle C,Barry W.It's Not Who You Know.It's How You Know them Who Exchanges What with Whom?[J].Social Networks,2007,29(3):405-429.
[28]Barry W,Scot W.Different Strokes from Different Folks:Community Ties and Social Support[J].American Journal of Sociology,1990,96(3):558-588.
[29]Barry W,Kenneth F.Network Capital in a Multilevel World:Getting Support from Personal Communities(In Social Capital Theory and Research)[M].Chicago:Aldine De Gruyter,2001.
[30]Gartrell C D.The embeddedness of social comparison(In Relative Deprivation:Specification,Development,and Integration)[M].United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[31]Song L J.Does Knowing People in Authority Protect or Hurt?Authoritative Contacts and Depression in Urban China[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2015,59(9):1173-1188.
[32]Ng S H,Allen M W.Perception of Economic Distributive Justice:Exploring Leading Theories[J].Social Behavior and Personality An international journal,2005,33(5):435-454.
[33]李黎明,李晓光.族群、社会资本与收入差距——对西北族群和西部汉族的比较研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):161-171.
[34]毕文芬,初奇鸿.收入如何影响社会信心?社会公平感的中介作用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2017(5):45-50.
[2]林南,敖丹.社会资本之长臂:日常交流获取工作信息对地位获得的影响[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2010(6):74-81.
[3] Brickman P,Folger R,Goode E,Schul Y.Micro and Macro Justice[M]//the Justice Motive in Social Behavior.New York:Plenum Press,1981.
[4] Alves W M,Peter H R.Who Should Get What?Fairness Judgments of Distribution of Earnings[J].American Journal of Sociology,1978,84(3):541-564.
[5] Robinson R V,Bell W.Equality,Success,and Social Justice in England and the United States[J].American Sociological Review,1978,43(2):125-143.
[6] Emler N,Dickinson J.Children's Representation of Economic Inequalities:The Effects of Social Class[J].British Journal of Developmental Psychology,2011,3(2):191-198.
[7]孙明.市场转型与民众的分配公平观[J].社会学研究,2009(3):78-88.
[8]马磊,刘欣.中国城市居民的分配公平感研究[J].社会学研究,2010(5):31-49.
[9]李骏,吴晓刚.收入不平等与公平分配:对转型时期中国城镇居民公平观的一项实证分析[J].中国社会科学,2012(3):114-128.
[10]李颖晖.教育程度与分配公平感:结构地位与相对剥夺视角下的双重考察[J].社会,2015(1):143-160.
[11]Wegener B.Relative Deprivation and Social Mobility:Structural Constraints on Distributive Justice Judgments[J].European Sociological Review,1991,7(1):3-18.
[12]Brickman P,Coates D,Janoff B.Lottery Winners and Accident Victims:Is Happiness Relative?[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1978:36(1):917-927.
[13]Frank R H.Choosing the Right Pond:Human Behavior and the Quest for Status[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985.
[14]李黎明,李晓光.市场化改革、关系资本动员与收入分配公平感[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2017(5):101-111.
[15]翁定军.阶级或阶层意识中的心理因素:公平感和态度倾向[J].社会学研究,2010(1):85-110.
[16]怀默霆.中国民众如何看待当前的社会不平等[J].社会学研究,2009(1):96-120.
[17]李煜,朱妍.微观公平感的形成机制:基于职业群体的双重比较理论[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):37-45.
[18]邹宇春,赵延东.社会网络如何影响信任?——资源机制与交往机制[J].社会科学战线,2017(5):200-206.
[19]马丹.社会网络对生活满意度的影响研究——基于京、沪、粤三地的分析[J].社会,2015(3):168-192.
[20]刘欣,胡安宁.中国公众的收入公平感:一种新制度主义社会学的解释[J].社会,2016(4):133-156.
[21]阮丹青,周路,布劳,等.天津城市居民社会网初析——兼与美国社会网比较[J].中国社会科学,1990(2):157-176.
[22]Bian Y J,Logan J R.Market Transition and the Persistence of Power:The Changing Stratification System in Urban China[J].American Sociological Review,1996:61(5),739-758.
[23]边燕杰,芦强.跨城乡婚姻的社会资本后果[J].人文杂志,2018(4):114-121.
[24]郝明松,边燕杰.社会网络资源的形塑:职业交往的视角[J].中国研究,2014(2):110-128.
[25]刘伟峰,陈云松,边燕杰.中国人的职场交往与收入——基于差分方法的社会资本分析[J].社会学研究,2016(2):34-56.
[26]林南.社会资本:关于社会结构与行动的理论[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2005.
[27]Gabriele P,Rochelle C,Barry W.It's Not Who You Know.It's How You Know them Who Exchanges What with Whom?[J].Social Networks,2007,29(3):405-429.
[28]Barry W,Scot W.Different Strokes from Different Folks:Community Ties and Social Support[J].American Journal of Sociology,1990,96(3):558-588.
[29]Barry W,Kenneth F.Network Capital in a Multilevel World:Getting Support from Personal Communities(In Social Capital Theory and Research)[M].Chicago:Aldine De Gruyter,2001.
[30]Gartrell C D.The embeddedness of social comparison(In Relative Deprivation:Specification,Development,and Integration)[M].United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[31]Song L J.Does Knowing People in Authority Protect or Hurt?Authoritative Contacts and Depression in Urban China[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2015,59(9):1173-1188.
[32]Ng S H,Allen M W.Perception of Economic Distributive Justice:Exploring Leading Theories[J].Social Behavior and Personality An international journal,2005,33(5):435-454.
[33]李黎明,李晓光.族群、社会资本与收入差距——对西北族群和西部汉族的比较研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):161-171.
[34]毕文芬,初奇鸿.收入如何影响社会信心?社会公平感的中介作用[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2017(5):45-50.