新疆三大山区可降水量时空分布特征
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摘要
利用美国宇航局(NASA)发布的2003年1月～2015年12月的AIRS Standard Physical Retrieval Edition 6. 0中的level2的反演数据,对新疆及其周边地区——特别是三大山区近13 a的可降水量的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,从空间分布看,可降水量高值区主要集中在盆地地区,尤其在塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地及吐鲁番盆地。低值区主要分布在新疆南部的昆仑山脉和北部的阿尔泰山脉。最高值达14. 74 mm,最低值达1. 92 mm;新疆及其周边地区可降水量所有格点13a平均值来看,总体上,夏季最高,冬季最低。从时间分布看,对新疆及其周边地区、天山、昆仑山和阿尔泰山4个研究区域分别进行区域平均,发现以上4个区域年变化呈单峰型,从1～7月的可降水量逐渐增加,8～12月份的可降水量逐月减少;可降水量的整体年际变化趋势是一致的,2003—2010年呈上升趋势,2010—2015年呈下降趋势。
Xinjiang is located in a arid region of northwest China,with dry climate,strong evaporation,and an overall shortage of water resources. Therefore,water resources play a decisive role in the sustainable development in Xinjiang. The total precipitable water vapor( TPWV in short) is the material basis for the formation of clouds and precipitation and an important part of water resources. Although previous studies on the spatial and temporal distribution of TPWV have yielded a lot of results,the research using AIRS data for water resources utilization and precipitation predicting in Xinjiang is still insufficient. In this study,the temporal and spatial characteristics of TPWV in Xinjiang were analyzed using the AIRS Standard Physical Retrieval Edition 6. 0,level 2 inversion data from January 2003 to December 2015 released by NASA. The results are as follows:( 1) The amount of TPWV was decreased from the basins to the mountains. The high value areas were located mainly in Junggar Basin,Turpan Basin and Tarim Basin. The maximum of TPWV occurred in Turpan Basin,reaching 14. 74 mm. The low value areas were located mainly in Kunlun Mountains,Tianshan Mountains and Altay Mountains. The minimum of TPWV occurred in Kunlun Mountains,reaching 1. 92 mm. The distribution of TPWV in Turpan Basin and Junggar Basin showed a decreasing trend from west to east with four levels. The distribution of TPWV in Tarim Basin showed a decreasing trend from west to east with three levels. The spatial distribution of TPWV in the above three mountains was gradually decreased from the piedmont fringes to the top of the mountain,and the areas in the mountains near basins had a relatively higher values of TPWV compared with other areas of the mountains. The maximum of TPWV in Xinjiang occurred in summer,followed by autumn and spring. And in winter,there was the minimum TPWV. The maximums of TPWV in summer and autumn appeared in Turpan Basin,which were 26. 4 mm and 14. 11 mm respectively. The maximums of TPWV in winter and spring appeared in Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin,which were 6. 75 mm and13. 69 mm respectively. The difference in the amount of TPWV in each area was the smallest in winter,followed by spring and autumn,and the largest in summer.( 2) The annual variation of TPWV in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains and Altay Mountains was of a single peak type. From January to July,the amount of TPWV was gradually increased,and the amount of TPWV from August to December was decreased month by month. Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,and Altay Mountains had their peaks in July,which were 16. 45 mm,19. 09 mm and 16. 27 mm respectively,while Kunlun Mountains had its peak in August,reaching 13. 24 mm. The minimums of TPWV appeared in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Altay Mountains and Kunlun Mountains in January,which were 2. 84 mm,3. 06 mm,2. 37 mm and 2. 16 mm respectively.( 3) The inter-annual variations of TPWV in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains,and Altay Mountains were consistent,showing an upward trend from 2003 to 2010 and a downward trend from 2010 to 2015. Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains and Kunlun Mountains had their peaks in 2010,which were 8. 92 mm,10. 47 mm,and 7. 07 mm respectively,while Altay Mountains had its peak in 2008,reaching 8. 26 mm. The minimums of TPWV appeared in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains and Altay Mountains in 2015,which were 7. 37 mm,8. 81 mm,5. 13 mm and 6. 81 mm respectively.
Xinjiang is located in a arid region of northwest China,with dry climate,strong evaporation,and an overall shortage of water resources. Therefore,water resources play a decisive role in the sustainable development in Xinjiang. The total precipitable water vapor( TPWV in short) is the material basis for the formation of clouds and precipitation and an important part of water resources. Although previous studies on the spatial and temporal distribution of TPWV have yielded a lot of results,the research using AIRS data for water resources utilization and precipitation predicting in Xinjiang is still insufficient. In this study,the temporal and spatial characteristics of TPWV in Xinjiang were analyzed using the AIRS Standard Physical Retrieval Edition 6. 0,level 2 inversion data from January 2003 to December 2015 released by NASA. The results are as follows:( 1) The amount of TPWV was decreased from the basins to the mountains. The high value areas were located mainly in Junggar Basin,Turpan Basin and Tarim Basin. The maximum of TPWV occurred in Turpan Basin,reaching 14. 74 mm. The low value areas were located mainly in Kunlun Mountains,Tianshan Mountains and Altay Mountains. The minimum of TPWV occurred in Kunlun Mountains,reaching 1. 92 mm. The distribution of TPWV in Turpan Basin and Junggar Basin showed a decreasing trend from west to east with four levels. The distribution of TPWV in Tarim Basin showed a decreasing trend from west to east with three levels. The spatial distribution of TPWV in the above three mountains was gradually decreased from the piedmont fringes to the top of the mountain,and the areas in the mountains near basins had a relatively higher values of TPWV compared with other areas of the mountains. The maximum of TPWV in Xinjiang occurred in summer,followed by autumn and spring. And in winter,there was the minimum TPWV. The maximums of TPWV in summer and autumn appeared in Turpan Basin,which were 26. 4 mm and 14. 11 mm respectively. The maximums of TPWV in winter and spring appeared in Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin,which were 6. 75 mm and13. 69 mm respectively. The difference in the amount of TPWV in each area was the smallest in winter,followed by spring and autumn,and the largest in summer.( 2) The annual variation of TPWV in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains and Altay Mountains was of a single peak type. From January to July,the amount of TPWV was gradually increased,and the amount of TPWV from August to December was decreased month by month. Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,and Altay Mountains had their peaks in July,which were 16. 45 mm,19. 09 mm and 16. 27 mm respectively,while Kunlun Mountains had its peak in August,reaching 13. 24 mm. The minimums of TPWV appeared in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Altay Mountains and Kunlun Mountains in January,which were 2. 84 mm,3. 06 mm,2. 37 mm and 2. 16 mm respectively.( 3) The inter-annual variations of TPWV in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains,and Altay Mountains were consistent,showing an upward trend from 2003 to 2010 and a downward trend from 2010 to 2015. Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains and Kunlun Mountains had their peaks in 2010,which were 8. 92 mm,10. 47 mm,and 7. 07 mm respectively,while Altay Mountains had its peak in 2008,reaching 8. 26 mm. The minimums of TPWV appeared in Xinjiang and its surrounding areas,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains and Altay Mountains in 2015,which were 7. 37 mm,8. 81 mm,5. 13 mm and 6. 81 mm respectively.
引文
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[7]杨莲梅,史玉光,汤浩.新疆春季降水异常的环流和水汽特征[J].高原气象,2010,29(6):1464-1473.[YANG Lianmei,SHI Yuguang,TANG Hao. Characteristics of atmospheric circulation and water[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(6):1464-1473.]
[8]戴新刚,李维京,马柱国.近十几年新疆水汽源地变化特征[J].自然科学进展,2006,16(12):1651-1656.[DAI Xingang,LI Weijing,MA Zhuguo. Characteristics of water vapor site source site change in Xinjiang in recent ten years[J]. Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(12):1651-1656.]
[9]李如琦,唐冶,肉孜·阿基. 2010年新疆北部暴雪异常的环流和水汽特征分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(1):155-162.[LI Ruqi,TANG Zhi,ROUZI Aji. Atmospheric circulation and water vapor characteristics of snowstorm anomalies in Northern Xinjiang in 2010[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(1):155-162.]
[10] WANG Peng,XIE Tongchuan,DAI Jiageng,et al. Trends and variability in precipitable water vapor throughout North China from1979 to 2015[J]. Advances in Meteorology,2017,7804823.
[11] LI Xuemei,JIANG Fengqing,LI Lanhai,et al. Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index,concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang,China[J]. International Journal of Climatology Homepage,2010,31(11):1679-1693.
[12] GONG Shaoqi,HAGAN Daniel F T,WU Xinyi,et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of precipitable water vapour over northwest China utilizing MERSI/FY-3A products[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2018,39(10):3094-3110.
[13] MAHMOOD Rashed,LI Shuanglin,KHAN Babar,et al. Causes of recurring drought patterns in Xinjiang,China[J]. Journal of Arid Land,2010,2(4):279-285.
[14]崔丽娜,崔彩霞,李春花,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边山区水汽时空分布特征[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(35):17244-17248.[CUI Lina,CUI Caixia,LI Chunhua,et al. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of precipitable water in Taklimakan Desert and the surrounding mountains[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Scienca. 2012,40(35):17244-17248.]
[15]姚俊强,杨青,黄俊利,等.天山山区及周边地区可降水量的计算与特征分析[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(12):567-573.[YAO Junqiang,YANG Qing,HUANG Junli,et al. Computation and analysis of water vapor content in Tianshan Mountains and peripheral regions,China[J]. Arid Zone Research,2012,29(12):567-573.]
[16]刘蕊,杨青.新疆大气水汽通量及其净收支的计算和分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1221-1227.[LIU Rui,YANG Qing.Calculation and analysis of water vapour transportation and its net income in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(5):1221-1227.]
[17]安小艳.天山山区地形对降水空间分布的影响研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2015.[AN Xiaoyan. Effect of terrain on the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountions[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2015.]
[18]姚俊强.天山山区可降水量时空分布及强降水过程的水汽演变特征[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2012.[YAO Junqiang.Temporal-spatial distribution of the water vapor content and evolution character of water vapor during heavy rain in Tianshan Mountions[D]. Urumqi:Xinjiang Normal University,2012.]
[19]邹进上,刘惠兰.我国平均可降水量分布的基本特点及其控制因子[J].地理学报,1981,36(4):377-391.[ZOU Jinshang,LIU Huilan. The basic features of distribution of water vapour content and their controlling factors in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1981,36(4):377-391.]
[2]周宏飞,张捷斌.新疆的水资源可利用量及其承载能力分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):756-763.[ZHOU Hongfei,ZHANG Jiebin. Analysis on the volume of available water resources and its carrying capacity in Xinjiang,China[J]. Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):756-763.]
[3]史玉光,孙照渤.新疆大气可降水量的气候特征及其变化[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(3):520-525.[SHI Yuguang,SUN Zhaobo.Climate characteristics of atmospheric precipitable water over Xinjiang and its variation[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2008,28(3):520-525.]
[4]范雪薇,刘海隆,赵宏宇,等.基于NCEP资料新疆降水转化率的研究[J].石河子大学学报(自然科学版),2016,34(3):373-378.[FAN Xuewei,LIU Hailong,ZHAO Hongyu,et al. Analysis of precipitation conversion in Xinjiang based on NCEP data[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2016,34(3):373-378.]
[5]周成龙,钟昕洁,杨兴华,等.新疆巴州地区降水量、可降水量及降水转化率计算解析[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(6):1204-1211.[ZHOU Chenglong,ZHONG Xinjie,YANG Xinghua,et al.Calculation of precipitation,precipitable water and precipitation conversion efficiency of Bayingolin Prefecture in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography,2016,39(6):1204-1211.]
[6]刘蕊,杨青.新疆大气水汽通量及其净收支的计算和分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1221-1228.[LIU Rui,YANG Qing.Calculation and analysis of water vapor transportation and its net income in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(5):1221-1228.]
[7]杨莲梅,史玉光,汤浩.新疆春季降水异常的环流和水汽特征[J].高原气象,2010,29(6):1464-1473.[YANG Lianmei,SHI Yuguang,TANG Hao. Characteristics of atmospheric circulation and water[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(6):1464-1473.]
[8]戴新刚,李维京,马柱国.近十几年新疆水汽源地变化特征[J].自然科学进展,2006,16(12):1651-1656.[DAI Xingang,LI Weijing,MA Zhuguo. Characteristics of water vapor site source site change in Xinjiang in recent ten years[J]. Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(12):1651-1656.]
[9]李如琦,唐冶,肉孜·阿基. 2010年新疆北部暴雪异常的环流和水汽特征分析[J].高原气象,2015,34(1):155-162.[LI Ruqi,TANG Zhi,ROUZI Aji. Atmospheric circulation and water vapor characteristics of snowstorm anomalies in Northern Xinjiang in 2010[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2015,34(1):155-162.]
[10] WANG Peng,XIE Tongchuan,DAI Jiageng,et al. Trends and variability in precipitable water vapor throughout North China from1979 to 2015[J]. Advances in Meteorology,2017,7804823.
[11] LI Xuemei,JIANG Fengqing,LI Lanhai,et al. Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index,concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang,China[J]. International Journal of Climatology Homepage,2010,31(11):1679-1693.
[12] GONG Shaoqi,HAGAN Daniel F T,WU Xinyi,et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of precipitable water vapour over northwest China utilizing MERSI/FY-3A products[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2018,39(10):3094-3110.
[13] MAHMOOD Rashed,LI Shuanglin,KHAN Babar,et al. Causes of recurring drought patterns in Xinjiang,China[J]. Journal of Arid Land,2010,2(4):279-285.
[14]崔丽娜,崔彩霞,李春花,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边山区水汽时空分布特征[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(35):17244-17248.[CUI Lina,CUI Caixia,LI Chunhua,et al. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of precipitable water in Taklimakan Desert and the surrounding mountains[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Scienca. 2012,40(35):17244-17248.]
[15]姚俊强,杨青,黄俊利,等.天山山区及周边地区可降水量的计算与特征分析[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(12):567-573.[YAO Junqiang,YANG Qing,HUANG Junli,et al. Computation and analysis of water vapor content in Tianshan Mountains and peripheral regions,China[J]. Arid Zone Research,2012,29(12):567-573.]
[16]刘蕊,杨青.新疆大气水汽通量及其净收支的计算和分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1221-1227.[LIU Rui,YANG Qing.Calculation and analysis of water vapour transportation and its net income in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(5):1221-1227.]
[17]安小艳.天山山区地形对降水空间分布的影响研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2015.[AN Xiaoyan. Effect of terrain on the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountions[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2015.]
[18]姚俊强.天山山区可降水量时空分布及强降水过程的水汽演变特征[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2012.[YAO Junqiang.Temporal-spatial distribution of the water vapor content and evolution character of water vapor during heavy rain in Tianshan Mountions[D]. Urumqi:Xinjiang Normal University,2012.]
[19]邹进上,刘惠兰.我国平均可降水量分布的基本特点及其控制因子[J].地理学报,1981,36(4):377-391.[ZOU Jinshang,LIU Huilan. The basic features of distribution of water vapour content and their controlling factors in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1981,36(4):377-391.]